Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie最新文献

{"title":"ABCA4-associated disease in childhood and adolescence- a phenotype study.","authors":"Jan-Philipp Bodenbender, Annekatrin Rickmann, Katarina Stingl, Susanne Kohl, Laura Kühlewein","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06884-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06884-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Key messages: </strong>WHAT IS KNOWN : So far, observational studies have primarily examined adults and have used these findings to define endpoints for interventional studies, which also serve as a reference for interventional studies in children  Most clinical trials currently use the measurement of definitely decreased autofluorescence WHAT IS NEW : We have closely examined the variability of Stargardt disease in children  Our results suggest that the same inclusion criteria and endpoints used for adults should not be applied to children, e.g. definitely decreased autofluorescence is not suitable in pediatric cohorts because it has only a very low prevalence.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144610870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pars plana suturing of intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide in noninfectious uveitis.","authors":"Dillan Patel, Sunir J Garg, Xihui Lin","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06901-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06901-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To described and evaluate a technique in which the fluocinolone acetonide 0.18 mg implant is sutured into the pars plana in cases of noninfectious uveitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ocular vitals and slit lamp examination was performed at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months follow up. Optical coherence tomography was obtained at all these visits. Data assessed included visual acuity; intraocular pressure; signs of active inflammation including anterior chamber cell, anterior chamber flare, vitreous cell, macular edema, as well as other forms of ocular inflammation; surgical complications; and need for additional interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>6 eyes of 6 patients had scleral fixation of the fluocinolone implant. The mean visual acuity remained stable between the visit prior to refixation and 12 months after scleral fixation (0.03 log MAR change, p = 0.92). The mean macular central subfield thickness decreased from the visit prior to refixation to 12 months after scleral fixation (252.4 μm decrease, p = 0.38). No eyes required additional therapy to control posterior noninfectious uveitis or macular edema.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In patients with aphakia, compromised zonules/posterior lens capsule, and anterior or scleral-fixated intraocular lenses, all of which are contraindications to injection of posterior segment implants, scleral fixation of the 0.18 mg fluocinolone acetonide implant may be useful for treatment of noninfectious uveitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Evaluating anterior segment stability and corneal endothelium after prolene gonioscopy assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in open-angle glaucoma.","authors":"Yavuz Kemal Aribas, Zeynep Aktas, Mestan Ertop","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06914-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06914-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating a virtual reality visual fields analyzer in an urban, underserved glaucoma & glaucoma suspect patient populations to identify disparities.","authors":"Owais M Aftab, Yash S Shah, Anup Dupaguntla, Tracy Andrews, Rashika Verma, Jasmine Mahajan, Priya Tailor, Rita Vought, Bernard C Szirth, Albert S Khouri, Miriam M Habiel","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06886-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06886-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the utility of wearable visual field perimetry in an urban, underserved patient population and identify disparities in its utility as a screening tool.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>175 eyes from 105 participants (46 non-glaucomatous eyes from 34 participants and 113 glaucomatous eyes from 74 participants; 16 eyes failed inclusion criteria) presenting at University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey for glaucoma evaluation underwent testing by both the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer™ (HFA) and PalmScan VF2000 G2™. Glaucoma severity was classified as per the Hoddap criteria. Mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), visual field index (VFI), mean sensitivity (MS), & area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) on analysis adjusted for inter-eye correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The VF2000 and HFA significantly differed in VFI as the VF2000 consistently underestimated VFI (p = 0.003) but did not significantly differ in MD (p = 0.664) or PSD (p = 0.584). The VF2000 had significantly fewer false positives (p < 0.001) and fixation losses (p = 0.001) but was a significantly longer exam (p = 0.018). On a multivariate logistic regression model adjusting for both inter-eye correlation and demographic variables, the VF2000 had an AUC of 0.7007, indicating fair agreement when identifying severe glaucoma. Language, age, and sex did not independently impact odds of agreement between the two devices; however, differences based on the interaction of age and language were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our analysis of the Humphrey Visual Field against the virtual reality PalmScan VF2000 G2™ in an urban, diverse population found subtle disparities in predictive staging of glaucoma. Future studies may need to account for these disparities by evaluating the combinations of demographic interactions rather than evaluating them as independent, unrelated factors.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>What is known Portable perimetry and virtual reality headsets have been used with moderate efficacy in screenings for glaucoma, but gaps exist in the quality of results as compared to the Humphrey Visual Fields Analyzer. What is new The PalmScan VF2000 G2, a portable perimetry headset, may be suitable as a screening device, but it is not advanced enough to differentiate glaucoma stage as effectively as HFA analysis. Disparities along social determinants of health do exist in VF2000 detection of glaucoma, though these manifestations may be subtle and tied to the interaction of many complex factors. Future studies may benefit from examining the interaction between demographic factors as variables predictive of outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144577582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insertional anatomy of horizontal rectus extraocular muscles in patients with Esotropia and Exotropia.","authors":"Yun Wen, Tao Shen, Jianhua Yan","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06898-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06898-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Strabismus, including esotropia and exotropia, significantly affects binocular vision and presents challenges in clinical management and surgical correction. Although previous studies have explored the anatomical characteristics of horizontal rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs) in strabismus, large-scale analyses of insertional anatomy remain limited. This study investigates anatomical variations in the insertions of horizontal rectus EOMs in patients with esotropia and exotropia, aiming to understand their impact on strabismus management.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective case-control study was conducted using clinical records from 4781 patients diagnosed with strabismus who underwent surgery at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, from June 2014 to August 2020. Anatomical measurements of horizontal rectus EOM insertions were taken using a Castroviejo caliper. Statistical analyses, including regression analysis, were performed to examine the relationship between EOM characteristics and clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant anatomical differences were observed among esotropia, exotropia, and control groups. Esotropia patients exhibited shorter medial rectus (MR) insertion distances (mean: 4.81 mm) than both exotropia (5.09 mm) and controls (5.08 mm, p < 0.001), with moderate effect sizes. Exotropia subtypes showed wider MR and lateral rectus (LR) insertions, particularly in constant and pattern types (MR width p = 0.001, LR width p = 0.002). Regression analysis indicated that shorter MR insertion distance was significantly associated with greater esodeviation at both near (β = -13.60, p < 0.001) and distance (β = -12.76, p < 0.001), though with small effect sizes. Refractive error (SE) and age were also significant predictors of deviation magnitude and AC/A ratio.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Anatomical variations in the horizontal rectus EOMs are significantly associated with esotropia and exotropia. These findings enhance our understanding of strabismus pathophysiology and may help guide surgical strategies for severe cases, though further research is needed to refine clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome with poor visual prognosis in Japanese patients.","authors":"Takayuki Tanaka, Michiyuki Saito, Satoru Kase, Zhenyu Dong, Ryo Ando, Kenichi Namba, Kiriko Nishiyama-Hirooka, Yui Yamashita, Susumu Ishida","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06872-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06872-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) typically resolves spontaneously and is expected to have a favorable visual prognosis. Therefore, the initial manifestations of MEWDS have yet to be well studied. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of primary and secondary MEWDS patients and evaluate factors responsible for poor visual prognosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The medical records of 36 patients diagnosed with MEWDS between 2004 and 2021 at Hokkaido University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The study evaluated patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and multimodal imaging findings. The clinical factors involving final logMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed. In addition, clinical characteristics of secondary MEWDS cases with poor visual prognosis were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve of the 36 patients (33.3%) had active chorioretinal lesions distinct from MEWDS lesions, resulting in a prevalence of secondary MEWDS of 33.3%. Four patients presented with foveal active chorioretinal lesions (11.1%). Retinal atrophy developed in these lesions in all four cases during the follow-up period. Compared to primary MEWDS, secondary MEWDS with foveal involvement of active chorioretinal lesions was associated with significantly worse visual acuity at the initial visit (p = 0.004), and showed a trend toward poorer visual acuity was also observed at the final visit (p = 0.11). In simple linear regression analysis, coexisting foveal involvement of active chorioretinal lesions was significantly associated with worse final logMAR BCVA (p = 0.002). In multiple stepwise linear regression analysis, coexisting foveal involvement (p < 0.001) and male sex (p = 0.03) remained independently associated with poorer visual outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presence of foveal active chorioretinal lesions in MEWDS may be associated with poorer visual prognosis.</p><p><strong>Key message: </strong>WHAT IS KNOWN : • Recent reports characterized the clinical aspects of primary and secondary multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), but the visual prognosis of these variants is only slowly unfolding.</p><p><strong>What is new: </strong>• Secondary MEWDS associated with foveal involvement of active chorioretinal lesions had significantly poorer visual acuity at the initial visit and showed a trend toward poorer visual acuity at the final visit compared to primary MEWDS. • In both simple and multiple linear regression analyses, foveal involvement of active chorioretinal lesions was associated with poorer visual outcomes. • The presence of foveal active chorioretinal lesions in MEWDS may be associated with poorer visual prognosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Geographic atrophy in Asia.","authors":"Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung, Youxin Chen, Frank G Holz, Akitaka Tsujikawa, SriniVas Sadda","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06889-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06889-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative predictive thresholds for successful canaloplasty in glaucoma patients.","authors":"Julia Prinz, Carla-Maria Epping, David Kuerten, Matthias Fuest, Claus Cursiefen, Peter Walter, Karl Mercieca, Verena Prokosch","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06887-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06887-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To establish preoperative thresholds of intraocular pressure (IOP) levels and the number of IOP-lowering eye drops that predict the surgical success of canaloplasty.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 166 glaucoma patients undergoing canaloplasty. Data on age, sex, glaucoma subtype, visual acuity, IOP, number of IOP-lowering eye drops, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and reoperations were collected during a 12-month follow-up period. Logistic regression models were applied to identify preoperative thresholds associated with an increased risk of surgical failure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 12 months, mean IOP decreased from 24.2 ± 7.8 to 14.8 ± 3.7 mmHg, and the number of IOP-lowering eye drops from 2.3 ± 1.1 to 0.6 ± 1.0 (both p < 0.001). For success rates ≤ 18 and ≤ 15 mmHg, logistic regression identified a preoperative IOP threshold of 36.9 and 27.1 mmHg (qualified success), and 27.1 and 20.1 mmHg (complete success), respectively, above which the likelihood of surgical failure increased. No significant association was found between the number of preoperative IOP-lowering eye drops and surgical success. No long-term postoperative complications were recorded.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In patients with preoperative IOPs of ≤ 36.9 mmHg or 27.1 mmHg, canaloplasty is likely to be an effective and safe procedure to obtain target pressures ≤ 18 mmHg with or without IOP-lowering eye drops, respectively. These data suggest that preoperative thresholds could help predict postoperative outcomes and improve patient selection for glaucoma surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term remission and incidence of recurrence of neovascularization in intravitreal injection treated exudative age-related macular degeneration.","authors":"Jen-Yu Liu, Cheng-Kuo Cheng, Chyi-Huey Bai, Chiung-Yi Chiu","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06885-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06885-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study evaluates the long-term remission (LTR) rate, recurrence rate, and prognostic factors of extended remission and recurrence in macular neovascularization (MNV) eyes treated with aflibercept.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective cohort of treatment-naïve MNV eyes treated in Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan with intravitreal aflibercept between 2015 and 2023. Patients followed pro re nata (PRN) or Treat-and-Extend (T&E) protocols. Long-term remission (LTR) was defined as over 6 months of disease inactivity without injection. Binary logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression assessed associations with LTR and time to recurrence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 144 eyes, 68.75% achieved LTR after an average of 21.32 months after treatment, with no difference between PRN and T&E groups. Among LTR cases, 69.7% experienced recurrence after a median 15 months (range: 6 ~ 67). Firth multinomial logistic regression found younger age [OR, 0.898 (0.836 to 0.946; p = 0.032)], fewer injections per year [OR, 0 (0.000 to 0.001; p = 0.004)], polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) [OR, 6.170 (1.811 to 21.039; p = 0.033)], and retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) [OR, 24 450.658 (24 450.657 to 24 450.658; p < 0.001)] associated with LTR. Cox regression showed more yearly injections [HR, 7.621(0.376 to 0.972; p = 0.038)] led to earlier recurrence, while baseline subretinal fluid (SRF) [HR, 0.604 (0.376 to 0.972; p = 0.038)] delayed recurrence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementing our exit strategies, 68.75% of eyes achieved LTR across the two injection protocols. Age, disease subtype, baseline anatomical features, and yearly injection numbers may predict sustained remission and a longer time to experience recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights in pathogenic mechanism of hydroxychloroquine-induced ocular toxicity through choroidal imaging analysis.","authors":"Lidia Remolí-Sargues, Clara Monferrer-Adsuara, Belén López-Salvador, Enrique López-Sánchez, Ester Francés-Muñoz, Verónica Castro-Navarro","doi":"10.1007/s00417-025-06904-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-025-06904-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) in patients using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective study. The study included 28 healthy patients (56 eyes), 28 patients (56 eyes) using HCQ for 5 years or less (low-risk group), and 22 patients (44 eyes) using HCQ for more than 5 years (high-risk group), all diagnosed with different autoimmune diseases. CVI, total choroidal area (TCA), luminal choroidal area (LCA), stromal choroidal area (SCA), and vessel density (VD) in the choriocapillaris and in the mid choroid, measured using a swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), were registered. In addition, asymmetry index was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CVI was higher in the high-risk group compared with the control group and the low-risk group (p value < 0,001). In addition, the AI of CVI was lower in the high-risk group compared with the control group (p value 0,042). Regarding SS-OCTA parameters, VD in the mid choroid was lower in the high-risk group compared with the control group (p value 0,001). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the duration of HCQ therapy and the CVI (r 0,301, p value 0,002), and a negative correlation between HCQ therapy duration and the AI of the TCA, LCA, and SCA (r -0,309, -0,308 and - 0,281, p value 0,027, 0,028 and 0,038, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We demonstrated a higher CVI in patients on long-term HCQ therapy. Therefore, we suggest that HCQ toxicity may involve the choroid, possibly as a maladaptive vascular response secondary to outer retinal stress induced by the drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":520634,"journal":{"name":"Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}