Chronic Stress最新文献

{"title":"Interpersonal Violence and Mental Health, Drug use, and Treatment Utilization among Patients with Co-Occurring Opioid use and Mental Health Disorders.","authors":"Grace Hindmarch, Lisa S Meredith, Colleen M McCullough, Beth Ann Griffin, Katherine E Watkins","doi":"10.1177/24705470241279335","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241279335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interpersonal violence is a common type of trauma experienced by people with opioid use disorder (OUD), especially for people with co-occurring OUD and mental illness (COD). However, little is known about demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with COD who have experienced an interpersonal violence traumatic event compared to those who have experienced a non-violent trauma, and how experiences of interpersonal violence are associated with treatment utilization. Data presented are from a randomized clinical trial testing collaborative care for COD in primary care. Of the 797 patients enrolled in the larger study, 733 (92%) were included in this analysis because they reported a traumatic event. In this sample, 301 (41%) participants experienced a traumatic event involving interpersonal violence. Participants who experienced interpersonal violence were more likely to be younger and female. Among the 301 people who experienced interpersonal violence, 30% experienced child sexual abuse, 23% experienced physical violence, 19% experienced domestic violence, and 28% experienced sexual assault. Those who experienced physical violence were significantly less likely to be female (28.6% vs 74.2% to 88.2% in other groups). Those who reported domestic violence had significantly fewer days of drug use (4.1 days vs 9.0 to 11.5 in the other groups) and lower opioid use severity scores (mean = 13.0 vs 16.6 to 19.5 in the other groups). Multivariable regression results examining the associations between interpersonal violence experiences on treatment utilization revealed no statistically significant differences. Rates of receipt were high for medication for opioid use disorder (∼80%) in this sample while rates of mental health counseling were around 35% and rates of receiving mental health medication around 48%. These findings make an important contribution to understanding the associations between patient characteristics and traumatic experiences, and receipt of treatment for OUD and mental health problems among a sample of patients with COD.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>clinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04559893.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241279335"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11378169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142156638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loneliness and Alcohol use among College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Appalachia.","authors":"Manik Ahuja, Rachel Miller-Slough, Esther Adebayo-Abikoye, Callon Williams, Andrea Haubner, McKenzie G Dooley, Minakshi Bansal, Thiveya Sathiyaseelan, Amanda Pons, Arpana Karki, Kawther Al Ksir, Brook Samuel, Phoebe Tchoua, Trisha Schuver, Praveen Fernandopulle","doi":"10.1177/24705470241264909","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241264909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Binge drinking and heavy alcohol use are highly prevalent among college students. During the COVID-19 pandemic, due to lockdown restrictions and other challenges, many college students were burdened with loneliness, which can contribute to chronic stress, and substance use. The current study explores the association between loneliness and various levels of alcohol use among college students in the rural, underserved region of Central Appalachia, USA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected from a regional sample (n = 320) of college age adults, age 18-25 in the Central Appalachian region. The UCLA-3 item Loneliness Scale (UCLA-3) was used in the study to evaluate loneliness. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between levels of loneliness and three separate outcomes, including past year binge drinking, past year heavy alcohol use, and past year weekly alcohol use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 25.5% of the participants reported severe loneliness, 33.6% reported moderate, and 40.9% reported low levels of loneliness. Results of the adjusted models revealed that severe loneliness was associated with higher odds of heavy alcohol use (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI [1.02, 3.50]) and binge drinking (AOR = 2.96, 95% CI [1.16, 7.51]), and not associated with weekly alcohol use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study found that higher levels of loneliness were linked to both binged drinking and heavy alcohol use. Further efforts for counseling and treatment among college students who are burdened with severe loneliness should be considered. The chronic stress associated with severe loneliness needs to be further addressed, particularly among emerging adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241264909"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11363037/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142114662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prefrontal Metabolite Alterations in Individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A 7T Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study.","authors":"Meredith A Reid, Sarah E Whiteman, Abigail A Camden, Stephanie M Jeffirs, Frank W Weathers","doi":"10.1177/24705470241277451","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241277451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evidence from animal and human studies suggests glutamatergic dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this study was to investigate glutamate abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) of individuals with PTSD using 7T MRS, which has better spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio than lower field strengths, thus allowing for better spectral quality and higher sensitivity. We hypothesized that individuals with PTSD would have lower glutamate levels compared to trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD and individuals without trauma exposure. Additionally, we explored potential alterations in other neurometabolites and the relationship between glutamate and psychiatric symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals with PTSD (n = 27), trauma-exposed individuals without PTSD (n = 27), and individuals without trauma exposure (n = 26) underwent 7T MRS to measure glutamate and other neurometabolites in the left DLPFC. The severities of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and dissociation symptoms were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that glutamate was lower in the PTSD and trauma-exposed groups compared to the group without trauma exposure. Furthermore, <i>N</i>-acetylaspartate (NAA) was lower and lactate was higher in the PTSD group compared to the group without trauma exposure. Glutamate was negatively correlated with depression symptom severity in the PTSD group. Glutamate was not correlated with PTSD symptom severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this first 7T MRS study of PTSD, we observed altered concentrations of glutamate, NAA, and lactate. Our findings provide evidence for multiple possible pathological processes in individuals with PTSD. High-field MRS offers insight into the neurometabolic alterations associated with PTSD and is a powerful tool to probe trauma- and stress-related neurotransmission and metabolism <i>in vivo</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241277451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11381574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142300572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing our Understanding of Experiences of Discrimination and Chronic Stress.","authors":"Manik Ahuja, Angela Haeny","doi":"10.1177/24705470241268480","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241268480","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241268480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11320389/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141977165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substance Use Disorder and Suicidal Ideation in Rural Maryland.","authors":"Manik Ahuja, Monika Jain, Hadii Mamudu, Kawther Al Ksir, Thiveya Sathiyaseelan, Shahin Zare, Nils Went, Praveen Fernandopulle, Trisha Schuver, Amanda Pons, McKenzie Dooley, Chisom Nwanecki, Kajol Dahal","doi":"10.1177/24705470241268483","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241268483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rural areas in the United States have been disproportionately burdened with high rates of substance use, mental health challenges, chronic stress, and suicide behaviors. Factors such as a lack of mental health services, decreased accessibility to public health resources, and social isolation contribute to these disparities. The current study explores risk factors to suicidal ideation, using emergency room discharge data from Maryland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current study used data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Emergency Department Databases (SEDD) from the State of Maryland. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between ICD-10 coded opioid use disorder, alcohol use disorder, cannabis use disorder, major depressive disorder, and the outcome variable of suicidal ideation discharge. We controlled for income, race, age, and gender.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lifetime major depressive disorder diagnosis (odds ration [OR] = 79.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] 51.91-121.15), alcohol use disorder (OR = 6.87; 95% CI 4.97-9.51), opioid use disorder (OR = 5.39; 95% CI 3.63-7.99), and cannabis use disorder (OR = 2.67; 95% CI 1.37-5.18) were all positively associated with suicidal ideation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study highlights the strong link between prior substance use disorder, depression, and suicidal ideation visit to the emergency room, indicating the need for prevention and intervention, particularly among those in rural areas where the burden of suicidal ideation and chronic stress are high. As health disparities between rural and urban areas further widened during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to address these issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241268483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11304480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Sex-Bias in Anxiety: Pros and Cons of a Larval Zebrafish Model.","authors":"Lesha Pretorius, Aidan G Balshaw, Kelly S Ross, Carine Smith","doi":"10.1177/24705470241261781","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241261781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, exhibiting strong female bias. Clinical studies implicate declining estradiol levels in the exacerbation of anxiety symptoms in the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. This study aimed to simulate estradiol fluctuation-linked anxiety behavior in larval zebrafish, using an estradiol treatment withdrawal model. Contrary to model aims, estradiol treatment withdrawal decreased both basal activity and anxiety-like hyperlocomotion (ANOVA main effect of dose, <i>P </i>< 0.0001 and <i>P </i>< 0.01, respectively) in the light/dark transition test. The accuracy of the estradiol washout model was not improved by longer durations of treatment or withdrawal. Basal activity was slightly altered by supraphysiological concentrations of WAY-200070 in the absence of added estradiol. Estrogen receptor (ER) β expression was not upregulated in larvae exposed to physiologically relevant, low concentrations of estradiol. Longer exposure to low concentrations of estradiol increased antioxidant capacity (<i>P </i>< 0.01). In addition, acute exposure to low concentrations of estradiol increased basal activity. Data suggest that in the current models, estradiol-associated altered activity levels were linked to more favorable redox status, rather than reflecting altered anxiety levels. As such, it is recommended that zebrafish larval behavioral analysis be conducted in parallel with mechanistic studies such as redox indicators, for investigations focused on ER signaling.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241261781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11185028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141421857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association of Physical Activity and Stress-induced Neurocognitive Impairments in Inhibitory Control in Children.","authors":"Sebastian Ludyga, Manuel Hanke, Anja Schwarz, Rahel Leuenberger, Fabienne Bruggisser, Vera Nina Looser, Markus Gerber","doi":"10.1177/24705470241261581","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241261581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evaluation stress can impair inhibitory control, limiting the ability of children to perform cognitively. However, evidence on protective factors is lacking as stress-induced cognitive impairments are poorly understood. High physical activity has been related to better inhibitory control and has the potential to buffer the response to a stressor. We investigated the association of physical activity and stress-induced changes in inhibitory control as well as its underlying cognitive control processes (i.e., conflict monitoring and resolution).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (10 to 13 y) with either low (<i>N </i>= 55) or high moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (<i>N </i>= 55) completed the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) and a control task in a randomized order. During both conditions, salivary cortisol was collected. Additionally, a computerized Stroop task was administered before and after the experimental conditions. The N200 and positive slow wave (PSW) components of event-related potentials elicited by the Stroop task were recorded using electroencephalography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In comparison to the control task, the TSST-C elicited a pre-to post-test decrease of accuracy on incompatible trials. Path-analyses further revealed that this decrease was related to low physical activity and a reduced PSW amplitude. However, both the N200 and PSW amplitudes did not mediate the relation between physical activity groups and performance on the Stroop task.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In children, evaluation stress decreases inhibitory control partly due to a reduced effectiveness of conflict resolution processes. Only children with high physical activity maintain inhibitory control after facing the stressor. However, this protective effect cannot be attributed to changes in conflict monitoring and resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241261581"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11168053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141312316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suicide Ideation and Self-Harm Behaviors in First-Year Dormitory Students at a Public Midwestern University: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Hillary Sandra Klonoff-Cohen, Auroraleigh Cohen, Robyn L Gobin, Mounika Polavarapu, Ryan Allen, Swetha Reddy, Chandana Vuyyuru","doi":"10.1177/24705470241259939","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241259939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Currently, 1 in 5 college students struggle with suicidal ideation while 7% to 44% engage in nonsuicidal self-injury. Illinois has one of the highest teenage and college student suicide rates in the United States. This pilot study assessed suicide ideation and self-harm behaviors at a public Illinois university. This is the first study to use 5 standardized psychological instruments to investigate these 2 crises in freshmen college students who are all required to reside in dormitories. The main hypothesis was to determine if the independent effects of freshmen students' depression, Five-Factor Model, and Reasons for Living affected the dependent variables, self-harm behaviors and suicide ideation. <b>Methods:</b> Forty first-year college dormitory students completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Scale of Suicidal Ideation, Five-Factor Model, Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, and Reasons for Living Scale in person. <b>Results:</b> Participants were 18 to 19 years old, predominantly female (65%), and non-White (62%). Forty percent reported self-harm behaviors and 19% reported suicidal ideation. The top reasons for contemplated suicide attempts included the inability to solve problems (33%) and attention/revenge (28%). Students experienced high levels of anxiety (55%), self-consciousness (43%), and depression (18%). Depression was associated with suicide ideation (β<i> </i>= 0.05, <i>P </i>= .006), while neuroticism and openness were associated with self-harm behaviors (<i>aOR </i>= 3.36, <i>P </i>= .02, <i>aOR </i>= 0.48, <i>P </i>= .047, respectively). Ninety-five percent reported \"responsibility to family\" as a Reason for Living. <b>Conclusions:</b> Preliminary evidence necessitates an examination of self-harm and suicide ideation among all freshmen, investigating both risk and protective factors. In the future, a prevention intervention should be implemented campus-wide (and eventually nationwide) for all first-year dormitory students to enhance their mental well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241259939"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Domains of Substance Use and their Implications to Trauma: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies.","authors":"Cecilia A Hinojosa, Siara I Sitar, Joshua C Zhao, Joshua D Barbosa, Denise A Hien, Justine W Welsh, Negar Fani, Sanne J H van Rooij","doi":"10.1177/24705470241258752","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24705470241258752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substance use disorder (SUD) is a significant health problem, and trauma exposure is a known risk factor for the escalation of substance use. However, the shared neural mechanisms through which trauma is associated with substance use are still unknown. Therefore, we systematically review neuroimaging studies focusing on three domains that may contribute to the overlapping mechanisms of SUD and trauma-reward salience, negative emotionality, and inhibition. Using PRISMA guidelines, we identified 45 studies utilizing tasks measuring these domains in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use groups. Greater reward, lesser regulation of inhibitory processes, and mixed findings of negative emotionality processes in individuals who use substances versus controls were found. Specifically, greater orbitofrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, striatum, amygdala, and hippocampal activation was found in response to reward-related tasks, and reduced activation was found in the inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus in response to inhibition-related tasks. Importantly, no studies in trauma-exposed individuals met our review criteria. Future studies examining the role of trauma-related factors are needed, and more studies should explore inhibition- and negative-emotionality domains in individuals who use substances to uncover clinically significant alterations in these domains that place an individual at greater risk for developing a SUD.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241258752"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155333/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of 5-HTTLPR With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in US Service Members.","authors":"Xian-Zhang Hu, Robert J Ursano, David Benedek, Xiaoxia Li, Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1177/24705470241245497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24705470241245497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that manifests after exposure to a stressful traumatic event, such as combat experience. Accumulated evidence indicates an important genetic influence in the development of PTSD. The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene has been identified as a candidate for PTSD and a polymorphism of the serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with the disorder in the general population. However, whether it is associated with PTSD in active military service members has not been investigated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 5-HTTLPR and PTSD in service members.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Leucocyte genomic DNA was extracted from service members, including those with PTSD (n = 134) or without PTSD (n = 639). The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was detected by means of 2 stages of TaqMan fluorescent PCR assay. PTSD symptoms and symptom severity were assessed using the PTSD Checklist (PCL), a 17-item, DSM-based, self-report questionnaire with well-established validity and reliability. PTSD was determined based on endorsement of DSM-IV criteria and a PCL total score ≥ 44.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences in biallele distribution were observed between PTSD and controls (χ2 = 7.497, <i>P</i> = .024). The frequency of SS, SL, and LL genotypes in the PTSD group was 0.17, 0.56, and 0.27 respectively, compared to the frequencies of 0.27, 0.43, and 0.29 in non-PTSD controls. Carriers of the L allele had higher scores for reexperiencing and arousal symptoms on the PCL, compared to SS homozygote carriers (<i>P</i> < .05). The triallele genotypes showed no significant differences in distribution between the PTSD and control groups (<i>P</i> > .05) and no relationship with PTSD symptom severity. The interaction of triallelic genotypes of 5-HTTLPR and traumatic life events was associated with re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal (<i>P</i> < .05 for all). Multiple regression analysis revealed significant correlations between both biallelic and triallelic genotypes of 5-HTTLPR, the interaction of the number of stressful lifetime events, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes with PCL total score (<i>P</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggested that 5-HTT might play a minor role in PTSD, and the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and the environment had effects on PCL score, complementing and emphasizing 5-HTT for PTSD, especially in the military population.</p>","PeriodicalId":52315,"journal":{"name":"Chronic Stress","volume":"8 ","pages":"24705470241245497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11055429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140868212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}