Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists最新文献

{"title":"Spaced retrieval practice improves the uptake of and intention to use personal neuropsychological assessment feedback: a randomized cognitive experiment in a sample of older black and white veterans.","authors":"Troy A Webber, Steven P Woods, Emily J Kellogg, Cardinal Do, Elliott M Gomez, Michelle S Yuen, Adam A Christensen, Marc A Norman, Nicholas J Pastorek","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag066","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acag066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Neuropsychological assessment feedback has the potential to promote cognitive/brain health, yet few studies have tested how feedback can be modified to improve its uptake. The current study used a randomized, between-subjects longitudinal design to test the effect of spaced retrieval practice (SRP) on uptake of neuropsychological assessment feedback.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants included 65 predominantly Black American (83%) older adults (Mage: 65.48) who underwent clinical neuropsychological assessment at a Veteran's Affairs outpatient clinic. Following the assessment, participants were randomized to receive same-day verbal feedback supplemented with either: (a) 2-min massed study of personalized written feedback (standard feedback condition); or (b) three trials of SRP for the personalized feedback (SRP condition). Memory for, intention to use, and adherence to feedback was assessed at a 7-day follow-up telephone call. There were no significant demographic, clinical, or study-related differences between the conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants in the SRP condition were significantly better at recalling (d = 1.02) and recognizing (d = .86) neuropsychological feedback elements than participants in the standard feedback condition at 7-days post-baseline. Exploratory analyses showed non-significant but small to medium effects for SRP on intentions to use recommendations (d = .21 to .51). However, exploratory analyses also showed there was a non-significant and small between-groups difference in adherence to feedback recommendations (d = .14).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SRP markedly improves memory and may modestly improve intentions for neuropsychological assessment feedback. Future studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of SRP's benefits on memory for feedback, and to develop methods for improving adherence to feedback in neuropsychological populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148946578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telephone-based Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised as a pre-screening tool for identifying SuperAgers.","authors":"Justyna Piszczor, Elena Badillo Goicoechea, Rhiana Schafer, Hannah Peirce, Kianna Hearns, Ana W Capuano, Amanda Cook Maher, Emily Rogalski","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag070","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acag070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Efficient remote screening is needed to identify adults aged ≥80 years with exceptional memory, an uncommon phenotype relevant to cognitive-resilience research, before resource-intensive in-person evaluation. This study examined the optimal telephone-administered episodic-memory cutoff for identifying individuals likely to meet the in-person episodic-memory criterion used for SuperAger classification.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Retrospective analysis included 163 participants who completed multidomain telephone prescreening (orientation, attention/executive function, language, memory, depression symptoms) and in-person eligibility assessment. Analyses focused on memory performance. The Youden Index identified the optimal cutoff for predicting the in-person RAVLT delayed-recall (RAVLT-DR) criterion used in SuperAger classification, with performance assessed by sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The telephone-administered Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) delayed recall showed good discrimination for meeting the in-person RAVLT-DR criterion (optimal cutoff ≥9, AUC = 0.80, sensitivity = 85%; specificity = 61%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Within a multidomain telephone prescreening protocol, HVLT-R delayed recall may enrich candidates for in-person exceptional memory aging phenotyping and improve screening efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13557111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148922414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the English Proficiency Questionnaire in professional hockey players.","authors":"Ruben J Echemendia, Kaitlin E Riegler, Kimberly G Harmon, Willem Meeuwisse, Michael G Hutchison, J Scott Delaney, Paul Comper, Jared M Bruce","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acag068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop the English Proficiency Questionnaire (EPQ), a brief, easily deployable measure of English language proficiency and conduct a preliminary validation study of the EPQ in a linguistically and culturally diverse sample of National Hockey Leage players.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A diverse sample of 191 players representing nine different nationalities completed (in English) the EPQ and a battery of traditional (\"Paper-and-Pencil\", PnP) neuropsychological tests, including the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF), during 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 pre-seasons as part of a larger re-norming project.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Principal components analysis revealed one factor that explained 71.37% of the observed variance and generated strong internal consistency (alpha coefficient = 0.86). Statistically significant relationships with medium effect sizes emerged between EPQ Total ratings and TOPF performance (r = 0.33, p < .001) and age when athlete first learned English (r = -0.33, p < .001), but not for age when the athlete moved to an English-speaking country (ρ = -0.09, p > .05). EPQ Total Ratings were significantly correlated with eight of 10 neuropsychological test indices except for Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) Total and BVMT-R Delay. Regression models accounted for 4.4%-24.0% of the variance in PnP test performance. The TOPF accounted for unique variance in 8/10 PnP measures, and EPQ variables in 7/10.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Beyond normative data, the EPQ can assist clinicians assessing patients who speak English as a non-preferred language. Findings support the use of the EPQ with different primary language groups, which in combination with robust group-specific normative data, may guide clinicians to a more culturally responsive understanding of the patient's cognitive functioning prior to and following sports-related concussion.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148945865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of serial assessment using the trail making test in elite rugby league players.","authors":"Cassandra Richardson, Stephen Atkins, Howard Hurst, Ian Bentley, Jonathan Kenneth Sinclair","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag082","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acag082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the study was to map trajectories of inter- and intra-individual cognitive performance in non-injured elite rugby players to further understand the effects of serial cognitive assessment in athletes at risk of concussion.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The Trail Making Test (TMT) was administered to male elite rugby league players (N = 38) at three time-points pre-season and on average 6.8 times per month during a playing season. Three players were excluded from the analyses due to concussion or suspected concussion. The data were analyzed using multilevel models including fixed and random effects of time to assess within- and between-individual variability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Time was the greatest predictor of both TMT-A and TMT-B scores; test performance improved until it reached a plateau and then remained stable. The reduction of within-individual variance indicated that test repetition contributed to improvements in TMT-A and TMT-B performance within each player. Importantly, performance was significantly different between players at first testing and over the course of a playing season which indicated performance heterogeneity within one cohort of elite rugby league players.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study has contributed to further understanding pre-injury cognitive performance in elite rugby players and indicated the need for future studies to implement strategies for reducing practice effects. Most importantly, these findings are relevant when assessing cognitive functioning in athletes at risk of concussion. This study emphasized the need to account for variability in performance pre-injury, the assessment of potential performance confounds and recommends the application of methods to reduce practice effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13671231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149198753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between cognition and daily functioning in older adults: How much overlap is there?","authors":"Zia Kennedy, Lakshmi Kannan, Mika Veres, Audrey Gobeo, Kevin Duff","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acag079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Objective measures of cognition are commonly considered in diagnoses, whereas objective measures of daily functioning are not. As such, the current study sought to predict an objective measure of daily functioning from current cognitive test scores.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In 215 older adults (age: M = 74.86, SD = 5.68; education: M = 16.92, SD = 1.99; 66.50% female), of whom 87.90% were cognitively unimpaired and 12.10% were amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Independent Living Scales (ILS) were administered. Stepwise regression models examined if demographics, RBANS scores, and cognitive status could predict ILS Full Scale scores.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In an initial step, demographics significantly predicted ILS Full Scale score (R2 = 0.11), with RBANS Total Scale score (∆R2 = 0.15) improving the prediction. Within the RBANS, the Immediate Memory (∆R2 = 0.15) and Attention (∆R2 = 0.02) Indexes were the best predictors of the ILS Full Scale score. At the subtest level, Story Memory (∆R2 = 0.15), Coding (∆R2 = 0.05), and List Learning (∆R2 = 0.02) significantly predicted overall performance on the ILS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multiple scores on the RBANS significantly predicted ILS Full Scale score, including those tapping immediate memory and attention. Despite these associations, a sizeable amount of variance of daily functioning was not captured with demographics and cognition, indicating that additional variables need to be considered in such models. Nonetheless, the current findings provide clinicians with additional information about predicting daily functioning based on cognitive test performance and demographic information.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13626599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149122660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The critical role for neuropsychologists in the assessment and diagnosis of learning disorders: a position paper from the National Academy of Neuropsychology position, education, and response committee.","authors":"Mary K Colvin, Robert L Mapou, Christine Petranovich, Patricia Espe-Pfeifer, Robin L Peterson, Shawn K Acheson, Jeff Schaffert, Veronica J Burton, Paula A Aduen, Joshua T Fox-Fuller, Kirstine Carter-Obu, Anthony J Longoria, Laura H Lacritz","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag063","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acag063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Learning disorders are common neurodevelopmental disorders that affect cognitive functioning across the lifespan and frequently co-occur with medical and psychiatric conditions. This updated position paper from National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN)'s Position, Education, and Response Committee discusses the role of neuropsychologists in identifying and diagnosing learning disorders.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The history of learning disorders is reviewed, along with key legislation related to special education services and disability accommodations. Recent neuroscience, genetics, and education research related to learning disorders is integrated to outline current challenges and future goals for training, clinical practice, and advocacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key recommendations for neuropsychologists related to the assessment of learning disorders are detailed, including routine screening, understanding the interface between neuropsychological evaluations and laws regulating access to special education services and disability accommodations, advocacy for insurance coverage, and training in assessment of learning disorders and appropriate interventions. The paper also highlights the incremental value of neuropsychological assessment in complex cases, including differential diagnosis, identification of co-occurring neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and medical conditions, clarification of mechanisms underlying poor academic performance, and development of individualized intervention recommendations when school-based evaluation or response to intervention is insufficient.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Clinical neuropsychologists are uniquely positioned to advance the science and assessment of learning disorders by integrating academic findings with developmental, cognitive, psychiatric, and medical information to clarify why a student is struggling and to guide individualized treatment planning. Such efforts have the potential to reduce disparities that confer increased risk for lifelong neuropsychological challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148972897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One year after spaced retrieval training: enduring memory enhancement for older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment.","authors":"Renée E DeCaro, Amy M Smith, Anna Marin, Emily Waskow, Katherine W Turk, Andrew E Budson","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acag081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Spaced retrieval training (SRT) can enhance memory in older adults with and without cognitive impairment, but the durability of these memories remains unclear. This study examined whether memory benefits from an app-based SRT program persisted one year after training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We recruited participants from a prior study in which they used a mobile app to engage in SRT for half of two sets of stimuli, verbal facts and face-name associations, across a four-week intervention. One year later, with no experimentally manipulated exposure to the stimuli, 12 participants with MCI and 13 controls completed follow-up memory testing of studied and nonstudied items. Memory accuracy was assessed separately for the two sets of stimuli.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Facts and face-name associations that were studied via SRT one year prior were remembered more accurately than nonstudied information in both participants with MCI and controls. We did not observe any significant interactions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our 4-week, app-based SRT program produced memory benefits that endured for one year in older adults with and without MCI due to AD. These findings highlight the promise of delivering SRT to older adults with and without MCI in an accessible, low-burden format that produces lasting memory benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149171812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet and the microbiome-gut-brain axis: implications for clinical neuropsychology.","authors":"Leigh A Frame","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acag083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To synthesize current evidence on the microbiome-gut-brain axis, with a specific focus on dietary modulation, and to outline its relevance and practical implications for clinical neuropsychology.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This narrative review synthesizes literature on mechanistic pathways linking diet, the gut microbiome, and brain health, including interoception and vagal signaling, immune education within the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. Content is based on the author's invited National Academy of Neuropsychology lecture and considers methodological limitations of the field, including variability in sequencing pipelines, reliance on preclinical models, and limited clinical translation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The gut microbiome plays a critical role in bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, influencing cognition, mood, behavior, and neurodegenerative processes. Diet is one of the most powerful and modifiable determinants of gut microbiome composition and function, with downstream effects on immune regulation, neuroendocrine signaling, and neural activity relevant to brain health.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Diet represents a foundational, adjunctive strategy for supporting brain health and cognitive resilience across the lifespan. Neuropsychologists can meaningfully incorporate evidence-based dietary discussion into assessment, patient education, and interdisciplinary care coordination, reinforcing established public health guidance rather than providing individualized medical nutrition therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of language of administration, experimentally induced symptom exaggeration, and criterion grouping method on self-reported depression and anxiety in Cuba: a cross-cultural study.","authors":"Klency Gonzalez Hernandez, Esteban Puente-López, Sabrina Prado Verdecia, Gabriela Diago Monzon, Randy Frankcis Perez Morales, Brando Mesa Cabrera, Daniela Escobar Magarino, Laszlo A Erdodi","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acag074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite increasing linguistic diversity in the US, little is known about the effects of limited English proficiency on psychiatric symptom report.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cuban university students were randomly assigned to control (n = 51) or experimental malingering (expMAL) condition (n = 25). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)-7 were administered in both English and Spanish. Classification accuracy was calculated using expMAL status and psychometrically defined symptom/performance validity as criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores did not differ as a function of language. Test-retest reliability/cross-language equivalence was high (0.89-0.95). Extreme scores (≥15 to ≥18) were sensitive (0.40-0.70) and specific (0.90-0.98) to invalid symptom report, but insensitive (0.11-0.26) to invalid performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Basic English proficiency may be sufficient to measure anxiety and depression in culturally diverse examinees. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 have potential for dual use: they simultaneously measure anxiety/depression and non-credible symptom report. However, their symptom validity test function is limited by relatively low sensitivity. Symptom and performance validity were psychometrically distinct constructs.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective associations between cognitive practice effects and reactive balance adaptation in multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Maria J C Hall, Lisa Stevenson, Ruth Davidson, Sinéad Macerlane, Euan Mulvihill, Fiona McIntyre, Seán Cuttle, Daniel S Peterson, Andrew S Monaghan","doi":"10.1093/arclin/acag077","DOIUrl":"10.1093/arclin/acag077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive and balance impairments are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Practice effects may reflect neuroplasticity and predict rehabilitation responsiveness. This study examined cognitive practice effects and their relationship to reactive balance adaptation in MS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-seven people with MS and 17 neurotypical adults completed 2 baseline cognitive assessments over 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week perturbation-based balance training program over 6 progressive sessions. Verbal learning and processing speed were assessed using the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Reactive balance was evaluated using backward margin of stability, step latency, and step length, pre-, post-, and 2 months after training.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>People with MS improved on verbal learning (CVLT-II Total Recall: F (1, 42) = 83.11, p < .001, η2p = 0.66) and processing speed (F(1, 42) = 4.68, p = .036, η2p = 0.10). The magnitude of improvement did not differ significantly between groups; however, standardized regression-based scores indicated the MS group's gains were smaller than normatively expected (t(26) = -2.60, p = .015, d = -0.50). Only delayed recall predicted immediate improvements in backward margin of stability (β = 0.71, p = .033, η2p = 0.22) and, with some sensitivity to influential observations, retained improvements at two-month follow-up (β = 1.12, p = .015, η2p = 0.29).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cognitive practice effects in MS are largely preserved. Delayed verbal recall was selectively associated with reactive balance adaptation, suggesting a possible role for consolidation-dependent memory in balance rehabilitation, though this association requires confirmatory replication.</p>","PeriodicalId":520564,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists","volume":"41 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13603806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149043325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}