The Review of scientific instruments最新文献

{"title":"Publisher's Note: \"The very large n2EDM magnetically shielded room with an exceptional performance for fundamental physics measurements\" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 93, 095105 (2022)].","authors":"N J Ayres, G Ban, G Bison, K Bodek, V Bondar, T Bouillaud, B Clement, E Chanel, P-J Chiu, C B Crawford, M Daum, C B Doorenbos, S Emmenegger, A Fratangelo, M Fertl, W C Griffith, Z D Grujic, P G Harris, K Kirch, J Krempel, B Lauss, T Lefort, O Naviliat-Cuncic, D Pais, F M Piegsa, G Pignol, G Rauscher, D Rebreyend, I Rienäcker, D Ries, S Roccia, D Rozpedzik, W Saenz-Arevalo, P Schmidt-Wellenburg, A Schnabel, N Severijns, B Shen, M Staab, K Svirina, R Tavakoli Dinani, J Thorne, N Yazdandoost, J Zejma, G Zsigmond","doi":"10.1063/5.0130257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130257","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"119902"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thomson microwave scattering for diagnostics of small plasma objects enclosed within glass tubes.","authors":"Apoorv Ranjan,&nbsp;Adam Patel,&nbsp;Xingxing Wang,&nbsp;Alexey Shashurin","doi":"10.1063/5.0111685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0111685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, coherent microwave scattering in the Thomson regime was demonstrated for small-scale plasmas enclosed within a glass tube and validated using a well-known hairpin resonator probe technique. The experiments were conducted in a DC discharge tube with a diameter of 1.5 cm and a length of 7 cm. Thomson microwave scattering (TMS) diagnostics yielded electron number densities of about 5.9 × 10¹⁰ cm^-3, 2.8 × 10¹⁰ cm^-3, and 1.8 × 10¹⁰ cm^-3 for air pressures in the discharge tube of 0.2, 0.5, and 2.5 Torr, respectively. Measurements using the TMS technique were consistent across the tested microwave frequencies of 3-3.9 GHz within the margin of error associated with non-idealities of the IQ mixer utilized in the circuit. The corresponding densities measured with the hairpin resonator probe were 4.8 × 10¹⁰, 3.8 × 10¹⁰, and 2.6 × 10¹⁰ cm^-3. Discrepancies between the two techniques were within 30% and can be attributed to inaccuracies in the sheath thickness estimation required for correct interpretation of the hairpin resonator probe results.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113541"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40549155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystal response measurement of the x-ray transmission crystals used by the Imaging Spectroscopy Snout at the National Ignition Facility.","authors":"M Dozieres,&nbsp;C M Krauland,&nbsp;S Stoupin,&nbsp;J Ayers,&nbsp;N Thompson,&nbsp;J Castaneda,&nbsp;T McCarville,&nbsp;J A Tabimina,&nbsp;J Huckins,&nbsp;M Beach,&nbsp;V Rekow,&nbsp;John Seely,&nbsp;M B Schneider","doi":"10.1063/5.0101884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101884","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Imaging Spectroscopy Snout (ISS) used at the National Ignition Facility is able to simultaneously collect neutron pinhole images, 1D spatially resolved x-ray spectra, and time resolved x-ray pinhole images. To measure the x-ray spectra, the ISS can be equipped with up to four different transmission crystals, each offering different energy ranges from ∼7.5 to ∼12 keV and different resolutions. Characterizing and calibrating such instruments is of paramount importance in order to extract meaningful results from experiments. More specifically, we characterized different ISS transmission-type alpha-Quartz crystals by measuring their responses as a function of photon energy, from which we inferred the angle-integrated reflectivity for each crystal's working reflections. These measurements were made at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory calibration station dedicated to the characterization of x-ray spectrometers. The sources used covered a wide x-ray range-from a few to 30 keV; the source diameter was ∼0.6 mm. The experimental results are discussed alongside theoretical calculations using the pyTTE model.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113520"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40549649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium-tritium experience.","authors":"M Tardocchi,&nbsp;M Rebai,&nbsp;D Rigamonti,&nbsp;R A Tinguely,&nbsp;F Caruggi,&nbsp;G Croci,&nbsp;A Dal Molin,&nbsp;Z Ghani,&nbsp;L Giacomelli,&nbsp;M Girolami,&nbsp;G Grosso,&nbsp;M Kushoro,&nbsp;G Marcer,&nbsp;M Mastellone,&nbsp;A Muraro,&nbsp;M Nocente,&nbsp;E Perelli Cippo,&nbsp;M Petruzzo,&nbsp;O Putignano,&nbsp;J Scionti,&nbsp;V Serpente,&nbsp;D M Trucchi,&nbsp;S Mackie,&nbsp;A A Saltos,&nbsp;E De Marchi,&nbsp;M Parisi,&nbsp;A Trotta,&nbsp;E de la Luna,&nbsp;J Garcia,&nbsp;Y Kazakov,&nbsp;M Maslov,&nbsp;Z Stancar,&nbsp;G Gorini","doi":"10.1063/5.0101779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium-Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 10¹⁸ n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 10¹⁹ n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113512"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40549658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles, design and implementation of a direct AC-to-AC power converter-Regulated electronic transformer.","authors":"Eli Flaxer","doi":"10.1063/5.0122782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0122782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the last three decades, the energy conversion market has been dominated by switching power converters due to reduction of size and cost of electronic components. This market includes four types of conversion: DC-DC, DC-AC, AC-DC, and AC-AC. While the first three types are applied directly in a single conversion, the AC-AC converter is comprised of two serial converters leading to an AC-DC-AC conversion. This article introduces, for the first time, a real direct single-stage AC-AC conversion electronic transformer. The single stage AC-AC converter is fabricated using a unique high efficiency topology, combined with the advantages of dual-stage power-quality protection. This single-stage AC-AC regulated electronic transformer is stabilized, controlled, protected, and can lock onto any line voltage (110 or 220 V) with a frequency of 45-65 Hz. Stabilization is achieved by fast pulse-width modulation technology, applied by two-way fast solid-state switches. The transformer is controlled by a 150 MHz digital signal processor and is fully protected against overcurrent and output short circuits. Our first stage transformer is a single-phase device with 5 kW power with an efficiency of better than 97% with one-tenth of the weight and volume of present conventional electromechanical transformers.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"114710"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40549665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Scientific Instruments New Products.","authors":"Andreas Mandelis","doi":"10.1063/5.0128927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0128927","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to supplement manufacturers' information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials that supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"119501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40550151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First results of fast visible imaging diagnostic in Aditya-U tokamak.","authors":"Devilal Kumawat,&nbsp;Kumudni Tahiliani,&nbsp;Suresh I,&nbsp;S K Pathak,&nbsp;Santosh P Pandya,&nbsp;Sameer Kumar,&nbsp;Raju Daniel,&nbsp;R L Tanna,&nbsp;Joydeep Ghosh,&nbsp;Umesh Nagora,&nbsp;Manoj K Gupta,&nbsp;Rohit Kumar,&nbsp;Kumarpalsinh Jadeja,&nbsp;Suman Aich","doi":"10.1063/5.0101795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A Fast Visible Imaging Diagnostic (FVID) system, measuring the visible light emission spectrum (400-1000 nm) from tokamak plasma, has been installed on the Aditya-U tokamak to monitor the two-dimensional dynamics of the poloidal cross section of the plasma. In this work, we present the design and installation of the FVID system on the Aditya-U tokamak. The evolution of plasma and plasma-wall interactions is described. The signature of the runaway electron beam in visible imaging and its correlation with other diagnostics is presented. The estimation of the electron cyclotron resonance layer position during pre-ionization is also discussed in this work.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113548"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40569990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instrument design for an inertial confinement fusion ion temperature imager.","authors":"N Birge,&nbsp;V Geppert-Kleinrath,&nbsp;C Danly,&nbsp;B Haines,&nbsp;S T Ivancic,&nbsp;J Jorgenson,&nbsp;J Katz,&nbsp;E Mendoza,&nbsp;A T Sorce,&nbsp;L Tafoya,&nbsp;C Wilde,&nbsp;P Volegov","doi":"10.1063/5.0101820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A mix of contaminant mass is a known, performance-limiting factor for laser-driven inertial confinement fusion (ICF). It has also recently been shown that the contaminant mass is not necessarily in thermal equilibrium with the deuterium-tritium plasma [B. M. Haines et al., Nat. Commun. 11, 544 (2020)]. Contaminant mass temperature is one of the dominant uncertainties in contaminant mass estimates. The MixIT diagnostic is a new and potentially transformative diagnostic, capable of spatially resolving ion temperature. The approach combines principles of neutron time-of-flight and neutron imaging diagnostics. The information from the MixIT diagnostic can be used to optimize ICF target and laser drive designs as well as provide key constraints on ICF radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that are critical to contaminant mass estimates. This work details the design and optimization of the major components of the MixIT diagnostic: the neutron aperture, the neutron detector (scintillator), and the recording system.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40570020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable diagnostic package for Thomson scattering and optical emission spectroscopy on Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC 2).","authors":"N Kafle,&nbsp;D Elliott,&nbsp;B Berlinger,&nbsp;Z He,&nbsp;S Cohen,&nbsp;Z Zhang,&nbsp;T M Biewer","doi":"10.1063/5.0101849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy funded diagnostic system has been deployed to the Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC-2) device, located at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The Portable Diagnostic Package (PDP), designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, allows for the measurement of Thomson Scattering (TS) for electron density and temperature and Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) for ion temperature, impurity density, and ion velocity. A tunable spectrometer on the PDP with three gratings provides the flexibility to measure low (1 eV) and high (1000 eV) electron temperature ranges from TS. Additionally, using a second spectrometer, the OES diagnostic can survey light emission from various ion excitation levels for wide wavelength ranges. The electron density (<2 × 10¹⁹ m^-3) of plasmas generated in PFRC-2 has been below the PDP TS discrimination threshold, which has made TS signal detection challenging against a high-background of laser stray light. The laser stray light was iteratively reduced by making modifications to the entrance and exit geometry on PFRC-2. Rayleigh scattering experiments on PFRC have yielded the TS discrimination sensitivity to be >1 × 10²⁰ m^-3 for the PDP. A recently implemented narrow-band notch spectral filter that masks the second harmonic 532 nm Nd:YAG laser wavelength has increased the system's TS light discrimination sensitivity 65 times compared to the instance when the notch filter was not implemented. The hardware implementation including design changes to the flight tubes and Brewster windows will be discussed, along with results from Rayleigh and rotational Raman scattering sensitivity analyses, which were used to establish a quantitative figure of merit on the system performance. The Raman scattering calibration with the notch filter has improved the PDP electron density threshold to 1 ± 0.5 × 10¹⁸ m^-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113506"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40570022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tip-scan high-speed atomic force microscopy with a uniaxial substrate stretching device for studying dynamics of biomolecules under mechanical stress.","authors":"Feng-Yueh Chan,&nbsp;Ryo Kurosaki,&nbsp;Christian Ganser,&nbsp;Tetsuya Takeda,&nbsp;Takayuki Uchihashi","doi":"10.1063/5.0111017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0111017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a powerful tool for studying the dynamics of biomolecules in vitro because of its high temporal and spatial resolution. However, multi-functionalization, such as combination with complementary measurement methods, environment control, and large-scale mechanical manipulation of samples, is still a complex endeavor due to the inherent design and the compact sample scanning stage. Emerging tip-scan HS-AFM overcame this design hindrance and opened a door for additional functionalities. In this study, we designed a motor-driven stretching device to manipulate elastic substrates for HS-AFM imaging of biomolecules under controllable mechanical stimulation. To demonstrate the applicability of the substrate stretching device, we observed a microtubule buckling by straining the substrate and actin filaments linked by α-actinin on a curved surface. In addition, a BAR domain protein BIN1 that senses substrate curvature was observed while dynamically controlling the surface curvature. Our results clearly prove that large-scale mechanical manipulation can be coupled with nanometer-scale imaging to observe biophysical effects otherwise obscured.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113703"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40570491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}