Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie最新文献

{"title":"Intraocular inflammation following intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs.","authors":"Ana Margarida Ferreira, António Ferrão Mendes, João Nuno Beato, Ana Catarina Pedrosa, Susana Penas, Sónia Torres-Costa, Cláudia Oliveira Ferreira, Carolina Maia, Manuel Falcão, Ângela Carneiro","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06875-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06875-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe cases of infectious and non-infectious intraocular inflammation (NI-IOI) associated with intravitreal injections (IVI) of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs in the largest tertiary center with the highest number of IVI in Portugal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective observational study including all patients diagnosed with infectious endophthalmitis (IE) or NI-IOI after IVI of different anti-VEGF drugs in a total of 83,145 IVI between 2018 and 2023. The most frequent indications for treatment were macular neovascularization or macular edema from different etiologies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-six eyes developed IE (mean incidence 0.031%) after IVI and 24 eyes were diagnosed with NI-IOI (mean incidence 0.028%), including anterior plus intermediate uveitis (n = 18), only vitritis (n = 4) and retinal vasculitis (n = 2). Regarding NI-IOI, eyes were under treatment with aflibercept (n = 12), bevacizumab (n = 11) and faricimab (n = 1). The most common initial presentation was a painless decrease in visual acuity (VA) at a mean of 8 days [1-20] after IVI in patients with NI-IOI versus red eye, pain and blurry vision, at a mean of 3 days [1-9] after IVI in the IE group. There was a significant improvement in VA between the NI-IOI diagnosis and final visits (35 ± 25 vs. 49 ± 24 ETDRS letters) in the NI-IOI group (p = 0.022), an improvement that occurred over a mean of almost 2 months. There were no significant differences between VA at the time of diagnosis and after treatment (25 ± 28 vs. 26 ± 25 ETDRS letters) in the IE group (p = 0.801).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NI-IOI represents an emergent treatment-related adverse event, that can be reversible when adequately managed, contrasting with the sight-threatening severe cases of IE. We emphasize the importance of maintaining active surveillance in patients under intravitreal therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144304384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of choriocapillaris perfusion between swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography in five different choriocapillaris slabs in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration.","authors":"Nuria Torrell-Belzach, Eric H Souied, Hoang Mai Le, Manal Benlahbib, Zoe Dobbels, Ambroisine Erasti Gounfle, Xavier X Wang, Camille Jung, Alexandra Miere","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06874-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06874-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA) in five CC slabs in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (iAMD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional study of 23 eyes of 20 patients who underwent three 3 × 3 mm OCTA, one with SS-OCTA and two with SD-OCTA, a non-averaged scan (V1) and a four-scan volume (V4). Percentage of flow deficits (FD%), average size of FD (µm2), total area of FD (mm2) and number of FD were calculated in different CC slabs (automatic, 11-21 μm, 21-31 μm, 31-41 μm, 16-31 μm).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistically significant difference in all parameters and all slabs analyzed, when comparing SS-OCTA versus SD-OCTA V1 and SD-OCTA V1 versus SD-OCTA V4. Nevertheless, when comparing SS-OCTA versus SD-OCTA V4, significant differences were only found for the automatic and the 31-41 μm slab. When comparing the FD% between different slabs on the same device, significant differences were also found.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Quantification of CC FD% is impacted by the CC slab, the type of OCTA used, and volume averaging in SD-OCTA. Given the significant impact on quantitative results, comparisons between studies and instruments and/or with/without averaging are difficult, even at the same slab depth.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144295616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STARGUS: a comparative study of a new swept-source biometer and B-mode ultrasound in dense cataracts.","authors":"Héloïse Torres-Villaros, Maté Streho, Didier Hoa, Audrey Giocanti-Aurégan","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06863-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06863-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to compare a new swept-source biometer to the gold standard B-mode ultrasound biometer for measuring the axial length (AL) when standard optical biometers failed due to cataract density.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with advanced cataracts whose AL could not be measured using optical biometers available in our clinics, including the Lenstar LS-900 and IOLMaster 500 and 700, were included. The AL, anterior chamber depth (ACD), and lens thickness (LT) were measured using a new swept-source biometer (SSB) (Argos^®, Alcon) and B-mode ultrasound. The Enhanced Retinal Visualization (ERV) mode of the new SSB was used when the standard mode did not provide reliable AL measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>AL measurements failed in 183 eyes due to cataract density using available biometers. The new SSB allowed successfully measuring the AL in 89.6% of cases, and the ERV mode was needed in 15.8% of eyes. The ALs measured with the new SSB and B-mode ultrasound were comparable, with an excellent intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.99. No significant differences in ACD measurements were observed between new SSB and ultrasound or conventional biometers, with ICC of 0.81 and 0.87, respectively. However, the LT tended to be thinner with the new SSB compared to ultrasound, suggesting a potential source of error, but no significant difference was observed with conventional biometers (ICC of 0.88).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The new SSB Argos^®, in particular when the ERV mode is used, could be a reliable alternative to B-mode ultrasound for measuring AL in eyes with dense cataracts. It is as effective as ultrasound in measuring the AL, and it could help to improve cataract surgery planning and outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144278072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual and surgical outcomes of retinal detachment after Lens removal for ectopia lentis in pediatric patients with Marfan syndrome.","authors":"Costanza Barresi, Thibaut Chapron, Ismael Chehaibou, Florence Metge, Georges Caputo, Youssef Abdelmassih","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06871-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06871-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate surgical and visual outcomes following retinal detachment (RD) repair after lensectomy in pediatric patients with Marfan syndrome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study included patients under 21 years of age with Marfan syndrome who RD following lensectomy for ectopia lentis between January 2011 and January 2024. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic assessment at baseline, defined as the visit at which RD was diagnosed, as well as at follow-up visits. Data were collected on clinical features of RD, anatomical success rates, complications, and changes in visual outcomes after surgery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 33 eyes from 25 patients (18 males, 72%) with a mean age at presentation of 12.6 ± 4.7 years were included. The mean axial length was 27.8 ± 2.8 mm, and the mean postoperative follow-up duration was 6.1 ± 5.8 years. The most common RD mechanisms were horseshoe tears (33%), retinal holes (33%), and giant retinal tears (15%). Fifteen eyes underwent scleral buckle (SB) surgery as the initial procedure (45.5%), 10 underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone (30.3%), and 8 underwent combined PPV and SB surgery (24.2%). Complete anatomical success was achieved in 73.0% (24 eyes) of cases: after one surgery in 16 eyes (67%), two surgeries in 6 eyes (25%), and three surgeries in 2 eyes (8%). An additional 12% (4 eyes) remained attached under silicone oil tamponade at final follow-up. Only the presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) was associated with a lower success rate (p = 0.001). Visual acuity significantly improved after surgery (1.7 ± 1.3 LogMAR vs. 0.8 ± 1.1; p < 0.001). Postoperative complications included ocular hypertension (27.3%), corneal edema (18.2%), and cystoid macular edema (9.1%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Surgical management of RD following lensectomy in pediatric patients with Marfan syndrome remains challenging but is indicated, as it can provide meaningful visual improvement and anatomical stabilization in a subset of cases. The presence of PVR affects both surgical outcomes and the number of surgeries required.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144268432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of autologous serum in corneal healing following metallic foreign body injuries.","authors":"Levent Doğan, Ömer Özer, Zeki Baysal, Özer Dursun","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06866-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06866-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the effect of topical autologous serum (AS) on corneal healing following metallic corneal foreign body (CFB) trauma.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Following the removal of CFBs with a 26-gauge needle, patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 patients received topical moxifloxacin and preservative- free artificial tears, while Group 2 participants used these drops in addition to AS five times a day. Patients were followed until their corneal epithelial defects were closed. The baseline size of the epithelial defects was measured, and corneal densitometry measurements using Pentacam HR (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) were obtained before treatment. Epithelial healing rates and post-treatment corneal densitometric measurements were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group 1 comprised 41 male participants with a mean age of 36.1 ± 13.3 years, and Group 2 consisted of 42 male participants with a mean age of 34.9 ± 11.5 years. No statistically significant difference in age distribution was observed between the groups (p = 0.229). Complete epithelial closure occurred within 3.51 ± 1.03 days for Group 1 participants, whereas Group 2 participants achieved complete closure within 2.19 ± 1.10 days. A significantly faster rate of epithelial closure and a notably shorter duration were observed in Group 2 (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, sincerely). Post-epithelial healing corneal densitometry measurements revealed significantly lower values in participants utilizing AS (p = 0.007).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The use of AS accelerated corneal defect healing following metallic CFB removal and resulted in a greater reduction in corneal densitometry values compared with standard treatment with topical antibiotics and artificial tears.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144268431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allogeneic fresh frozen plasma eye drops for the treatment of ocular Graft-versus-Host disease: prospective open-label study.","authors":"Yoav Nahum, Noa Golomb, Ronit Goldman-Levi, Michael Mimouni, Eitan Livny, Mali Rubinstein, Irit Bahar, Liat Shargian, Pia Raanani, Vered Yahalom, Moshe Yeshurun","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06870-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06870-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the safety and efficacy of allogeneic fresh frozen plasma drops for the treatment of chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this prospective open-label institutional study, adult oGVHD patients were administered allogeneic fresh frozen 100% plasma (FFP) eye drops QID or more for 3 months, in addition to the patients' usual treatment. The drops were prepared using a closed sterile tubing system (COL© System, Biomed Device Srl., Italy). The main outcome measures included the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), corneal fluorescein staining National Eye Institute (NEI) scale, basal tear secretion test, and functional assessment of cancer therapy-bone marrow transplant (FACT-BMT) questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included 25 patients (49 eyes). OSDI scores decreased from 53 ± 26 at baseline to 32 ± 22 after 1 month and 30 ± 23 after 3 months (P < 0.0001), and fluorescein staining NEI grade decreased from 7.04 ± 3.51 at baseline to 5.5 ± 3.1 after 1 month (P < 0.0001) and 5.3 + 3.1 after 3 months (baseline to 3 months, P < 0.0001; one month to 3 months, P = 0.64). Mean basal tear secretion was 4.65 ± 3.4 mm at baseline and 6.5 ± 4.7 mm after 3 months (P = 0.002). The FACT-BMT scores did not change significantly from baseline to 3 months (106.3 ± 22 vs. 112 ± 20, P = 0.08). A subset of eight patients who were using scleral or bandage contact lenses concurrently showed significant improvement, and four of them were managed without lenses during the study period. No significant adverse events were noted.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Allogeneic FFP eye drops are safe and effective in the treatment of chronic oGVHD.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>The trial is listed from 10/2020 in the Israeli Ministry of Health Clinical Trials Registry (MOH_2021-09-30_010276).</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144251879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on manifest refraction in a young adult population: A large cohort study.","authors":"Assaf Hilely, Dana Barequet, Aya Ekshtein, Liora Levian, Asaf Achiron, Yuval Kozlov, Oded Ben-Ari","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06862-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06862-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the impact of lockdowns during COVID-19 pandemic on manifest refraction in a young adult population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective, observational study of flight academy candidates evaluated between 2019 and 2023. Data collected included demographics, best corrected visual acuity, and manifest refraction. The cohort was divided into three groups with respect to the COVID-19 lockdown periods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 7,491 individuals with a mean age of 17.36 years (range 16-18), of whom 81% were male. Comparing refractive errors between the three groups, the highest rate of emmetropia, hyperopia and myopia were observed in the post-lockdown, during-lockdown group and pre-lockdown groups, respectively. Spherical equivalent (SE) significantly increased (a positive increase, indicating less myopia or more hyperopia) when comparing pre-lockdowns and during-lockdowns (mean difference = 0.100, p = 0.002), and between pre-lockdowns and post-lockdowns (mean difference = 0.119, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that both during-lockdowns and post-lockdowns periods were significantly associated with a positive shift in SE compared to the pre-lockdowns period (p = 0.005 and p = 0.001, respectively). Male gender was also a significant predictor for this hyperopic shift (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No increase in myopia was observed in healthy young adults, despite long periods of lockdowns and homeschooling during the Covid-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144218561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended duration of VEGF inhibition with aflibercept 8 mg: the role of reduced ocular clearance.","authors":"Daniele Veritti, Valentina Sarao, Paolo Lanzetta","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06847-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06847-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor regarding \"Biological ultrathin amniotic membrane flap to close refractory macular holes associated with high myopia\".","authors":"Thibaud Garcin, Nacim Bouheraoua, Vincent Borderie","doi":"10.1007/s00417-024-06731-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-024-06731-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":"263 6","pages":"1747-1748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia according to fusional control: findings from the Korean Intermittent Exotropia Study (KIEMS).","authors":"Dae Hee Kim, Helen Lew, Sang Hoon Rah, Yung-Ju Yoo, Hyosook Ahn, Ungsoo S Kim, Jung Ho Lee, Se-Youp Lee","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06758-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06758-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate clinical features of intermittent exotropia (IXT) according to fusional control status from the Korean Intermittent Exotropia Multicenter Study (KIEMS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 2715 IXT participants from the KIEMS dataset were included in this study. We collected age, sex, best corrected visual acuity in LogMAR (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction data, exotropia angle and fusional control status, and near stereoacuity. Exotropia types were classified into basic, convergence insufficiency (CI) and divergence excess (DE) types. Distributions of exotropia type and sex according to fusional control status were investigated. Age, BCVA, spherical equivalents, exotropia angle and near stereoacuity were compared according to fusional control status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Female to male ratio was 1316 (48.5%) to 1399 (51.5%). Mean age of the participants was 9.4 ± 6.4 years. Mean exotropia angle was 22.5 ± 8.8 and 24.8 ± 9.4 prism diopters at distant and near fixation. Fusional control status was better in CI at distant and DE at near (P = 0.002, 0.021 each). Distant and near exotropia angle were larger in patients with worse distant and near control (P < 0.001). Near stereoacuity was also worse in patients with worse distant and near control (P < 0.001). Good distant control patients had more myopic SE (P < 0.001). Poor near control patients showed worse BCVA and larger BCVA difference (P < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fusional control was highly associated with exotropia type and angle, near stereoacuity, and visual acuity. Near fusional control was associated with mean and difference of BCVA in both eyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144192597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}