Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Clinical characteristics, recurrence patterns, and re-transfusion outcomes of allergic transfusion reactions in children: A 10-year cohort study.","authors":"Muhammed Aydin, Canan Koban Dogan, Mehmet Emre Bayram, Lutfiye Koru, Dilan Demir Gumus, Ecem Kahveci, Zeynep Meric, Sezin Aydemir, Betul Gemici Karaaslan, Simge Cınar Ozel, Esra Yucel, Suheyla Ocak, Ayca Kiykim","doi":"10.1111/pai.70535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Allergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) are among the most common adverse events associated with blood transfusion in children. However, data regarding recurrent ATRs, transfusion-associated anaphylaxis, and their clinical outcomes remain limited. We aimed to investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics, recurrence patterns, and potential risk factors for ATRs in pediatric patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective observational study included pediatric patients who developed ATRs at a tertiary referral center between August 2016 and August 2026. Clinical records, transfusion characteristics, laboratory findings, management strategies, and follow-up data were reviewed. Recurrent ATRs were evaluated only among patients who underwent repeated transfusions. Comparisons between groups were performed using exact non-parametric statistical methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 37,496 transfusions, 69 ATR episodes occurred in 47 patients, corresponding to an overall incidence of 0.18%. Platelet concentrates were associated with the highest ATR rate (0.51%), followed by fresh frozen plasma (0.15%) and erythrocyte suspensions (0.09%). Mucocutaneous manifestations predominated, whereas transfusion-associated anaphylaxis occurred in 9 episodes (13%), corresponding to 24 per 100,000 transfusions. Among 37 patients who underwent repeated transfusions, recurrent ATRs occurred in 13 (35%). No significant associations were identified between recurrent ATRs and the type of blood component, history of allergic disease, elevated total IgE levels, or the severity of the index reaction. Premedication before the index ATR did not differ significantly between patients with and without recurrent ATRs. Importantly, no patient experienced recurrent anaphylaxis during follow-up; subsequent transfusions were either well tolerated or associated only with mild cutaneous manifestations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ATRs in children encompass a broad clinical spectrum ranging from mild cutaneous reactions to anaphylaxis. Recurrent ATRs are common among children requiring repeated transfusions, but reliable clinical predictors of recurrence were not identified. Our findings suggest that continued transfusion therapy may be feasible with careful clinical monitoring and an individualized management approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149281007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation and reliability of the Italian versions of the Food Allergy Quality of Life -Parental Burden (FAQL-PB) and -Parent Form 10 (FAQLQ-PF10) Questionnaires.","authors":"Pasquale Comberiati, Simona Barni, Mario Miccoli, Audrey DunnGalvin, Francesca Mori, Lucrezia Sarti, Andrea Poli, Daniel Munblit, Enza D'Auria, David Fleischer, Diego G Peroni, Mattew Greenhawt","doi":"10.1111/pai.70510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70510","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Food allergy (FA) may substantially impair quality of life (QoL) in affected children and their families. Reliable and culturally adapted tools are needed to assess this burden. We aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Italian versions of the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire Parent Form 10 (FAQLQ-PF10) and the Food Allergy Quality of Life Parental Burden Questionnaire (FAQL-PB).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following World Health Organization recommendations, the questionnaires underwent forward-backward translation and psychometric validation. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were assessed in caregivers of children with FA (n = 128) and without FA (n = 52).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both questionnaires showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.87 for FAQLQ-PF10 and 0.95 for FAQL-PB) and excellent test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients 0.95 and 0.87, respectively). Moderate correlations with the Food Allergy Independent Measure (FAIM) supported convergent validity, whereas weak correlations with generic QoL and psychological distress measures confirmed disease specificity. FAQLQ-PF10 and FAQL-PB scores were significantly higher in the FA group than in controls (all p < .0001), supporting discriminant validity. Key clinical predictors of worse QoL included history of anaphylaxis, allergic comorbidities, and previous emergency department visits for FA. Parents of children with milk or egg allergy were a high-risk subgroup for impaired QoL, whereas increasing child age, longer elimination diet duration, and multiple affected siblings were associated with worse child QoL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The Italian versions of the FAQLQ-PF10 and FAQL-PB are valid, reliable, and disease-specific instruments for assessing FA-related QoL. Their use may facilitate routine QoL assessment and support patient-centered management of pediatric FA.</p>","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":"e70510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633388/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of early life anti-pathogen immune responses with infant food sensitisation and allergy: An elastic-net stability-selection approach.","authors":"Ellie McDonald, Sofie Biering-Sørensen, Laure F Pittet, Nigel Curtis, Nicole L Messina","doi":"10.1111/pai.70513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The development of food sensitisation (FS) and food allergy (FA) reflects complex interactions between genetic, environmental and immunological factors, which conventional univariate approaches may fail to capture. This exploratory study applied penalised regression to determine whether early-life immune responses to common pathogens are associated with infant FS and FA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>At 1 year of age, FS was determined by skin prick test and FA by allergy/tolerance history and oral food challenge. Elastic net regression (ENR) was applied to cytokine response data (13 cytokines) from whole blood stimulation (11 microbial stimuli) collected at 6 months of age (n = 147), together with longitudinal clinical data from MIS BAIR trial infants. Stably selected variables (0.75) were analysed by multivariable logistic regression to explore the direction of association of the stably selected variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For FS, 13 cytokine-stimulant pairs were stably selected in cytokine-only ENR models. After including early-life clinical factors, four pairs were retained. Two were inversely associated with FS (Haemophilus influenzae IL-1Ra and Pam3CSK4 MIP-1α). Two were positively associated (Streptococcus pyogenes IL-1Ra and peptidoglycan IFN-γ). For FA, four cytokine-stimulant pairs were selected in cytokine-only ENR models. Two were positively associated with FA (Escherichia coli-stimulated MCP-1 and S. pyogenes IP-10), and two inversely associated (Pam3CSK4 IL-1Ra and H. influenzae IL-1Ra). No cytokine responses were selected after inclusion of clinical factors in the FA model. The most consistently selected clinical factors were infant eczema for FS and topical corticosteroid treatment by 6 months for FA likely due to disease severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early-life cytokine responses to pathogens associated with FS and FA at 1 year were identified through stability selection. While hypothesis-generating, findings were consistent with a role for early immune perturbation in the development of food sensitisation.</p>","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13688703/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149248445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the food allergy quality-of-life questionnaire-Parent form for adolescents (FAQLQ-PFA).","authors":"Rebecca C Knibb","doi":"10.1111/pai.70534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70534","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13691612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149281073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Dr. Christos Zavos.","authors":"Silvia Rodríguez-Manchón, Teresa Alarcón-Cavero, Alejandro Mira-Obrador, Carolina Gutiérrez-Junquera, Sonia Fernández-Fernández, María Mercedes Alonso-Saiz, Claudio Alba-Rubio, Rosa Ana Muñoz Codoceo, Gloria Domínguez-Ortega","doi":"10.1111/pai.70515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70515","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149248460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to Fatih Kaplan.","authors":"Pathitta Doradee, Supaluk Tangvalelerd, Kantima Kanchanapoomi, Prapasri Kulalert, Punchama Pacharn, Orathai Jirapongsananuruk, Witchaya Srisuwatchari","doi":"10.1111/pai.70522","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pai.70522","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":"e70522"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral effector-memory CD4⁺ T cells reflect clinical symptom burden in pediatric allergic rhinitis.","authors":"Takeshi Yamamoto, Eri Hayata, Terumi Ikarashi, Haruna Tokitomo, Katsuki Tanaka, Azusa Hiraoka, Kenta Zushi, Kei Watanabe, Toshiyuki Kobayashi, Taiji Nakano, Hiromichi Hamada","doi":"10.1111/pai.70509","DOIUrl":"10.1111/pai.70509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pediatric allergic rhinitis (AR) can substantially affect quality of life and school performance, yet conventional sensitization markers such as allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) do not consistently reflect symptom severity. We examined whether activation-induced marker (AIM)-defined allergen-specific peripheral effector-memory CD4⁺ T-cell (peff-mCD4) frequencies were associated with symptom burden.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this pilot, single-center observational study, house dust mite (HDM)-specific responses were analyzed in 20 children and Japanese cedar pollen (JCP)-specific responses in 19. Nasal symptom numerical rating scale (NRS) and total nasal symptom score (TNSS) were recorded. Peff-mCD4 cells were quantified as CD154⁺CD137⁺ cells within memory CD4⁺ T cells after short-term ex vivo allergen stimulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Peff-mCD4 frequency was strongly associated with NRS and TNSS in both the HDM-specific (Spearman ρ = 0.882 and 0.835, respectively) and JCP-specific analyses (ρ = 0.828 and 0.769, respectively; all q < 0.001). In contrast, sIgE showed weaker associations with symptom scores, and none of the four sIgE-symptom associations remained significant after FDR adjustment. These peff-mCD4 associations remained significant after adjustment for age and sex. In exploratory ROC analyses using TNSS ≥8 as an operational threshold, peff-mCD4 yielded AUCs of 0.867 for HDM and 0.910 for JCP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Peff-mCD4 frequency was strongly associated with symptom burden in pediatric AR. Larger longitudinal and externally validated studies are required to determine its potential utility as a peripheral blood cellular correlate of clinical symptom burden.</p>","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":"e70509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149198808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the microcirculation in pediatric chronic spontaneous urticaria: A nailfold videocapillaroscopy study.","authors":"Leman Tuba Karakurt, Elif Küçük, Dilek Kacar, Gizem Uslu, Seda Çevik, Ayşe Cavidan Sonkur, Sezin Aydemir, Nurhan Kasap, Fatih Haşlak, Kübra Öztürk, Mustafa Arga","doi":"10.1111/pai.70503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is increasingly recognized as a systemic inflammatory disease with endothelial involvement extending beyond the skin. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) has demonstrated systemic microvascular abnormalities in adults with CSU, but pediatric data are lacking. We investigated nailfold microvascular alterations in children with CSU and their associations with disease activity, disease control, autoreactivity, and inflammatory markers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, 41 children with CSU underwent standardized NVC according to EULAR recommendations. Qualitative and quantitative capillaroscopic findings were compared with age-specific normative values. Associations with Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days (UAS7), Urticaria Control Test (UCT), antinuclear antibodies (ANA), autologous serum skin test (ASST), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies, and laboratory parameters were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Children with CSU exhibited reduced capillary density (7.1 ± 1.3 vs. 8.1 ± 1.7), arterial diameter (9.4 ± 2.9 vs. 11.9 ± 4.0 μm), venous diameter (9.5 ± 2.8 vs. 15.1 ± 4.6 μm), apical loop diameter (12.4 ± 3.2 vs. 16.3 ± 5.5 μm), and capillary width (36.1 ± 6.7 vs. 41.5 ± 9.0 μm) (all p < .001), whereas capillary length and intercapillary distance were preserved (p = .948 and p = .395). Capillary density correlated positively with disease duration (r = 0.338, p = .031) and UAS7 (r = 0.328, p = .037), and negatively with UCT (r = -0.428, p = .005). Capillaroscopic findings were largely independent of ANA, ASST, and anti-TPO status, supporting a reactive, non-destructive microvascular process.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides the first in vivo evidence of systemic microvascular involvement in pediatric CSU. The capillaroscopic profile supports recurrent endothelial activation rather than destructive microangiopathy and highlights NVC as a simple, non-invasive tool for evaluating systemic vascular involvement in children with CSU.</p>","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":"e70503"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peanut allergy prognosis up to age 12: Oral food challenge-based study in Japanese children.","authors":"Kaito Goto, Ken-Ichi Nagakura, Naoko Fusayasu, Kyohei Takahashi, Sakura Sato, Motohiro Ebisawa, Naoki Shimizu, Noriyuki Yanagida","doi":"10.1111/pai.70489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The natural history of peanut allergy based on oral food challenge (OFC) outcomes has been rarely reported. We investigated the clinical course of peanut allergy up to 12 years of age using OFC results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The participants were children diagnosed with peanut allergy by 3 years of age, defined by peanut sensitization with definitive immediate-type symptoms or a positive OFC. Stepwise OFCs were performed on separate days with total ingestion amounts of 0.5, 3, and 10 g of peanut. Tolerance was assessed through regular OFCs and defined as a negative result on a 10-g OFC or the ability to consume ≥10 g of peanut. We retrospectively analyzed OFC outcomes up to 12 years of age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 42 children (81% male) with a median peanut-specific IgE (sIgE) of 16.8 kU_A/L at age 3; 16 children (38%) had a history of anaphylaxis. Overall, 82 OFCs were performed; four children (10%) discontinued follow-up. Kaplan-Meier-estimated tolerance acquisition rates were 2%, 18%, and 36% at 4, 6, and 12 years of age, respectively. Compared with the non-tolerant group, the tolerant group had lower peanut-sIgE at 3 years of age (median: 3.67 vs. 27.6 kU_A/L; adjusted HR for log-transformed value: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.10-0.96, p = .041), and lower peanut-sIgE at 6 years and Ara h 2-sIgE at 6 and 9 years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>One-third of Japanese children diagnosed with peanut allergy by 3 years of age achieved tolerance by 12 years of age. Lower peanut-sIgE levels at 3 years of age were associated with subsequent tolerance acquisition.</p>","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":"e70489"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daycare attendance, breastfeeding, and risk of asthma in the prospective MoBa and DIPP birth cohorts.","authors":"Susanna Tall, Aino K Rantala, Hanna-Mari Takkinen, Tuuli E Korhonen, Minna Kaila, Ketil Størdal, German Tapia, Heikki Hyöty, Riitta Veijola, Jorma Toppari, Mikael Knip, Lars C Stene, Suvi M Virtanen","doi":"10.1111/pai.70520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.70520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Daycare attendance and breastfeeding have been associated with asthma risk. However, it remains unclear whether the association between breastfeeding and asthma risk depends on daycare attendance. We investigated whether daycare attendance acts as a modifier in the relationship between breastfeeding and asthma risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 72,558 children from the MoBa and 3015 children from the DIPP studies. Current asthma at age 7 years in MoBa and time to asthma by the age 5 years in DIPP were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In both cohorts, approximately 4% of participants were diagnosed with asthma. In MoBa, breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of overall asthma (adjusted risk ratio, aRR 0.99 [95% CI, 0.98-1.00]) and nonatopic asthma (aRR 0.97 [95% CI, 0.96-0.99]) in children who had attended daycare by the age of 18 months, and it was associated with higher overall asthma (aRR 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00-1.02]) and atopic asthma risk (aRR 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01-1.06]) in children who had not attended daycare by that age (all interaction p values ≤.05). In DIPP, the duration of breastfeeding was inversely associated with risk of atopic asthma only in an exploratory analysis in those who had started daycare by the age of 12 months (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 0.75 [95% CI, 0.59-0.95]) but not in children who had started daycare at the age of 13-24 months (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 1.03 [95% CI, 0.96-1.10]) or had not started daycare by the age of 24 months (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 1.00 [95% CI, 0.94-1.06]) (interaction p value .04).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While the primary analysis in the MoBa study suggested that age at daycare entry might mildly modify the association of breastfeeding with asthma risk, in the DIPP study an interaction only appeared in an exploratory analysis with limited atopic asthma cases. Consequently, these findings represent inconsistent evidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":520742,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology","volume":"37 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13691403/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149281049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}