{"title":"Pollen-Inspired Photonic Barcodes with Prickly Surface for Multiplex Exosome Capturing and Screening.","authors":"Ning Li, Feika Bian, Xiaowei Wei, Lijun Cai, Hongcheng Gu, Yuanjin Zhao, Luoran Shang","doi":"10.34133/2022/9809538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9809538","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes, which play an important role in intercellular communication, are closely related to the pathogenesis of disease. However, their effective capture and multiplex screening are still challenging. Here, inspired by the unique structure of pollens, we present novel photonic crystal (PhC) barcodes with prickly surface by hydrothermal synthesis for multiplex exosome capturing and screening. These pollen-inspired PhC barcodes are imparted with extremely high specific surface area and excellent prickly surface nanostructures, which can improve the capture rate and detection sensitivity of exosomes. As the internal periodic structures are kept during the hydrothermal synthesis process, the pollen-inspired PhC barcodes exhibit obvious and stable structural colors for identification, which enables multiplex detection of exosomes. Thus, the pollen-inspired PhC barcodes can not only effectively capture and enrich cancer-related exosomes but also support multiplex screening of exosomes with high sensitivity. These features make the prickly PhC barcodes ideal for the analysis of exosomes in medical diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9809538"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9470204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40371152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Graphene Oxide-Induced Substantial Strengthening of High-Entropy Alloy Revealed by Micropillar Compression and Molecular Dynamics Simulation.","authors":"Wei Zhang, Hongcai Xie, Zhichao Ma, Hongwei Zhao, Luquan Ren","doi":"10.34133/2022/9839403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9839403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastic deformation mechanisms at micro/nanoscale of graphene oxide-reinforced high-entropy alloy composites (HEA/GO) remain unclear. In this study, small-scale mechanical behaviors were evaluated for HEA/GO composites with 0.0 wt.%, 0.3 wt.%, 0.6 wt.%, and 1.0 wt.% GO, consisting of compression testing on micropillar and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on nanopillars. The experimental results uncovered that the composites exhibited a higher yield strength and flow stress compared with pure HEA micropillar, resulting from the GO reinforcement and grain refinement strengthening. This was also confirmed by the MD simulations of pure HEA and HEA/GO composite nanopillars. The immobile <100> interstitial dislocations also participated in the plastic deformation of composites, in contrast to pure HEA counterpart where only mobile 1/2 <111> perfect dislocations dominated deformation, leading to a higher yield strength for composite. Meanwhile, the MD simulations also revealed that the flow stress of composite nanopillar was significantly improved due to GO sheet effectively impeded dislocation movement. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of HEA/1.0 wt.% GO composite showed a slight reduction compared with HEA/0.6 wt.% GO composite. This correlated with the compositional segregation of Cr carbide and aggregation of GO sheets, indicative of lower work hardening rate in stress-strain curves of micropillar compression.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9839403"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9448441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40361198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highly Sensitive Temperature Sensor Based on Coupled-Beam AlN-on-Si MEMS Resonators Operating in Out-of-Plane Flexural Vibration Modes.","authors":"Cheng Tu, Ming-Hong Yang, Zi-Qiang Zhang, Xiu-Mei Lv, Lei Li, Xiao-Sheng Zhang","doi":"10.34133/2022/9865926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9865926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper reports a type of highly sensitive temperature sensor utilizing AlN-on-Si resonators with coupled-beam structures of double- and triple-ended-tuning-fork (D/TETF). For both resonators, the out-of-plane flexural mode is adopted as it favors the effect of thermal mismatch between the composite layers inherent to the AlN-on-Si structure and thus helps attain a large temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF). The analytical model to calculate TCF values of D/TETF AlN-on-Si resonators is provided, which agrees well with the finite-element simulation and experimental results. The resonant temperature sensor is built by closing the loop of the AlN-on-Si resonator, a transimpedance amplifier, a low-pass filter, and a phase shifter to form an oscillator, the output frequency of which shifts proportionally to the ambient temperature. The measured sensitivities of the temperature sensors using D/TETF resonators are better than -1000 ppm/°C in the temperature range of 25°C~60°C, showing great potential to fulfill the on-chip temperature compensation scheme for cofabricated sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9865926"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9429980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33454706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unveiling Dynamic System Strategies for Multisensory Processing: From Neuronal Fixed-Criterion Integration to Population Bayesian Inference.","authors":"Jiawei Zhang, Yong Gu, Aihua Chen, Yuguo Yu","doi":"10.34133/2022/9787040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9787040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multisensory processing is of vital importance for survival in the external world. Brain circuits can both integrate and separate visual and vestibular senses to infer self-motion and the motion of other objects. However, it is largely debated how multisensory brain regions process such multisensory information and whether they follow the Bayesian strategy in this process. Here, we combined macaque physiological recordings in the dorsal medial superior temporal area (MST-d) with modeling of synaptically coupled multilayer continuous attractor neural networks (CANNs) to study the underlying neuronal circuit mechanisms. In contrast to previous theoretical studies that focused on unisensory direction preference, our analysis showed that synaptic coupling induced cooperation and competition in the multisensory circuit and caused single MST-d neurons to switch between sensory integration or separation modes based on the fixed-criterion causal strategy, which is determined by the synaptic coupling strength. Furthermore, the prior of sensory reliability was represented by pooling diversified criteria at the MST-d population level, and the Bayesian strategy was achieved in downstream neurons whose causal inference flexibly changed with the prior. The CANN model also showed that synaptic input balance is the dynamic origin of neuronal direction preference formation and further explained the misalignment between direction preference and inference observed in previous studies. This work provides a computational framework for a new brain-inspired algorithm underlying multisensory computation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9787040"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9422331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33448172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Dawid Wang, Zhengbing Ding, Yongkyu Lee, Xu Han
{"title":"Engineering Liquid-Vapor Phase Transition for Refreshable Haptic Interfaces.","authors":"Wei Dawid Wang, Zhengbing Ding, Yongkyu Lee, Xu Han","doi":"10.34133/2022/9839815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9839815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Haptics as a communication medium has been increasingly emphasized across various disciplines. Recent efforts have focused on developing various haptic stimulation technologies; however, most of them suffer from critical drawbacks stemming from their bulk, complexity, large power input, or high cost. Here, we describe a strategy to design portable and affordable refreshable haptic interfaces composed of an array of individually addressable and controllable liquid pouch motor-based haptic units embedded in either rigid or flexible substrates for different application contexts. The pouch motor filled with low boiling fluid, under a controlled manner, expands or contracts by Joule heating or cooling, enabling the haptic pin in contact to be protruded or retracted. Programming the actuation sequence of an array of haptic units enables the haptic interface to apply different stimuli to the skin to convey corresponding information. We finally demonstrate the applications to portable rigid braille displays and flexible epidermal VR devices. This study opens the avenue to the design of ubiquitous refreshable haptic interfaces that is portable, affordable, scalable, and uninjurious.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9839815"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9429979/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33454705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continuously Quantifying Oral Chemicals Based on Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Clinical Diagnosis and Pathogenetic Study.","authors":"Wei Ling, Yinghui Wang, Bingyu Lu, Xue Shang, Ziyue Wu, Zhaorun Chen, Xueting Li, Chenchen Zou, Jinjie Yan, Yunjie Zhou, Jie Liu, Hongjie Li, Kehua Que, Xian Huang","doi":"10.34133/2022/9810129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9810129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Simultaneous monitoring of diverse salivary parameters can reveal underlying mechanisms of intraoral biological processes and offer profound insights into the evolution of oral diseases. However, conventional analytical devices with bulky volumes, rigid formats, and discrete sensing mechanisms deviate from the requirements of continuous biophysiological quantification, resulting in huge difficulty in precise clinical diagnosis and pathogenetic study. Here, we present a flexible hybrid electronic system integrated with functional nanomaterials to continuously sense Ca<sup>2+</sup>, pH, and temperature for wireless real-time oral health monitoring. The miniaturized system with an island-bridge structure that is designed specifically to fit the teeth is only 0.4 g in weight and 31.5 × 8.5 × 1.35 mm<sup>3</sup> in dimension, allowing effective integration with customized dental braces and comfort attachment on teeth. Characterization results indicate high sensitivities of 30.3 and 60.6 mV/decade for Ca<sup>2+</sup> and pH with low potential drifts. The system has been applied in clinical studies to conduct Ca<sup>2+</sup> and pH mappings on carious teeth, biophysiological monitoring for up to 12 h, and outcome evaluation of dental restoration, providing quantitative data to assist in the diagnosis and understanding of oral diseases. Notably, caries risk assessment of 10 human subjects using the flexible system validates the important role of saliva buffering capacity in caries pathogenesis. The proposed flexible system may offer an open platform to carry diverse components to support both clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as fundamental research for oral diseases and induced systemic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9810129"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9414179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33450183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Zhang, Yu Shen, Na Jin, Xiaopeng Zhao, Hongfeng Li, Ning Ji, Yingjie Li, Baoli Zha, Lin Li, Xikuang Yao, Suoying Zhang, Fengwei Huo, Weina Zhang
{"title":"Chemo-Biocascade Reactions Enabled by Metal-Organic Framework Micro-Nanoreactor.","authors":"Jing Zhang, Yu Shen, Na Jin, Xiaopeng Zhao, Hongfeng Li, Ning Ji, Yingjie Li, Baoli Zha, Lin Li, Xikuang Yao, Suoying Zhang, Fengwei Huo, Weina Zhang","doi":"10.34133/2022/9847698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9847698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The one-pot combination of biocatalytic and chemocatalytic reactions represents an economically and ecologically attractive concept in the emerging cascade processes for manufacturing. The mutual incompatibility of biocatalysis and chemocatalysis, however, usually causes the deactivation of catalysts, the mismatching of reaction dynamic, and further challenges their integration into concurrent chemo-biocascades. Herein, we have developed a convenient strategy to construct versatile functional metal-organic framework micro-nanoreactors (MOF-MNRs), which can realize not only the encapsulation and protection of biocatalysts but also the controllable transmission of substances and the mutual communication of the incompatible chemo-biosystems. Importantly, the MOFs serving as the shell of MNRs have the capability of enriching the chemocatalysts on the surface and improving the activity of the chemocatalysts to sufficiently match the optimum aqueous reaction system of biocatalysts, which greatly increase the efficiency in the combined concurrent chemo-biocatalysis. Such strategy of constructing MOF-MNRs provides a unique platform for connecting the \"two worlds\" of chemocatalysis and biocatalysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9847698"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9414180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33448170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hossein Rouh, Yao Tang, Ting Xu, Qingkai Yuan, Sai Zhang, Jia-Yin Wang, Shengzhou Jin, Yu Wang, Junyi Pan, Hannah L Wood, James D McDonald, Guigen Li
{"title":"Aggregation-Induced Synthesis (AIS): Asymmetric Synthesis via Chiral Aggregates.","authors":"Hossein Rouh, Yao Tang, Ting Xu, Qingkai Yuan, Sai Zhang, Jia-Yin Wang, Shengzhou Jin, Yu Wang, Junyi Pan, Hannah L Wood, James D McDonald, Guigen Li","doi":"10.34133/2022/9865108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9865108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new chiral aggregate-based tool for asymmetric synthesis has been developed by taking advantage of chiral aggregates of GAP (Group-Assisted Purification) reagents, <i>N</i>-phosphonyl imines. This tool was proven to be successful in the asymmetric GAP synthesis of functionalized 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans by reacting salicyl <i>N</i>-phosphonyl imines with dialkyl bromomalonates in various cosolvent systems. The chiral induction can be controlled by differentiating between two asymmetric directions simply by changing the ratios of cosolvents which are commonly adopted in AIE (aggregation-induced emission) systems. The formation of chiral aggregates was witnessed by a new analytical tool-aggregation-induced polarization (AIP). The present synthetic method will be broadly extended for general organic synthesis, particularly, for asymmetric synthesis and asymmetric catalysis in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9865108"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9394053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40347763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanoarray-Embedded Hierarchical Surfaces for Highly Durable Dropwise Condensation.","authors":"Yue Hu, Kaili Jiang, Kim Meow Liew, Lu-Wen Zhang","doi":"10.34133/2022/9789657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9789657","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Durable dropwise condensation of saturated vapor is of significance for heat transfer and energy saving in extensive industrial applications. While numerous superhydrophobic surfaces can promote steam condensation, maintaining discrete microdroplets on surfaces without the formation of a flooded filmwise condensation at high subcooling remains challenging. Here, we report the development of carbon nanotube array-embedded hierarchical composite surfaces that enable ultra-durable dropwise condensation under a wide range of subcooling (Δ<i>T</i> <sub>sub</sub> = 8 K-38 K), which outperforms existing nanowire surfaces. This performance stems from the combined strategies of the hydrophobic nanostructures that allow efficient surface renewal and the patterned hydrophilic micro frames that protect the nanostructures and also accelerate droplet nucleation. The synergistic effects of the composite design ensure sustained Cassie wetting mode and capillarity-governed droplet mobility (Bond number < 0.055) as well as the large specific volume of condensed droplets, which contributes to the enhanced condensation heat transfer. Our design provides a feasible alternative for efficiently transferring heat in a vapor environment with relatively high temperatures through the tunable multiscale morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9789657"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9394060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40347764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingyang Du, Hao Song, Zihan Zhang, Defang Duan, Tian Cui
{"title":"Room-Temperature Superconductivity in Yb/Lu Substituted Clathrate Hexahydrides under Moderate Pressure.","authors":"Mingyang Du, Hao Song, Zihan Zhang, Defang Duan, Tian Cui","doi":"10.34133/2022/9784309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34133/2022/9784309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Room temperature superconductivity is a dream that mankind has been chasing for a century. In recent years, the synthesis of H<sub>3</sub>S, LaH<sub>10</sub>, and C-S-H compounds under high pressures has gradually made that dream become a reality. But the extreme high pressure required for stabilization of hydrogen-based superconductors limit their applications. So, the next challenge is to achieve room-temperature superconductivity at significantly low pressures, even ambient pressure. In this work, we design a series of high temperature superconductors that can be stable at moderate pressures by incorporating heavy rare earth elements Yb/Lu into sodalite-like clathrate hexahydrides. In particular, the critical temperatures (<i>T</i> <sub>c</sub>) of Y<sub>3</sub>LuH<sub>24</sub>, YLuH<sub>12</sub>, and YLu<sub>3</sub>H<sub>24</sub> can reach 283 K at 120 GPa, 275 K at 140 GPa, and 288 K at 110 GPa, respectively. Their critical temperatures are close to or have reached room temperature, and minimum stable pressures are significantly lower than that of reported room temperature superconductors. Our work provides an effective method for the rational design of low-pressure stabilized hydrogen-based superconductors with room-temperature superconductivity simultaneously and will stimulate further experimental exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":520765,"journal":{"name":"Research (Washington, D.C.)","volume":" ","pages":"9784309"},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9394054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40347767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}