Water Research X最新文献

{"title":"Hierarchical ultra microporous aluminum based metal organic aerogels for water purification: Kinetic, isotherm, and regeneration insights into diclofenac adsorption","authors":"Dhivya Jagadeesan ,&nbsp;H.M. Solayman ,&nbsp;Che-Jung Hsu ,&nbsp;Wei-Lin Lu ,&nbsp;Ruei-Feng Shiu ,&nbsp;Yi-Feng Lin ,&nbsp;Jheng-Jie Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread use of Diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has resulted their persistent presence in aquatic environments which posing risks to both human health and ecosystems. In this study, we synthesized aluminum-based metal organic aerogels (Al-MOAs) through a Sol-gel method to explore the efficiency as adsorbents for DCF removal is aqueous solution. Al-MOAs exhibited a high microporosity, high specific surface area (1702.5 m²/g), and excellent mechanical stability confirmed by physicochemical characterization. Therefore, Al-MOAs revealed fast adsorption kinetics and achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 416 mg/g at pH 3. The adsorption process was found to be spontaneous and exothermic with multiple interactions, including electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking, contributing to the high removal efficiency as well. Furthermore, Al-MOAs demonstrated suitable stability and exhibiting outstanding reusability for at least four consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles during DCF removal process. Finally, Al-MOAs considered as a promising adsorbent for the efficient removal of pharmaceutical pollutant in liquid phase and a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145264859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacterium Acinetobacter sp. WZ-1: the superior stress resistance and the unconventional nitrogen metabolic pathways","authors":"Hong Wang ,&nbsp;Peike Wu ,&nbsp;Li Chen ,&nbsp;Lan Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Zheng ,&nbsp;Wenguo Wang ,&nbsp;Liangwei Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacteria are outstanding in nitrogen removal for wastewater treatment. In this study, <em>Acinetobacter</em> sp. WZ-1 and <em>Rhodococcus</em> sp. JY-5 were isolated and identified as HN-AD strains. The ¹⁵N isotope experiments demonstrated that WZ-1 and JY-5 both converted inorganic nitrogen to N₂. Compared with JY-5, WZ-1 showed the superior ability on NH₄⁺-N removal under environmental stress. WZ-1 removed 85.15% and 97.06% of NH₄⁺-N at the initial pH values of 5 and 9, respectively. At the high temperature of 40 °C, NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency by WZ-1 still reached to 80.66%. Moreover, high C/N ratios showed the significant inhibition on growth of WZ-1 and JY-5 under alkaline environment. WZ-1 still removed NH₄⁺-N of 47.15–87.68% with the low C/N ratios of 4–8 at pH 9. It indicated the potential of WZ-1 to treat high-ammonia wastewater featured by the high pH values and low C/N ratios. The genome and intermediate products inferred the unconventional nitrification-denitrification pathway of WZ-1 strain (NH₄⁺→NH₂OH→NO→NO₃⁻→NO₂⁻→NO→N₂→N₂). Particularly, nitrate production is attributed to NO oxidation according the <em>hmp</em> gene. Traditional genes for denitrification (<em>narGH, nirKS, norBD</em> and <em>nosZ</em>) were not found in genome, while flavorubredoxins and NosD protein might involve in nitrite/NO reduction and N₂O reduction, respectively. This study proved that certain unreported enzymes and proteins play important roles in nitrogen removal of the unconventional HN-AD bacteria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar-enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: Comparative performance and mechanistic insights","authors":"Zhong-Fang Sun ,&nbsp;Shu-Tong Wu ,&nbsp;Chuan Chen ,&nbsp;Zi-Han Wang ,&nbsp;Jing-Yang Tan ,&nbsp;Yu-Tong Zhang ,&nbsp;Xue-Ting Wang ,&nbsp;Shan-Shan Yang ,&nbsp;De-Feng Xing ,&nbsp;Dong-Mei Liu ,&nbsp;Ai-Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Nan-Qi Ren ,&nbsp;Lei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a sustainable approach for sewage sludge stabilization and energy recovery, but its efficiency is often limited by microbial imbalance and intermediate accumulation. Biochar addition is a promising strategy for enhancing AD, however, the mechanisms underlying its effectiveness, particularly the impact of biochar origin, remain insufficiently understood. This study systematically compared corn stover-derived biochar (CSBC), mixed straw-derived biochar (MSBC), and digested sludge-derived biochar (SSBC) regarding their effects on methane production, microbial community structure, and electron transfer processes in sewage sludge AD. Results revealed that CSBC addition (10 g/L) yielded the most significant enhancement, increasing cumulative methane yield by 122.1 % to 153.7 mL/g VS compared to the control. This superior performance correlated strongly with CSBC's abundant oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs), which facilitated higher redox activity (<em>k_app</em> 12-15 % greater than SSBC/MSBC) and electron transfer system activity (81.1 % increase over control). Microbial analysis revealed that CSBC was enriched with electron-transferring bacteria (e.g., <em>Bacteroidetes_vadin HA17</em>). Conversely, MSBC primarily facilitated hydrolysis, while SSBC preferentially stimulated hydrogenotrophic methanogens. These findings demonstrate that biochar surface chemistry and electrochemical properties are critical determinants of microbial interactions and methane yield, providing crucial insights for designing tailored biochars to optimize waste valorization and energy recovery in AD. This study offers a unique comparison of straw-versus sludge-derived biochars in sludge AD, highlighting the potential of SSBC in a circular economy context, and underscores the importance of linking biochar properties to functional microbial activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100423"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological phase-driven management in semi-arid watersheds: Linking plankton assembly dynamics and adaptive resilience strategies","authors":"Jingzhi Yu ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yinglan A ,&nbsp;Yi Zhu ,&nbsp;Yan Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhimao Deng ,&nbsp;Ruizhong Gao ,&nbsp;Limin Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100421","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100421","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semi-arid river basins, characterized by pronounced hydrological seasonality and anthropogenic pressures, face escalating threats to aquatic ecosystems under climate change. This study investigated the Dahei River Basin, a critical Yellow River tributary in Inner Mongolia, to unravel the coupled impacts of climate, geology, hydrological pulses and water quality degradation on eukaryotic plankton communities. Using α/β-diversity, dispersal-niche continuum index (DNCI), co-occurrence networks, and Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) across dry-wet seasons and habitats, key findings emerged: (1) Urban wastewater inputs create multidimensional resource gradients that drive niche expansion in rivers, challenging the conventional paradigm of reservoir-dominated niche variation. (2) Hydrological pulses asymmetrically regulate trophic dynamics: wet-season runoff enhances phytoplankton dispersal, while zooplankton utilize dormant egg banks for resilience. This seasonality also alters network stability, with wet-season connectivity increases cascade risks and dry-season modularity enhances disturbance buffering. (3) The PLS-PM analysis further clarified that alternating wet-dry phases reconfigure ecological pathways. These findings advanced understanding of semi-arid aquatic ecosystems by decoupling phase-specific stressor pathways. Based on these findings, we established a \"hydrological phase-responsive framework\" (HPRF) that integrates empirical results with management needs for semi-arid watersheds, emphasizing that restoration must dynamically align with wet-dry transitions for ecological integrity in water-scarce regions. This work advances frameworks for balancing ecological integrity and urbanization in water-scarce regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100421"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobility data for reduced uncertainties in model-based WWTP design","authors":"Oscar Samuelsson ,&nbsp;Erik U. Lindblom ,&nbsp;Kenneth Djupsjö ,&nbsp;Linda Kanders ,&nbsp;Lluís Corominas","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Model-based design is an emerging tool for dealing with the uncertain dynamic loads entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). But our understanding about the load-driving population-dynamics is limited. Therefore, we studied if mobility data (mobile telecommunications data) could be used to reduce uncertainties during design. Mobility data from Uppsala, Sweden between 2019–2022 clearly quantified population movement patterns that were useful for simulating load scenarios such as seasonal load-shifts, without data gaps from irregular influent sampling. Further, they showed fair correlations with the daily influent nitrogen load (R² = 0.49), which resulted in a more precise person load estimate than assuming a static population (23 % reduced variance). Unfortunately, BOD load variations showed little correlation with the population variations (R² = 0.21). Nevertheless, model-based reactor sizing based on mobility data successfully reduced the de-/nitrification volume safety factor with 5 percentage points, which demonstrates their practical usefulness for WWTP design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100418"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of electrodialysis for nutrient recovery from manure digestate: A long-term investigation of membrane fouling","authors":"Jizhong Meng ,&nbsp;Lin Shi ,&nbsp;Wenjing Bai ,&nbsp;Zhenhu Hu ,&nbsp;Lisha Zhen ,&nbsp;Akihiko Terada ,&nbsp;Xinmin Zhan ,&nbsp;Paul Crosson","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100420","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100420","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nutrient recovery from wastewater is pivotal for sustainable development, particularly in mitigating resource scarcity and environmental pollution. This study investigated the potential of long-term electrodialysis (ED) for nutrient recovery from pig manure digestate with a focus on membrane fouling, which is often overlooked in short-term operations. ED reactors were operated over 1100 h using both heterogeneous and homogeneous ion exchange membranes (IEMs), with a treatment loading of 5000 L of digestate /m². The ED system demonstrated effective desalination, achieving over 80 % recovery of ammonium (NH₄⁺) and 90 % recovery of phosphate (PO₄³⁻), while maintaining high perm-selectivity (&gt;95 %). Membrane analysis revealed significant color darkening and structural deterioration, particularly in heterogeneous anion exchange membranes (AM), which exhibited increased resistance and reduced ion exchange capacity (IEC) after a treatment loading of 3472 L/m². Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the accumulation of organic matter and the formation of hydrogen bonds on fouled membranes. Cation exchange membranes (CM) demonstrated greater stability and resistance to fouling than AM, with homogeneous CM outperforming their heterogeneous counterparts in maintaining IEC and structural integrity. Despite the increased membrane resistance, the ED system led to efficient nutrient recovery, highlighting the resilience of membrane perm-selectivity. This study highlights the potential of ED for resource recovery and emphasizes the critical role of effective fouling mitigation strategies in ensuring its long-term feasibility in nutrient recovery from high-solid wastewater streams, thereby providing a strong foundation for its practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100420"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-scale mainstream partial nitritation/anammox process: A three-year demonstration for municipal wastewater treatment","authors":"Shujun Zhang ,&nbsp;Quan Li ,&nbsp;Pengchao Gu ,&nbsp;Xintao Lv ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Han ,&nbsp;Kun Li ,&nbsp;Zhibin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiming Qu ,&nbsp;Jialin Li ,&nbsp;Cong Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Bai ,&nbsp;Rongbing Zhang ,&nbsp;Ye Li ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongzhen Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mainstream partial nitritation/anammox (PN/A) is recognized as a promising method for sustainable nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, its practical implementation remains challenging to date. In this study, a full-scale mainstream partial-nitritation activated sludge system, coupled with an anammox fixed-film (PN-AF) process, has been developed to treat municipal wastewater. The process was initiated by inoculating fixed biofilm with a mature anammox consortium sourced from a side-stream PN/A. The integrated application of chemical inhibition and ecological niche selection was practically implemented in engineering for the first time, enabling the PN-AF process to achieve two years of continuous operation within a wide temperature range (11.6–28.9 °C). The average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was 91.8 ± 4.6 %, with an average effluent TN concentration of 4.5 ± 2.3 mg/L and a nitrogen removal rate of 0.072 ± 0.01 kg N·<em>m</em>⁻³·d⁻¹. Molecular analysis revealed a remarkably high relative abundance of <em>Candidatus Brocadia</em> (17.87 %), accompanied by an eight times higher activity of anammox than that of denitrification. Overall, this work presents a reliable mainstream partial nitritation/anammox process for sustainable wastewater treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100419"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drivers for the adoption of circular water systems at the building level in a high-income context","authors":"Devi Buehler ,&nbsp;Laila Luethi ,&nbsp;Diederik P.L. Rousseau ,&nbsp;Alice H. Aubert ,&nbsp;Martina Bozzola","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100416","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100416","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circular water systems at the building level offer potential for sustainable water management. Yet, user acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) challenge their adoption. This study explores factors shaping acceptance and WTP by surveying 496 respondents on attitudes toward circular water systems and maintenance preferences. In addition, 76 visitors to the KREIS-Haus, a living lab in Switzerland, were surveyed to examine the influence of direct experience with circular water and building practices. Environmental awareness emerged as the most consistent predictor of acceptance of and WTP for circular water systems, while factors including living arrangement, environmental knowledge, dwelling size, and gender were significant in specific contexts. Among the circular practices presented, the use of treated rainwater as potable water, received the highest acceptance. Practices related to the nutrient cycle, such as composting toilets and producing fertiliser from human waste, were less accepted. About half of the respondents were open to participating in gardening (47 %) and minor technical maintenance (50 %), while preferring to outsource compost toilet management. Preferences were shaped by hygiene concerns, perceived effort, and fairness in task distribution. Visiting the KREIS-Haus increased acceptance and WTP, indicating a positive effect of experiential learning. These findings highlight the importance of combining behavioural, organisational, and contextual factors to enhance acceptance. Future research should explore the structure and long-term feasibility of maintenance models and whether stated acceptance leads to actual behavioural change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100416"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does phosphite accelerate the phosphorus cycle in freshwater ecosystems?","authors":"Wenqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Songjie Han ,&nbsp;Baoqing Shan ,&nbsp;Quan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphite is supposed to an essential compound for the origin of early life, and exist as the main form of phosphorus (P) in the P cycle of ancient anoxic marine environments. Recent researches have discovered the presence of phosphite in contemporary aquatic ecosystems, considering its utilization by microorganisms via assimilatory and dissimilatory phosphite oxidation, as well as the indirect photooxidization to orthophosphate by ultraviolet light, which indicate the potential contribution of phosphite for P cycle in modern earth. Given its high solubility, phosphite is believed to expedite P transformations in freshwater aquatic environments, particularly in lacustrine systems. Compared to oceans, these systems have shallower waters, which favor the rapid transport of released phosphite from reducing sediments to surface water. This is especially significant if the sediment is a major production site for phosphite, indicating that its role in the P cycle might have been previously understated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100417"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow configuration shapes microbiome assembly and function in full-scale drinking water BAC filters","authors":"Hong Wang ,&nbsp;Kaiyang Jiang ,&nbsp;Jinhao Yang ,&nbsp;Yuxing Hu ,&nbsp;Min Rui ,&nbsp;Yueyi Wang ,&nbsp;Yinyin Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100411","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100411","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the challenges of traditional down-flow biological activated carbon (BAC) filters, up-flow filters have been increasingly applied in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), yet their microbial characteristics and underlying assembly mechanisms are not fully explored. This study presents the first comprehensive comparison of bacterial and eukaryotic communities, functional traits, ecological interactions and assembly mechanisms in up-flow and down-flow BAC filters across 18 full-scale DWTPs spanning diverse geographic and operational contexts in China. Despite site-specific variability, distinct bacterial and eukaryotic community structures were observed between the two configurations (ANOSIM, R=0.345-0.353, P &lt; 0.05), highlighting the strong influence of filter design on microbiomes. Functional gene profiling revealed significant enrichment of high-abundance pathways related to carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism in up-flow filters (P&lt;0.05), indicating elevated biogeochemical activity. HAllA and network analyses revealed the pivotal role of eukaryotes in structuring microbial interactions and uncovered distinct cross-domain interaction patterns between filter types. Community assembly analysis showed deterministic processes dominated BAC microbiomes, with significantly stronger homogeneous selection in up-flow systems (P &lt; 0.05). Together, these findings provide new ecological insights into BAC filter microbiomes and support the broader adoption of up-flow designs to enhance treatment performance and microbial stability in full-scale DWTPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52198,"journal":{"name":"Water Research X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100411"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}