Optical Materials: X最新文献

{"title":"Metallic nanostructures inclusion to improve energy harvesting in silicon","authors":"Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas ,&nbsp;Catarina P. Correia V. Bernardo ,&nbsp;João Paulo N. Torres ,&nbsp;António Baptista ,&nbsp;Maria João Marques Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>New phenomena have been discovered at the nanoscale that allow us to manipulate light and design devices. Evanescent waves such as Surface Plasmon Polaritons are excited in dielectric–metal interfaces and propagate in the metal. If they reach other interfaces, they may be transmitted by the metal. It is a phenomenon known as Extraordinary Optical Transmission that occurs in nanostructures at the optical range. Depending on the metal it is possible to tune the wavelengths and incident angles where this phenomenon occurs. Gold, silver, aluminium and copper nanolayers are analysed on top of silicon (a-Si and c-Si) considering a sweep between 250 nm and 2500 nm. Considering a novel model based on Fresnel Coefficients in absorbing media, it is possible to improve energy harvesting in the ultraviolet–visible range, mainly due to the propagation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons. Then, the role of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Air–Metal–Silicon nanostructures is analysed. The inclusion of the metal layer may decrease the reflectance by at least 10%, reaching values higher than 60%. The presented charts allow us to analyse the materials, wavelengths and incident angles where reflectance is decreased. There, the inclusion of metal layers brings benefits to the photodetection, since more energy is available in the absorbing layer. Considering this approach, the detection of specific wavelengths may be improved by introducing metals in the detectors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259014782400010X/pdfft?md5=1e7123f11adc8cb31701bf421ff588d5&pid=1-s2.0-S259014782400010X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139714036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of X-ray excited optical luminescence properties of Er, Nd-doped YVO4 phosphors using a hard X-ray beam","authors":"Francisca J.R. Tavares ,&nbsp;Matheus S.C. de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Ariosvaldo J.S. Silva ,&nbsp;Iara de F. Gimenez ,&nbsp;Verônica C. Teixeira ,&nbsp;Nilson S. Ferreira ,&nbsp;Marcos V. dos S. Rezende","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scintillators based on YVO₄:Er³⁺ and YVO₄:Er³⁺, Nd³⁺, synthesized through glucose-assisted sol-gel method and calcined under different temperatures were studied via X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL). The samples' crystalline structure was studied via X-ray powder diffraction and the crystallite size estimated by Scherrer's method. The results indicated the crystal purity phase in all samples, indexed as YVO₄, and crystallite size in nanometric order, which is in accordance with Transmission Electron Microscopy results that indicate the formation of nanoparticles with spherical shape tendency. The spectroscopic studies taken by XEOL demonstrated typical Er³⁺ and Nd³⁺ transitions were dominant on the emission spectra. An unusual host emission was also identified <em>c.a.</em> 340 and 600 nm and ascribed as an intrinsic host vanadate emission related with the material optical band gap (c.a. 3.5 eV) and/or associated with VO₄³⁻ to rare earth ions energy transfer. The scintillators kept the emission stability even exposed to ∼10¹⁰ photon/sec, which demonstrated their radiation hardness, which is an important feature to the application of YVO₄ based-materials as scintillators. Independently of the calcination temperature, glucose-assisted sol-gel method was reliable to produce YVO₄-based scintillators nanopowders with stable optical properties with potential to be applied in biological imaging and/or in theranostics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000068/pdfft?md5=082388ec1af4fc84419ff224885facd0&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000068-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139537942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailored wet-chemical synthesis of spheroidal AgNps: Exploring optical, morphological, and biological correlations through experimental parameter variation","authors":"João Antonio Oliveira Santos ,&nbsp;Cibely da Silva Martin ,&nbsp;Rafael Bianchini Fulindi ,&nbsp;Paulo Inácio da Costa ,&nbsp;Ana Maria Pires ,&nbsp;Marco Aurélio Cebim ,&nbsp;Sergio Antonio Marques Lima","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2023.100281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2023.100281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNps) show high scientific, economic, and biotechnological interest related to their photonic properties associated to the fascinating plasmonic absorption and antimicrobial activity, however, their synthesis using wet-chemical methods remains a challenge, in terms of control, repeatability, and reproducibility. Herein, we investigated two adapted strategies to produce water-suspended spheroidal and homogeneous AgNps by using sodium citrate (CT) and ascorbic acid (AA) as stabilizing and reducing agents, respectively. We also show the impact of experimental parameters such as reactional time, temperature, and precursor concentration, as well as their order/method of addition on the morphology and optical properties of AgNps that were intrinsically correlated through extinction spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), additionally the activity of prepared AgNPs colloidal suspensions were tested against Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. The most controllable synthesis condition was achieved by methodology in which the silver precursor is added dropwise (one drop per second) to a solution at 70 °C containing CT and AA keeping the stirring for 20 min. The proposed methodology presented a high repeatability of the syntheses generating AgNps with regular size and shape (between 22 and 30 nm), being stable in water up to one year with slight changes in its plasmonic and morphological properties. A scale-up trial was also performed and the dropwise methodology allowed the obtention of spheroidal-AgNps suspensions five times more concentrated with the same morphological and optical control, which saves time and energy in the synthesis process. The AgNPs demonstrated a good antibacterial potential when the samples are freshly prepared, losing their activity as the samples age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147823000554/pdfft?md5=56264691495744d85bb7dbba288f8983&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147823000554-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138620690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Eu(III) activated tungstates in solid state lighting","authors":"Tim Pier, T. Jüstel","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139873972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical crystal-field models applied to compounds doped with Eu3+","authors":"Marcos A. Couto dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2023.100279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2023.100279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The point charge electrostatic model (PCEM) and the simple overlap model (SOM), both purely analytical crystal field models, are being briefly revisited, in order to show the evolution of their application to Eu doped compounds. Calculations are made through the method of equivalent nearest neighbours (MENN), and applied to the Eu(dipivaloylmethanate)₃1,10-phenanthroline [Eu(DPM)₃o-phen] complex, with the aim of discussing the Eu–O and Eu–N interactions. The charge of the Eu ion is calculated using the Batista-Longo improved model (BLIM) to give g_BLIM = 3,64e around the Eu-NN midpoint. The ⁷F₁ crystal-field levels and level splitting were satisfactorily reproduced with two charge factors, namely, g₁ = 0.495 and g₂ = 0.415, assuming the luminescent site in a tetragonal point symmetry slightly distorted. In particular, it is shown that the Eu³⁺, itself, is satisfied by attracting an amount of charge, which neutralize/stabilize its own site electrostatically, no matter what the ligating ions are. The Eu-NN overlap (ρ = &lt;4f|2s2p&gt;) is assumed to be 0.1, which is physically plausible both as a limit in respect to β, the SOM correction factor to the PCEM, and describes the covalent contribution to the Ln-NN interaction, the latter is the most important contribution of the SOM to the crystal-field theory of lanthanide containing compounds. An eloquent comparison with crystal-field levels of the Eu:LiYF₄ and Eu(btfa)₃(4,4-bipy)(EtOH) is made. Finally, this paper is, indeed, a very simple tribute to Professor Oscar L. Malta, as an acknowledgement of his deep contribution to the author's apprenticeship about crystal-field theory of systems containing lanthanides.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147823000530/pdfft?md5=aa93eb8b39b0d6fd7f59e6b0f06f6323&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147823000530-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138618597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Ce3+ doped Y1±xAlO3 (x≠0) single crystal perovskite scintillators through nonstoichiometric engineering","authors":"Karol Bartosiewicz ,&nbsp;Jan Pejchal ,&nbsp;Romana Kucerkova ,&nbsp;Alena Beitlerova ,&nbsp;Vladimir Babin ,&nbsp;Vojtech Vanecek ,&nbsp;Shunsuke Kurosawa ,&nbsp;Kei Kamada ,&nbsp;Akira Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of nonstoichiometric engineering on the scintillation properties of Ce³⁺ doped yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP:Ce) crystals was investigated. Crystals with slight yttrium excess (Y₁_·₀₀₄AlO₃:Ce), yttrium deficiency (Y₀_·₉₉₄AlO₃:Ce), and stoichiometric composition (YAlO₃:Ce) were synthesized using the micro-pulling down method. Structural characterization confirmed crystallization in the pure orthorhombic <em>Pnma</em> space group for all compositions. Optical absorption spectroscopy revealed an extensive background in the nonstoichiometric crystals due to the increased degree of light scattering centers associated with the defects. The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra of Ce³⁺ ions were unaffected by nonstoichiometry. However, the scintillation decay kinetics and light yield exhibited marked improvements in the Y_1±xAlO₃:Ce (x≠0) crystals. The light yield increased by 22 % and 15 % and the slower component of the decay accelerated from 171 ns to 106 and 131 ns compared to the stoichiometric crystal. Thermoluminescence glow curves revealed that nonstoichiometry significantly altered the concentrations of antisite defects and oxygen vacancies. The EPR spectroscopy investigations revealed a correlation between the Ce³⁺ ions concentration and the degree of nonstoichiometry. Strategic engineering of nonstoichiometry in Y_1±xAlO₃:Ce (x≠0) scintillators may have provided an effective approach to optimizing scintillation performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259014782400007X/pdfft?md5=416dd0325b89956c69bcb97f1f480015&pid=1-s2.0-S259014782400007X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139637829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nd3+→ Cr4+ energy transfer in co-doped Nd,Cr:Y3Al5O12 garnet transparent ceramics","authors":"Ian R. Phillips,&nbsp;Ross A. Osborne,&nbsp;Nerine J. Cherepy,&nbsp;Alexander D. Drobshoff,&nbsp;Zachary M. Seeley,&nbsp;William F. Krupke,&nbsp;Stephen A. Payne","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, we quantitatively analyze the Nd³⁺ → Cr⁴⁺ energy transfer efficiency in the co-doped transparent ceramic YAG host and determine that it can be maintained at less than a 20 % loss of Nd³⁺ excited states when the Cr⁴⁺ absorption coefficient at 1064 nm is less than 1.0 cm⁻¹. Furthermore, we conclude that the energy transfer mechanism can be fully accounted for on the basis of classic Förster-Dexter theory, as the transfer efficiency deduced from the emission kinetics is consistent with that independently determined from the spectroscopic properties of Cr⁴⁺ absorption and Nd³⁺ emission. Systematic studies of trends for Cr³⁺ → Cr⁴⁺ conversion are reported as a function of the oxygen annealing temperature, initial Cr³⁺ concentration, and incorporation of divalent (Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) charge compensators. Lastly, no effect of energy migration among the Nd³⁺ ions was observed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000044/pdfft?md5=ffcbc59e9137c3705823cde19250fcd7&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000044-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139395965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the content of stacked ZnO on the structural and optical properties of heterostructured ZnO/Ga2O3 films","authors":"Peverga R. Jubu ,&nbsp;E. Danladi ,&nbsp;M.B. Ochang ,&nbsp;O. Adedokun ,&nbsp;C.C. Amadi ,&nbsp;D.D. Hile ,&nbsp;W.V. Zhiya ,&nbsp;A.A. Iorokpen ,&nbsp;Y. Yusof ,&nbsp;F.K. Yam","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rising demand for heterojunction materials stimulated by the great achievements of modern nanotechnology has triggered enormous interests in the investigation of their materials properties. Heterostructured ZnO/Ga₂O₃ has been deployed for different device applications, but its several optical parameters have rarely been investigated. The present work attempts to investigate the influence of the thickness of stacked ZnO layer on the surface of Ga₂O₃ film. Optical parameters, such as absorption and extinction coefficient, Urbach energy, refractive index, dielectric constants, optical dispersion energy, single oscillator energy, static refractive index, oscillator strength, and oscillator wavelength of the ZnO/Ga₂O₃ films were studied. Morphological characterization showed microstructures of various shapes. Cross-section measurements showed that the thickness of the Ga₂O₃ layer remained approximately the same for all samples, while the thickness of the ZnO layer increased from 0 to 5.14 nm. Structural analysis revealed the coexistence of β-Ga₂O₃ and wurtzite ZnO crystal phases. UV–Vis absorption spectra demonstrated two distinct absorptions belonging to the β-Ga₂O₃ and ZnO. The bandgap of the composite ranged between 4.43 and 4.69 eV with an increase in the amount of ZnO at the surface. The absorption and extinction coefficient were in the order of 10³ cm⁻¹ and 10⁻⁵, respectively. The Urbach energy ranged between 0.688 and 1.125 eV. The refractive index was in the range 2.09–2.85, while the static refractive index ranged between 1.90 and 2.73. Also reported were other optical parameters, such as the real and imaginary dielectric constant, dispersive energy, single oscillator energy, oscillator strength, and oscillator wavelength.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000032/pdfft?md5=bac7b1e246517f91113e024c503ab73e&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000032-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139393715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gum Arabic-stabilized upconverting nanoparticles for printing applications","authors":"Christian Homann ,&nbsp;Emille M. Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Patrick Orsini ,&nbsp;Keven Savard ,&nbsp;Christophe-Badié Togola ,&nbsp;Marie-Maude de Denus-Baillargeon ,&nbsp;Maroun Massabki ,&nbsp;Eva Hemmer","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been proposed for a variety of applications ranging from biomedical probes to luminescent sensors and security tags. Yet, bringing UCNPs into real-life, technologically relevant products requires implementation into industry-friendly processes. The need for stable dispersions, clean films or dry powders challenges users who look for a way to use UCNPs. In this work, an ink formulation was developed that offers a straightforward way to print UCNPs on glass and metallic substrates. The use of Gum Arabic as biocompatible emulsifier allowed to implement the NaGdF₄:Er,Yb/NaGdF₄ core/shell UCNPs into water-based ink formulations without the need of complex surface chemistry. The formulation, based on water, glycerin, and propanediol, exhibited good stability and applicability for printing with a commercial aerosol jet printer. Bright upconversion emission was retained upon printing, and the obtained UCNP films were used in proof-of-concept luminescent thermal sensing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000020/pdfft?md5=b3203e28d3a1311d158d3795a9f7c745&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000020-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139394063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue and green upconverted emission in fluoroindate glasses under 808 nm excitation","authors":"G. Lesly Jimenez ,&nbsp;Lijun Wang ,&nbsp;C. Vazquez-Lopez ,&nbsp;A.N. Meza-Rocha ,&nbsp;Marcin Kochanowicz ,&nbsp;B. Starzyk ,&nbsp;Ciro Falcony ,&nbsp;Dominik Dorosz","doi":"10.1016/j.omx.2024.100289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omx.2024.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the upconversion (UC) luminescence of fluoroindate glasses (InF₃G) co-doped with Yb-Nd-Er (Tm) ions excited in the NIR-I biological window was analyzed. In the first system, UC emission of singly Er³⁺ doped InF₃G under 808 nm excitation occurred to be more efficient than those observed in InF₃G co-doped with Yb–Er and Yb-Nd-Er. The intensity of UC emission (InF₃G-Er) was 22 % higher than InF₃G-Yb-Er, and even more than two times higher than in the InF₃G-Yb-Nd-Er sample. The effective energy transfer (η) between Nd³⁺- Yb³⁺ (η = 45 %) and Yb³⁺-Er³⁺ (η = 68 %), was reflected in the emission observed in the NIR region mainly, ascribed to Yb³⁺:²F_5/2 → ²F_7/2 (978 and 999 nm) and Nd³⁺:⁴F_3/2 → ⁴I_9/2 (1053 nm) transitions. Meanwhile, the samples co-doped with Tm³⁺ exhibited a strong dependence on Yb-Nd-Tm co-doping. Samples without Yb and Nd did not exhibit any UC emission due to the absence of pumping channel. This contrasts with the downshifting NIR emission, which was at least two times higher than those exhibited in samples co-doped Yb-Nd-Er. These results suggest that Tm³⁺ plays a crucial role in populating the lower-lying exited levels of Yb and Nd, influencing the overall emission behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":52192,"journal":{"name":"Optical Materials: X","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590147824000019/pdfft?md5=82c3f54a0d7074916a7246c876db2cee&pid=1-s2.0-S2590147824000019-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139108169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}