Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju最新文献

{"title":"Poisoning with biocidal products before and after the COVID-19 pandemic: report from the Croatian Poison Control Centre.","authors":"Emin Veledar, Željka Babić, Jelena Macan","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4059","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data collected by the Croatian Poison Control Centre (CPCC) in 2020 showed a significant increase in poisoning incidence with surface disinfectants and hand sanitisers compared to the same period in 2019. Considering that this rise in poisoning with biocidal products (BPs) coincided with the start of the COVID pandemic, we wanted to see if there was a trend by analysing six-years' worth of CPCC records of biocidal poisoning cases covering the COVID-19 pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic period (2019-2024). During that period, we received 1320 BP-related calls (8.0 % of a total of 16.441 calls), and 99 % involved four types of BPs: surface disinfectants (542 cases), hand sanitisers (325 cases), insecticides (283 cases), and rodenticides (119 cases). Most poisonings were accidental and involved ingestion and inhalation as the exposure routes. Most patients were asymptomatic or had mild to moderate symptoms, while severe symptoms were mainly observed in suicide attempts, accounting for less than 3.0 % of the cases. Our analysis confirmed an increase in poisoning cases with hand sanitisers during the height of the pandemic (2020-2021) compared to the pre-pandemic 2019, with the numbers somewhat decreasing afterwards (2022-2024), although the number of cases remained higher than before the pandemic. The number of poisonings with surface disinfectants remained similar before and during the pandemic (2019-2021) but showed an increasing trend after the pandemic (2022-2024). Poisoning with rodenticides and insecticides remained stable across all periods. Our findings reinforce the need for greater public awareness of preventive measures, including appropriate labelling and packaging of biocidal products, and for the promotion of safe behaviour in households and workplaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 4","pages":"259-264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12772482/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary cotinine cut-off value in categorising cigarette smoking status in healthy pregnant women at term.","authors":"Nataša Brajenović, Irena Brčić Karačonji, Andreja Jurič, Jelena Kovačić, Sandra Stasenko, Tatjana Mioč, Iva Miškulin, Lana Škrgatić, Martina Piasek, Jasna Jurasović","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4052","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Future mothers tend to underreport intentional or unintentional tobacco smoke exposure to avoid social stigma, and urine levels of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine can serve as a valuable biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure to resolve such uncertainties. When establishing the cut-off level to discern non-smokers from active smokers, however, one should bear in mind the shorter half-life of cotinine in pregnant than non-pregnant women to avoid misclassification of maternal smoking status. The aim of our study was to determine the urinary cotinine cut-off level to objectively detect active smokers and to see if any participant characteristics were associated with underreporting. To do that, we collected spot urine samples from pregnant women with normal vaginal delivery at term, self-reported as non-smokers (n=123) or smokers (n=33), in the maternity ward before delivery. We also took their sociodemographic, cigarette smoking, and clinical data, as well as clinical data on their newborns using a questionnaire. To ensure objective classification of participants by smoking status, cotinine levels were quantified in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value of urinary cotinine to discern pregnant non-smokers from smokers at term were 120 µg/L or 144 µg/g creatinine, yielding 94 % sensitivity and 96 % or 97 % specificity. Respective to these cut-off values, 4.1 % and 3.3 % of self-reported non-smokers were classified as current smokers. Our findings support the use of urinary cotinine, whenever feasible, to reduce reporting bias in pregnancy studies, and, given the altered nicotine metabolism during pregnancy, future epidemiological studies should bear in mind that urinary cotinine cut-off values may depend on the stage of pregnancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 4","pages":"251-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12772481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with burnout among the Belgrade University medical students.","authors":"Jovana Todorović, Kontstantinos Stratakis, Dejan Nešić, Ratko Tomašević, Zorica Terzić-Šupić","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3986","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the 11^th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases defines burnout as an occupational syndrome, research has investigated it extensively in medical students. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of burnout among fifth-year medical students in Serbia along with the social, lifestyle, and health status characteristics associated with it. The study included 431 Belgrade University students attending classes in social medicine and took place in the last week of November 2024. According to the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), the mean score was 43.67±15.81 and overall burnout prevalence 35.3 %. The prevalence of personal burnout was 35 %, of study-related burnout 36.9 %, and of faculty-related burnout 29 %. The multivariate logistic regression analysis of overall burnout showed positive association with the grade point average (OR: 4.02; 95 % CI: 2.12-7.64) and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale score (OR: 1.14; 95 % CI: 1.06-1.22) and a negative association with the study engagement score (OR: 0.86; 95 % CI: 0.81-0.92). Our findings identify variables that need addressing to lower burnout prevalence among students. One is anxiety, which was significantly associated with burnout, and the other is study engagement, which was inversely associated with burnout. We believe that medical schools should provide mental health support programmes to address these and other potential issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 4","pages":"274-281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12772483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of heat inactivation on RT-qPCR detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an experience from the University Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Serbia","authors":"Jelena Stojčević Maletić, Iva Barjaktarović, Ljiljana Andrijević, Katarina Bačulov, Slobodanka Bogdanović Vasić, Diandra Pintać Šarac","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3973","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Handling clinical samples from patients suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection puts healthcare workers at risk of exposure to infectious particles. To reduce this risk, samples are often heat-inactivated before nucleic acid isolation, but this procedure may affect the analytical sensitivity of the test. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of heat inactivation (56 °C for 30 min) on RT-qPCR results of samples taken from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs collected from 200 symptomatic patients. Each sample was split into two aliquots - one subjected to heat inactivation and the other stored at 4 °C - followed by nucleic acid isolation and RT-qPCR analysis using the GeneFinder COVID-19 nucleic acid test. Heat inactivation did not significantly affect the overall SARS-CoV-2 detection rate (55.5 % vs. 55.0 % in untreated and heat-treated groups; χ²=0.01; p=0.91). However, discrepancies occurred in 15.3 % of samples, all with quantification cycle (Cq) values >31, including target loss, gain, or complete signal disappearance after heat treatment. Heat inactivation also slightly decreased Cq values for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (<i>RdRp</i>) and envelope (<i>E</i>) genes and increased those for the nucleocapsid (<i>N</i>) gene, with significant changes in strongly positive samples (Cq≤33). In positive samples (Cq≤40), the human ribonuclease (<i>RNase</i>) P gene also exhibited significantly higher Cq values after heat treatment. In the strongly positive subgroup, correlation analysis showed moderate correlation for <i>RdRp</i> and very strong correlation for the <i>N</i> and <i>E</i> genes, and a weaker correlation for weakly positive samples. In conclusion, heat inactivation at 56 °C for 30 min does not significantly affect viral gene detection but may diminish it in samples with low viral load.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 4","pages":"242-250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12772480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing and monitoring indoor air quality and surface decontamination in healthcare environments.","authors":"Giovanni Cappelli, Ilaria Rapi, Stefano Dugheri, Niccolò Fanfani, Veronica Traversini, Antonio Baldassarre, Anna Korelidou, Maali-Amel Mersel, Filippo Baravelli, Marinos Louka, Nicola Mucci, Lina Kourtella","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4013","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor air quality (IAQ) in healthcare facilities is a critical yet often underestimated factor associated with adverse health effects and increased risk of infectious outbreaks. Key pollutants include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and various biological agents such as bacteria and viruses. While numerous variables contribute to IAQ, European regulations still have significant gaps, having historically focused more on individual substances than on the overall air environment. This review examines the most relevant IAQ parameters, current technologies available for their detection, and the regulatory landscape at the European level. Special attention is given to real-time monitoring systems. We also propose a concise operational guideline for IAQ management which combines continuous monitoring, evidence-based mitigation, and improvements to reduce exposure, increase resilience to airborne and surface threats, and produce measurable safety outcomes for patients and healthcare personnel within hospital settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 4","pages":"222-241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12772487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of <i>N</i>-alkyl quaternary quinuclidines on oxidative stress biomarkers in SH-SY5Y cells.","authors":"Antonio Zandona, Lucija Marcelić, Suzana Žunec, Josip Madunić, Maja Katalinić","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4007","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Having a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities, including anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antiparasitic, antioxidant, and antitumour, quinuclidine derivatives have piqued much interest in the field of drug discovery and biomedical research. This study investigates the oxidative stress effects of six <i>N</i>-alkyl quaternary quinuclidine derivatives, namely three oximes (QNOH-C_12,14,16) and three alcohols (QOH-C_12,14,16) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to evaluate their safety profile as potential therapeutics. We treated SH-SY5Y cells with their lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAEL) for 4 h and measured reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and DNA damage. Q(N)OHs significantly increased ROS and RNS levels, particularly the QNOHs, while lipid peroxidation remained unaffected, and GSH depletion was minimal. Cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD activity increased significantly with longer alkyl chain substituents, while Mn-SOD activity decreased, indicating mitochondrial damage. DNA damage was not elevated. The observed effects of the tested quinuclidine derivatives appear to depend on their structural properties, as compounds containing hydroxyl groups and shorter alkyl chains had a lower impact. Furthermore, even non-cytotoxic doses of the tested compounds affected cell homeostasis, which underlines the importance of such testing early in the evaluation of new potential drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 3","pages":"203-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic insights into the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide and 1-butylpyridinium bromide on human cell lines.","authors":"Lu Gao, Charles Obinwanne Okoye, Bonaventure Chidi Ezenwanne, Jianxiong Jiang, Guizhu Wu, Lin Yu, Daolin Du, Yonglai Xue","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3966","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ionic liquids (ILs) are a novel class of salts with growing industrial applications due to their tunable physicochemical properties. However, their popularity has given rise to concerns about their cytotoxic potential. This study investigates the cytotoxic, apoptotic, and cell cycle effects of two ILs, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br) and 1-butylpyridinium bromide ([Bpy]Br), on three human cell lines: HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and HEK293T (human embryonic kidney). Using real-time cell analysis (RTCA), we determined that the half-maximal inhibition concentrations (IC₅₀) for [Bmim]Br were 841.86 μmol/L in MCF-7, 538.38 μmol/L in HeLa, and 654.78 μmol/L in HEK293T cells. Respective [Bpy]Br IC₅₀ values were 341.74 μmol/L, 333.27 μmol/L, and 328.98 μmol/L. Flow cytometry revealed that both ILs induced dose-dependent apoptosis and that [Bpy]Br showed stronger pro-apoptotic effects. At 1000 μmol/L, [Bpy]Br reduced live cell population to 33.86 % in MCF-7 and to 38.32 % in HeLa cells. Both ILs induced the G0/G1 phase arrest and significantly suppressed the expression of cyclin D1, CDK2, and CDK4 at both mRNA and protein levels. MTT and Transwell assays further confirmed inhibited cell proliferation and migration, particularly in MCF-7 and HeLa cells. These findings demonstrate that [Bmim]Br and [Bpy]Br inhibit cell growth by triggering apoptosis and by interfering with cell cycle progression. Stronger effects observed with [Bpy]Br suggest its therapeutic potential, but given the toxicity of both ILs in non-cancerous HEK293T cells, further research is necessary to evaluate their biosafety and long-term effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 3","pages":"195-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational triangular fibrocartilage complex injury in a sewing machine operator.","authors":"Elif Reyhan Şahin, Mustafa Kahraman","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4003","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-4003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries are associated with repetitive wrist movements and have mostly been reported in athletes but not in sewing machine operators, even though their jobs involve repetitive wrist movements. Our patient had operated a sewing machine for nine years across various workplaces. Two years ago, she began experiencing lateral ulnar pain, tenderness, and mild swelling in her left wrist. She was initially evaluated by her family physician, then by an orthopaedic surgeon, and was eventually referred to an occupational medicine specialist. TFCC compression test, TFCC stress test, grind test, and supination test were all positive. Ergonomic assessment showed an arm-wrist score of 5, a total rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) score of 5, and a job strain index (JSI) score of 13.5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left wrist showed changes consistent with a TFCC injury. Treatment included wrist immobilisation, oral painkillers, and rest, but her symptoms persisted upon return to the sewing machine, despite temporary use of a brace. Partial symptom improvement was observed only after job reassignment. This report presents the first confirmed case of a TFCC injury in a sewing machine operator and suggests that its potential occupational risks may have been overlooked in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 3","pages":"218-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between leisure noise exposure and hearing status in young Croatian adults.","authors":"Selma Cvijetić, Marija Kujundžić, Zrinka Franić, Mislav Malić, Davor Šušković, Siniša Fajt, Jelena Macan","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3968","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Young people often use headphones or speakers and most visit noisy places recreationally. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the relationship between exposure to recreational noise and hearing in 108 young Croatian participants aged 18-28 years. Hearing was assessed with audiometry and noise exposure by measuring the headphone volume to which each participant was accustomed while listening to music. Data on the daily use of headphones/speakers, visits to recreational noisy places, self-assessment of hearing, and health and demographics data were obtained with a questionnaire developed for this purpose. Mild sensorineural hearing loss was found in 5.5 % of participants (one man and six women). While all men reported their hearing as good, 13.9 % of women (n=9) described their hearing as average. Those women had significantly higher hearing thresholds than women who rated their hearing as good (p=0.036). Men spent significantly more time using headphones/speakers than women (1.9±1.2 vs 1.3±0.8 hours, p=0.002). Both men and women spent similar amount of time in recreational noisy venues, averaging 12.0 hours per month. More men used headphones at volumes exceeding 70 dB than women (52.2 % vs 27.7 %, p=0.009). Participants who self-reported hearing loss had significantly higher hearing thresholds than those who did not (p=0.036). Although we found no clear link between recreational noise and hearing loss, elevated thresholds in participants who reported hearing difficulties highlight the need for targeted hearing loss prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 3","pages":"211-217"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unsafe commute driving behaviour among healthcare workers: a combined scoping review and concept analysis.","authors":"Khairil Idham Ismail, Hanin Farhana Kamaruzaman, Mohd Faiz Ibrahim, Jonathan Michael Bryce, Rosnah Ismail, Hanizah Mohd Yusoff","doi":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3930","DOIUrl":"10.2478/aiht-2025-76-3930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unsafe driving behaviour is associated with the risk of crashes. Although commuting crashes prevail among healthcare workers (HCWs), unsafe driving behaviour during daily commutes remains unexplored in this group. The aim of our study was therefore to address this gap and to clarify the concept of unsafe driving behaviour among HCWs while commuting. To do that, we ran literature search in Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science and selected appropriate articles following the scoping review procedure, while data extraction and analysis followed the procedure for concept analysis. A total of 46 published studies met inclusion criteria. Most were from the USA (n=30), predominantly involved medical doctors (n=21), and were cross-sectional (n=24) in design. Concept analysis identified four properties of unsafe driving behaviour: 1) pressure and negative emotion, 2) drowsy driving, 3) risky driving and rules violation, and 4) distraction/inattention. Work scheduling factors emerged as the most frequently reported antecedents, while crashes were the most reported consequences. By identifying the core elements of unsafe driving behaviour among HCWs this study proposes a conceptual framework to guide future research and interventions. This framework can serve as a valuable resource for policymakers and researchers, enabling them to develop targeted strategies to address unsafe driving behaviour of HCWs during commuting, with the ultimate goal to reduce the associated crash risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":520565,"journal":{"name":"Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju","volume":"76 3","pages":"148-158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455704/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145116082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}