{"title":"Improving interpretations of imperfections in insulating materials for current technologies","authors":"Peter D. Townsend , Yafang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Academic studies of imperfections in insulating crystals and glasses initially assumed the sites were simple and isolated. In part this was the result of the original simplistic characterisation and modelling. Unfortunately many textbooks, teaching and publications engrained this viewpoint. More detailed techniques invariably showed those ideas to be incorrect, with numerous examples of extremely long range interactions, multi-sites packages, and even phase separations or nanoparticle inclusions. Despite these examples, current defect models still often focus on extremely localised sites. This seems particularly inappropriate, as in many modern applications the materials are heavily doped, and in a powder format. It therefore seems essential to include, or reintroduce, analysis techniques which can reveal both the long range effects, and the variations that exist as a function of powder size and method of production. Where such data exist, they reveal considerable complexity. This overview thus comments on past and future analysis techniques with the sensitivity to enhance detailed models. Site models require, and will benefit from, a wider acceptance of medium and long range interactions. Realistically, many sites exist simultaneously, so models will never be perfect, but improved characterisation can assist not only the science, but also commercial developments. Inevitably there are self citations as we have actively exploited a range of techniques that can reveal evidence of long range defect production and sensitivity to extended lattice perturbations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000391/pdfft?md5=27ba0b291556c07c42746aea9b0feb66&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000391-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141043653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spectroscopic and microscopic evidence of 2D boron nitride nanoflake interaction with doxorubicin","authors":"Olena Gnatyuk , Galyna Dovbeshko , Andrej Dementjev , Katsiaryna Chernyakova , Oleg Posudievsky , Igor Kupchak , Denys Kolesnyk , Galyna Solyanik , Renata Karpicz","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Doxorubicin (DOX) interaction with 2D boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles was studied experimentally and theoretically. The BN nanoparticles, namely nanoflakes, were obtained by direct liquid-phase exfoliation via preliminary stratification in a planetary ball mill from massive hexagonal BN. 2D BN nanoparticles and DOX/BN composites were characterized using visible steady-state, time-resolved fluorescence, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy and density functional theory (DFT). The BN nanoflakes from 2 to 3 layers up to hundred nm in lateral direction possessed crystalline properties that formed the DOX/BN composites with fluorescence in the range of 520–750 nm that can be used in DOX detecting. The calculations revealed a notable electron transfer between the BN monolayer and the DOX molecule, which, however, is partly offset by the redistribution of charge within the monolayer. The energy of interaction of the BN with DOX was estimated as 1.96 eV, indicating that the DOX/BN composite formation is an exothermic process. The Fluorescence quenching of DOX/BN occurs with increased BN nanoparticle concentration. The optimal concentration for composite formation was chosen. In CARS imaging of the Lewis lung carcinoma cells after treatment with DOX/BN, brightly luminous points are observed inside the cells, indicating the accumulation of DOX/BN composites that can be used in bioimaging and theranostics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000354/pdfft?md5=5e50bbcd31ce272aa6ecb14a75aae9df&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000354-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140843738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vera Marinova , Stefan Petrov , Dimitrina Petrova , Blagovest Napoleonov , Nguyen Hong Minh Chau , Yu Pin Lan , Velichka Strijkova , Ken Yuh Hsu , Dimitre Dimitrov , Shiuan Huei Lin
{"title":"Effect of transparent conductive layers on the functionality of liquid crystal devices: Comparison of AZO, FTO and ITO","authors":"Vera Marinova , Stefan Petrov , Dimitrina Petrova , Blagovest Napoleonov , Nguyen Hong Minh Chau , Yu Pin Lan , Velichka Strijkova , Ken Yuh Hsu , Dimitre Dimitrov , Shiuan Huei Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The integration of highly transparent and highly conductive layers plays a crucial role in the advancement of various next-generation optoelectronic technologies. Here, we demonstrate a comparison of optical, electrical and wettability properties of Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition Technique (ALD) with commercially available Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) and Indium-doped Tin Oxide (ITO) Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) layers. Their impact on the electro-optical modulation behavior when applied in Liquid Crystal (LC) device assemblies are compared and discussed. The AZO layers performance prove that are fully competitive to the commercial FTO and ITO layers and verify the high demand for the next generation indium tin oxide (ITO)-free technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000421/pdfft?md5=b4cb7020a3cd4aed3aed23e85ea5eee5&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000421-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K.V. Lamonova , S. Orel , A. Prokhorov , N. Kovalenko , M. Schmidbauer , A. Kwasniewski , Yu Kazarinov , J.W. Tomm
{"title":"ZnSe:(Cr,Fe) laser crystal matrices: Challenges related to doping","authors":"K.V. Lamonova , S. Orel , A. Prokhorov , N. Kovalenko , M. Schmidbauer , A. Kwasniewski , Yu Kazarinov , J.W. Tomm","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate co-doped ZnSe: (Cr, Fe) laser crystals with an approach that includes both optical spectroscopy and theoretical modelling. We found that concentrations of chromium and iron up to 10<sup>18</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> are optimal for obtaining a homogeneous solid solution in designing laser crystals. Higher dopant concentrations lead to the formation of clusters with spinel structure in the ZnSe matrix. The optimal effectiveness of ZnSe laser media with active Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> elements is achieved at temperatures of around 100 K. Heating induces charge transfers like Fe<sup>2+</sup>→Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Cr<sup>2+</sup>→Cr<sup>3+</sup>, while cooling results in phonon freezing. A theoretical model has been developed to explain the observed temperature evolution of the absorption spectrum. The types and values of distortions of the Cr- and Fe-based coordination complexes are determined. We have found that the Jahn-Teller distortions are crucial for modelling the temperature-dependent changes of the absorption spectra.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000330/pdfft?md5=1374461fd29180d612c161e1066f2616&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000330-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140900943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optical and scintillation properties of Pr3+-doped (La, Y)2Si2O7 single crystals","authors":"Yuka Abe , Takahiko Horiai , Jan Pejchal , Yuui Yokota , Masao Yoshino , Rikito Murakami , Takashi Hanada , Akihiro Yamaji , Hiroki Sato , Yuji Ohashi , Shunsuke Kurosawa , Kei Kamada , Akira Yoshikawa , Martin Nikl","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pr-doped scintillators are attracting attention because of their potential applications in medical devices. In this study, we focused on Pr-doped (La, Y)<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> scintillators to grow single crystals by the micro-pulling-down method and to evaluate their optical and scintillation properties. From the powder XRD results, the crystal structure and the space group were identified to be monoclinic and <em>P</em>2<sub>1</sub>/<em>n</em>, respectively. The results of optical and scintillation characterization show that the luminescence from the Pr<sup>3+</sup> 5d<sub>1</sub>–4f transition increases with increasing Pr<sup>3+</sup> concentration. The maximum light yield was also obtained for the sample with the highest Pr<sup>3+</sup> concentration. The Pr-doped (La, Y)<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> single crystal shows promising properties for application in radiation detection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000305/pdfft?md5=9152e46f85e6d1045a1959fcf24b8c80&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000305-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140650649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Barium chalcogenides for nonlinear optics in the mid-IR: Properties and applications","authors":"Valentin Petrov , Kiyoshi Kato , Kentaro Miyata","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The essential properties of BaGa<sub>4</sub>S<sub>7</sub> (BGS), BaGa<sub>4</sub>Se<sub>7</sub> (BGSe), BaGa<sub>2</sub>GeS<sub>6</sub> (BGGS), BaGa<sub>2</sub>GeSе<sub>6</sub> (BGGSe), and Ba<sub>2</sub>Ga<sub>8</sub>GeS<sub>16</sub> (B2GGS) are reviewed, together with all nonlinear optical applications of these non-centrosymmetric crystals realized so far.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000317/pdfft?md5=9796fa9ebee8c3a9b70fcbe6b6819ffd&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000317-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140639386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of Dy3+ on the optical and radiation attenuation properties of TeO2–ZnO–Na2O–Sm2O3 glasses","authors":"Canel Eke","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper aims to investigate theoretically addition of the Dy<sup>3+</sup> content on the optical and radiation attenuation properties of TeO<sub>2</sub>–ZnO – Na<sub>2</sub>O–Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> glasses. The STZNDy1 possesses the greatest molar refractivity (R<sub>m</sub>) and molar polarizability (α<sub>m</sub>) whereas the STZNDy5 possesses the lowest R<sub>m</sub> and α<sub>m</sub>. When Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content adds into the glass, the reflection loss sharply increases then it declines up to 1.5 mol.% of Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content afterwards it is stable however the optical transmission sharply decreases then it increases up to 1.5 mol % of Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content afterwards it is stable. The STZNDy5 and STZNDy6 own the greatest metallization criterion while they own the lowest static dielectric constant and optical dielectric constant. Both linear attenuation coefficient and mass attenuation coefficient of the STZNDy glasses increase with the addition of the Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content. The STZNDy1 has the highest half value layers (HVLs) and tenth value layers (TVLs) whereas the STZNDy6 has the smallest HVLs and TVLs. The radiation protection efficiency enhances whereas mean free path declines as Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content increases in the glasses. Consequently, the STZNDy6 owns the good radiation attenuation ability in the STZNDy glasses, and adding Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> increases the radiation attenuation characteristics of the STZNDy glasses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000299/pdfft?md5=918438026f1f3864ed50c041054949f0&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000299-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140604581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F.A. Araiza-Sixtos , F. Solorio-Soto , E.G. Lizarraga-Medina , H. Tiznado , R. Carriles-Jaimes , J.L. Bueno-Escobedo , R. Rangel-Rojo
{"title":"Multilayered Ru/TiO2 hyperbolic material for nonlinear optics","authors":"F.A. Araiza-Sixtos , F. Solorio-Soto , E.G. Lizarraga-Medina , H. Tiznado , R. Carriles-Jaimes , J.L. Bueno-Escobedo , R. Rangel-Rojo","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work we present the design, fabrication and study of the optical properties of hyperbolic materials based on multilayered metal–dielectric Ru/TiO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> structures. The samples were fabricated using the Atomic Layer Deposition technique, and their structure was designed to have an Epsilon Near Zero point near 800 nm to match the laser wavelength employed to study their response. The linear optical properties were studied using spectrophotometry and spectral ellipsometry. The nonlinear response was studied as a function of incident irradiance using the z-scan technique with fs pulses as a function of wavelength throughout the visible, allowing the determination of the refractive and absorptive contributions to the nonlinear response. Given that a high pulse repetition rate was employed, cumulative pulse to pulse thermal effects can be present, because of this, a modification of the z-scan technique allowed the resolution of the electronic and thermal contributions to the response.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000263/pdfft?md5=ddd1608f8fffce5bdd49aa18ca227f89&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000263-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current understanding of anomalous deep red / NIR emission bands in highly Mn4+, Mn2+, and Cr3+-doped phosphors: Exchange-coupled pair or trap-related luminescence?","authors":"Sadao Adachi","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Transition metal-activated phosphors belong to an important family of luminescent materials used as the next generation light sources for display, illumination systems, and other uses because of their small size, high luminescence efficacy, and long operation lifetime. Broad-band deep red or near infrared (NIR) emission has recently been observed in a wide variety of concentrated Mn<sup>4+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and Cr<sup>3+</sup> phosphors as an additional anomalous emission band of the normal red or green emission band in such transition metal-activated phosphors. At present, the following two possibilities have been proposed as the cause of this anomalous broad emission band: (<em>i</em>) exchange-coupled transition-metal ion pair recombination and (<em>ii</em>) deep red or NIR-emitting traps activated by an efficient energy migration over the transition-metal sublattice to such trap centers. The present article presents current understanding of the anomalous deep red and NIR emission bands in highly Mn<sup>4+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>, and Cr<sup>3+</sup>-activated phosphors based on our current knowledge of the transition metal-activated phosphor physics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259014782400024X/pdfft?md5=ec84728be73db1912721a95fa5f37440&pid=1-s2.0-S259014782400024X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140535465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaraslau Padrez , Vitalii Boiko , Juraj Kajan , Tomáš Gregor , Vira Tinkova , Renata Karpicz , Mykhailo Chaika
{"title":"Temperature dependence of Charge Transfer Luminescence in Yb3+:YAG single crystal","authors":"Yaraslau Padrez , Vitalii Boiko , Juraj Kajan , Tomáš Gregor , Vira Tinkova , Renata Karpicz , Mykhailo Chaika","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Charge Transfer Luminescence (CTL) processes play a major roles in Yb:YAG laser materials act as a source of energy losses decrease the performance of this material. In this work, the temperature dependence of CTL in Yb:YAG single crystal was investigated. A 375-nm picosecond laser source was used as the excitation source. It was shown that the change in temperature affects the emission intensity and the position maximum of CTL occurring between perturbated F<sup>+</sup> centers and Yb<sup>3+</sup> ions. The increase in the temperature caused the blueshift of CTL, while the emission intensity have the inverted U-shape. The measured luminescence lifetime of CLT was in the range of 8 ns – 13 ns and barely changes with temperature. The temperature dependence of the CTL parameters was explained by the change in the energy transfer processes between F<sup>+</sup> centers and the charge transfer state of Yb:YAG single crystals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100315"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000275/pdfft?md5=c6ea6a674868585815bd3cfd4f9118d3&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000275-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140535464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}