International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture最新文献

{"title":"Role of post-printing heat treatments and build orientation on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured maraging steel for power and energy applications","authors":"Esraa S. Abdelall,&nbsp;Qasem Mahafdeh,&nbsp;Yazan Alsmadi,&nbsp;Abdallah Al Dwairi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the mechanical behavior of maraging steel components fabricated using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) with varying build orientations within the XZ-plane and subjected to four post-printing heat treatments: as-built, solution-treated and then air-cooled, quenched, or furnace-cooled. The purpose is to evaluate the effects of multi-angle build direction within XZ-plane along with a selected post-printing heat treatment as a potential approach to mitigating the anisotropy and improving properties, including hardness, flexural strength, and impact energy. Samples were printed at angles of 0°, ±30°, ±45°, ±60°, and 90° and tested in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The results demonstrate a significant influence of both build angles and heat treatment on mechanical performance. Notably, isotropy was achieved only at a ±45° build angle. The findings are relevant to structural applications in many fields, including the energy sector and aerospace industry, where multidirectional loading and thermal gradients are prevalent. These insights contribute to the optimization of powder bed fusion strategies for fabricating components intended for mechanically demanding energy environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 623-635"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of rolling and ultrasonic rolling chamfer for 7050 aluminum alloy load-bearing holes","authors":"Shulong Feng,&nbsp;Kanghua Huang,&nbsp;Mingjun Tang,&nbsp;Xinghang Chen,&nbsp;Feng Feng,&nbsp;Jianfu Zhang,&nbsp;Pingfa Feng,&nbsp;Xiangyu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rolling is a surface strengthening process that induces substantial plastic deformation, whereas ultrasonic rolling combines ultrasonic vibration with rolling to form a novel hybrid technique. Both methods are effective in enhancing the surface integrity of shafts, planes, and curved components, thereby improving fatigue performance. In this study, rolling and ultrasonic rolling were applied to the chamfer of 7050 aluminum alloy load-bearing holes to comparatively evaluate their strengthening effects. First, the strengthening and damage mechanisms of chamfers under both processes were analyzed based on process principles. Subsequently, single-factor experiments on surface integrity and fatigue tests of load-bearing holes were conducted. The results indicated that both rolling and ultrasonic rolling significantly induced surface compressive residual stress, reduced surface roughness, and generated a plastically deformed grain layer, while exerting negligible influence on chamfer geometry. However, compared with rolling, ultrasonic rolling exhibited a superior strengthening effect. At a fatigue ultimate stress of 140 MPa, the fatigue life of load-bearing holes improved by 18.3 % after rolling and by 38.9 % after ultrasonic rolling. Furthermore, the process parameters were optimized considering the effects of ultrasonic rolling on surface integrity and chamfer deformation. Under optimized conditions (static load of 250 N, amplitude of 5 μm, spindle speed of 100 rpm, and six passes), the surface compressive residual stress reached a maximum of 209 MPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 636-648"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation and machine learning-based optimization of abrasive water jet drilling in GFRP laminates","authors":"U. Ashok Kumar,&nbsp;Rashique Arif,&nbsp;Md Israr Equbal,&nbsp;Azhar Equbal","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abrasive water jet drilling (AWJD) has emerged as a promising technique for producing fastener holes in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates, where conventional drilling is often limited by severe tool wear, delamination, and dimensional inaccuracies. This study systematically investigates the influence of nozzle diameter (<em>d</em>), stand-off distance (SOD), water jet pressure (WJP), and abrasive flow rate (AFR) on five critical responses: material removal rate (MRR), circularity error (CE), overcut (OC), taper angle (<em>θ</em>), and delamination factor (<em>F</em>_d). Controlled experiments were conducted using Taguchi's L18 orthogonal array for two practical hole diameters (2 mm and 4 mm). The experimental results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation analysis, and entropy-based weighting to quantify parameter significance and response interdependencies. To address the inherent multi-response and conflicting nature of AWJD performance, an unsupervised machine learning framework based on k-means clustering was employed for optimization. Unlike conventional regression or response surface methodology (RSM) approaches, the clustering technique effectively captured nonlinear relationships and identified stable operating regimes. The results reveal that nozzle diameter and WJP predominantly govern productivity, while AFR and SOD strongly influence geometric accuracy and damage characteristics. The derived probability-density surfaces highlight pronounced trade-offs between productivity and hole quality, underscoring the necessity of multi-objective optimization. The proposed framework provides practical and scalable guidelines for optimizing AWJD parameters to achieve a balanced combination of accuracy, integrity, and throughput in GFRP composite machining.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 603-622"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The toughened and heat-resistant composites for additive manufacturing applications: The use of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) blends modified with natural fillers","authors":"Jacek Andrzejewski,&nbsp;Magdalena Zdanowicz,&nbsp;Adam Piasecki,&nbsp;Patryk Mietliński,&nbsp;Mateusz Barczewski","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents research focused on the preparation of a novel type of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) blend (PLA/PBS) dedicated to additive manufacturing via filament 3D printing, material extrusion method MEX. Standard PLA-based materials are often insufficient for engineering applications due to their low heat resistance (approximately 50 °C) and high brittleness. The main aspect of the novelty of the discussed research is the attempt to combine the concept of using PBS as an important material component, thermal treatment of finished parts, and the use of surface-modified natural fillers. In previous studies, these issues were not addressed within one comprehensive study. The first stage of the study was carried out to optimize the composition of the PLA/PBS system, while the second stage focused on the development of husk filler biocomposites with high shape accuracy and improved thermostability. The PLA/PBS (50 %/50 %) material was used for further modification with buckwheat husk filler (BH), the surface of BH particles was additionally physically modified with ethyl cellulose (EC), cellulose acetate (CA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH). The prepared samples were subjected to annealing to increase the thermomechanical performance. The result revealed that the elongation at break for PBS-modified materials reached over 30 %, compared to the initial 3 %, while the reduction of tensile strength/modulus values reached only 25 %. The thermal resistance measured by head deflection temperature for annealed samples was close to 100 °C, compared to 60 °C for untreated materials. At the same time, the shape accuracy results did not differ significantly from the reference samples. Surface modification of the filler particles also indicates some favorable behavior; however, these values do not indicate high compatibilization efficiency. The conducted study revealed that the developed PL/PBS-based filament can be successfully used as the viable, tough, and heat-resistant alternative for MEX printing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 541-566"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of the weaving architecture of fiber preforms on the mechanical behavior of SiC/SiC composites","authors":"Qiongyun Li,&nbsp;Ruizhe Jiang,&nbsp;Junyi Jing,&nbsp;Haipeng Qiu,&nbsp;Yekun Liu,&nbsp;Mingwei Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>SiC/SiC composites with different weaving architectures were prepared by the polymer precursor impregnation and pyrolysis process. The microstructure of the SiC/SiC composites was tested by SEM technology, and mechanical properties were evaluated through flexural properties, tensile properties and fracture toughness. The study demonstrated that the tensile modulus of SiC/SiC composites aligns with the fiber-to-binder volume fraction distribution principle. Both warp and weft orientation significantly influence mechanical strength, primarily due to the fiber volume fraction in load-bearing directions and their ability to resist external loads through buckling deformation. In general, the SiC/SiC composites with fibers plied in both the warp and weft directions exhibit the best comprehensive mechanical properties. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness are 340.40 MPa, 501.03 MPa, and 27.80 MPa m¹^/² in the warp direction, and 199.92 MPa, 420.78 MPa, and 22.81 MPa m¹^/² in the weft direction respectively. However, the weft-direction bending fracture behavior of SiC/SiC composites exhibits weak pseudoplastic characteristics with high variation in flexural strength. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the high resistance and rapid propagation of crack growth, as well as insufficient stress release mechanisms such as crack deflection, fiber bridging, and fiber pull-out due to the synchronous fracture of weft fibers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 593-602"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148961693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixture and process optimization of vapor smoothing using acetone and ethanol for 3D printed ABS","authors":"Ramil Kesvarakul","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of solvent vapor treatment on the surface quality of FDM-printed ABS parts were investigated using acetone-ethanol mixtures. Four binary solvent ratios (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, and 40:60 v/v) were evaluated. Exposure times were varied (30, 40, and 50 min) to investigate interaction effects. The exposure was conducted in a closed-chamber at room temperature. For the assessment of surface characteristics, average roughness on flat top, flat side, and curved wall surfaces was measured. Visual gloss and dimensional change were also evaluated. Surface morphology and treatment stability were found to be significantly influenced by the incorporation of ethanol into the acetone vapor. The most favorable balance was achieved with the 80:20 acetone-ethanol mixture. With this mixture, substantial reductions in surface roughness (up to 86.3 % on flat side surfaces) were achieved. Minimal deformation and the preservation of edge geometry were also noted. Pure acetone (100:0) produced the smoothest appearance. However, this treatment caused pronounced corner rounding and dimension loss. Insufficient smoothing was observed with mixtures of higher ethanol content (60:40 and 40:60), which was characterized by visible layer lines and lower gloss values. The 80:20 solvent mixture with a 30-min exposure time proved to be an effective and consistent method for improving the visual surface quality of ABS prints. Effective smoothing was achieved with this ratio. Geometric fidelity was also maintained. As a result, the process is considered suitable for prototypes and end-use components where surface finish is critical. This framework can be enhanced and generalized by further investigation. An analysis of intermediate solvent ratios and the durability of materials over time is necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 649-663"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishing a magneto-finishing process applying hemispherical permanent magnets combined with a radiated magnetic field array for complex surfaces","authors":"Vo Thi Nhu Uyen,&nbsp;Nguyen Minh Quang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces an advanced magnetic polishing (MRF) process designed to overcome the limitations of conventional MRF methods, which are fundamentally unable to machine parts with complex, especially concave, surface profiles. A novel machining method for these complex surfaces is presented. The research proposes an MRF process using a permanent magnet polishing head with a 2 mm hemispherical profile, in combination with a specialized machine tool built for experimental purposes. This setup was used to analyze material removal properties as well as the influence of magnetic fields on the part’s machining process. The study extensively explores the forces exerted by magnetic fields on magnetic fluids, their behavior, and investigates the theories of apparent viscosity, shear stress, and hydrodynamic pressure in the polishing center region. In addition, the main factors affecting the polishing process were also examined, including the polishing gap distance, solution concentration, polishing tool speed, and the polishing head’s approach angle relative to the part’s surface. To create a polishing process with a high-performance magnetic field source, a radial magnetic field array was proposed. Using the finite element method, simulation and analysis of the magnetic field array and the magnetic polishing head helped us determine the appropriate C-axis angle, which was given as 60°, which has the largest flux coverage density, thereby improving the polishing process. Experiments were conducted on a copper’s concave surface workpiece to understand its characteristics, compare them with the proposed theory, and determine this method’s feasibility. The efficiency of this machining method has been proven to perform polishing at the nanometer level, when the surface roughness of the polished part reaches 4 nm. This advancement is expected to open up the possibility of achieving nanometer-level ultra-precision polishing for complex surface geometries and a wider spectrum of materials in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 664-681"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Load rate sensitivity and printability metrics of bio-derived polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) in material extrusion additive manufacturing","authors":"Nectarios Vidakis,&nbsp;Maria Spyridaki,&nbsp;Nikolaos Mountakis,&nbsp;Emmanuel Maravelakis,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kymakis,&nbsp;Emmanuel Stratakis,&nbsp;Markos Petousis","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increased interest in sustainable materials and technologies that reduce consumption has led to the use of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), in material extrusion 3D printing. PHA combines environmental sustainability with performance. Therefore, it can be considered an efficient bio-based alternative to petroleum-based thermoplastics, in MEX 3D printing, as its processability is compatible with the process. PHA tensile samples were 3D-printed and tested at load rates between 10 and 300 mm/min. Such information is critical, as polymers exhibit viscoelastic behavior. Moreover, the 3D printing structure affects the performance of the part. PHA was obtained in its raw form, extruded into filaments, and printed into 3D coupons for tensile testing. The thermal properties of PHA were examined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphological properties of the 3D printed coupons were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Ultimate strength, yield strength, toughness, and stiffness were evaluated. In addition, the strain-rate sensitivity index was assessed (higher numerical values were found at higher load rates). The increased elongation speeds increased the tensile properties of the material. The properties increase was ∼23 % for the tensile strength, ∼27 % for the yield strength and Young's modulus and ∼32 % for the toughness. Highest values were found at the highest load rate of 300 mm/min, except for Young's modulus, which was found at 250 mm/min. Brittleness was increased at median load rates. The results of this study will be useful when considering the use of PHA in applications characterized by high-speed loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 567-578"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spark plasma sintering: A solid-state sustainable recycling technique","authors":"Parviz Asadi,&nbsp;Mostafa Akbari,&nbsp;Poyraz Aydiner,&nbsp;Amirhossein Moghanian,&nbsp;Vahid Salarvand,&nbsp;Sirus Safaee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review comprehensively explores the emerging role of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) as a sustainable and versatile solid-state recycling technique across various industries. Emphasizing its advantages over conventional methods, SPS efficiently consolidates metallic, ceramic, and composite waste materials at lower temperatures and shorter times, thereby reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. The review highlights recent progress in the application of SPS for recycling aluminum, magnesium, copper alloys, and ceramics, as well as its utility in fabricating high-performance materials for biomedical, energy, and magnetic applications. Microstructural control, densification mechanisms, and property enhancements achieved through SPS are analyzed, illustrating its capability in producing dense, crack-free, and tailored microstructures. Additionally, the article discusses the significant sustainability implications of SPS, including resource conservation, waste reduction, and a lower carbon footprint, underlining its potential to support a circular economy. Challenges and research gaps, such as process optimization, scale-up, real-time monitoring, and environmental assessment, are identified, proposing future directions toward industrial adoption and ecological sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 682-704"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of mechanical forming properties related in formability for AA2024-T3 sheet using shot peening process","authors":"Sansot Panich,&nbsp;Jurarat Sawangpan,&nbsp;Anak Khantachawana","doi":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijlmm.2026.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research aims to improve the formability of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 sheets, along with their surface characteristics and mechanical forming properties, by employing the shot peening (SP) process under optimized process parameters. These parameters include a nozzle distance of 150 and 200 mm and a peening duration of 3 and 10 s, all while maintaining a constant pressure of 0.35 MPa using silica peening media with a diameter of 100 μm. After SP process tests, the obtained mechanical properties highly enhanced in the sheet formability and mechanical forming characteristics of the investigated peened sheets, anisotropy coefficients, yield and ultimate tensile strengths, and uniform elongations, all of which indicated significant increases. Apparently, the testing results confirmed the improved peened sheet formability, including surface hardness and roughness, residual compressive stress, and Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) values from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) tester, which were exactly indicated in the reasonably improved conditions. To verify an improvement in formability under different stress states, biaxial drawing and hole expansion tests were conducted on both peened and unpeened sheets until failure occurred. The drawing depths for the peened sheets illustrated greater formability compared to those of the unpeened sheets. It can be concluded that the shot peening process significantly enhances the mechanical forming properties of the investigated AA2024-T3 sheet, resulting in greater formability considering under biaxial loading. The most effective process parameters include a nozzle distance of 200 mm and a peening duration of 3 s, which yield the highest formability for sheet material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52306,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture","volume":"9 5","pages":"Pages 579-592"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148949778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}