The Review of scientific instruments最新文献

{"title":"Measurement method of aero-engine rotor concentricity and perpendicularity based on deep belief neural network.","authors":"Chuanzhi Sun,&nbsp;Wentao Liu,&nbsp;Hanwen Cheng,&nbsp;Yongmeng Liu,&nbsp;Jiubin Tan","doi":"10.1063/5.0124010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0124010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When implementing the traditional assembly method, the rotor is affected by machining errors. The morphology of the rotor is complex, and the machining error of the rotors at all levels are transmitted step by step through the stop mating surface, which affects the performance and service life of the aero-engine. The evaluation of machining error of single-stage rotor is the basis of assembly quality of multi-stage rotor. In order to improve the current situation of complicated and time-consuming rotor machining error evaluation, this paper proposes to establish a deep belief neural network (DBNN) to replace the traditional procedure of depolarization. The network takes the relative evaluation error of the rotor profile data without depolarization as the input and takes the machining error of the rotors obtained after depolarization as the output. First, the evaluation mechanism of the rotor's machining error is analyzed, and the corresponding machining error influence source is selected as the input source of the deep belief neural network. Second, as DBNN is trained, and the appropriate weight initialization method and the optimization algorithm of the prediction network are selected to ensure the optimization of the whole network for feature mapping extraction of the training set. Finally, the assembly of multi-stage rotors is simulated and analyzed. It is shown in the experiments that after the iteration, the prediction network, with good training effects, has converged, and its prediction results tend to be consistent with the real values. The mean prediction error of the concentricity is 0.09 µm while the mean difference of angle of concentricity error value is 0.77°, and the mean difference of perpendicularity error value is 0.21 µm while the mean difference of angle of perpendicularity error value is 1.4°, the corresponding R² determination coefficients were 0.99, 0.98, 0.91, and 0.94, respectively. It meets the requirements of field assembly and fully embodies the effectiveness of the procedure of depolarization based on deep confidence neural network.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"115108"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40462995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A biophotonic platform for quantitative analysis in the spatial, spectral, polarimetric, and goniometric domains.","authors":"Hampus Månefjord,&nbsp;Meng Li,&nbsp;Christian Brackmann,&nbsp;Nina Reistad,&nbsp;Anna Runemark,&nbsp;Jadranka Rota,&nbsp;Benjamin Anderson,&nbsp;Jeremie T Zoueu,&nbsp;Aboma Merdasa,&nbsp;Mikkel Brydegaard","doi":"10.1063/5.0095133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0095133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advanced instrumentation and versatile setups are needed for understanding light interaction with biological targets. Such instruments include (1) microscopes and 3D scanners for detailed spatial analysis, (2) spectral instruments for deducing molecular composition, (3) polarimeters for assessing structural properties, and (4) goniometers probing the scattering phase function of, e.g., tissue slabs. While a large selection of commercial biophotonic instruments and laboratory equipment are available, they are often bulky and expensive. Therefore, they remain inaccessible for secondary education, hobbyists, and research groups in low-income countries. This lack of equipment impedes hands-on proficiency with basic biophotonic principles and the ability to solve local problems with applied physics. We have designed, prototyped, and evaluated the low-cost Biophotonics, Imaging, Optical, Spectral, Polarimetric, Angular, and Compact Equipment (BIOSPACE) for high-quality quantitative analysis. BIOSPACE uses multiplexed light-emitting diodes with emission wavelengths from ultraviolet to near-infrared, captured by a synchronized camera. The angles of the light source, the target, and the polarization filters are automated by low-cost mechanics and a microcomputer. This enables multi-dimensional scatter analysis of centimeter-sized biological targets. We present the construction, calibration, and evaluation of BIOSPACE. The diverse functions of BIOSPACE include small animal spectral imaging, measuring the nanometer thickness of a bark-beetle wing, acquiring the scattering phase function of a blood smear and estimating the anisotropic scattering and the extinction coefficients, and contrasting muscle fibers using polarization. We provide blueprints, component list, and software for replication by enthusiasts and educators to simplify the hands-on investigation of fundamental optical properties in biological samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40464365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of emissivity and temperature for polarized long-wavelength infrared light from tungsten under simulating tokamak conditions.","authors":"Shuangbao Shu,&nbsp;Tianqi Wu,&nbsp;Ziqiang Yang,&nbsp;Jianhua Yang,&nbsp;Yuzhong Zhang,&nbsp;Ziyi Wang,&nbsp;Huajun Liang","doi":"10.1063/5.0101504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tungsten is regarded as the baseline first wall material in tokamaks. This work provides a polarized method for measuring the emissivity and temperature of the tungsten using an infrared camera and a polarizer under simulating tokamak conditions. In the experiment, a polarizer with an adjustable polarization direction is set up in front of an infrared camera. A rotatable fixture is used to fix the sample and change the angle between the surface and the normal. The sample is rotated from 0° to 80°, and the polarized emissivity first increases and then decreases with increasing rotation angle. The uncertainty in emissivity resulting from this polarized method and non-polarized method is analyzed. To compare the effects of the polarized method and the non-polarized method, the rotation angle is adjusted to 0°, and a fitting model is used to describe the relationship between emissivity and temperature. Errors between the calculated temperature and measured temperature are used as a scale, and the polarized method improves the accuracy of temperature measurement. This polarized method provides a technical way to measure the emissivity and temperature in a tokamak and can be applied in other similar applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113532"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40547655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced technique for measuring relative length changes under control of temperature and helium-gas pressure.","authors":"Y Agarmani,&nbsp;S Hartmann,&nbsp;J Zimmermann,&nbsp;E Gati,&nbsp;C Delleske,&nbsp;U Tutsch,&nbsp;B Wolf,&nbsp;M Lang","doi":"10.1063/5.0099412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0099412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the realization of an advanced technique for measuring relative length changes ΔL/L of mm-sized samples under the control of temperature (T) and helium-gas pressure (P). The system, which is an extension of the apparatus described in the work of Manna et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 085111 (2012)], consists of two ⁴He-bath cryostats, each of which houses a pressure cell and a capacitive dilatometer. The interconnection of the pressure cells, the temperature of which can be controlled individually, opens up various modes of operation to perform measurements of ΔL/L under the variation of temperature and pressure. Special features of this apparatus include the possibility (1) to increase the pressure to values far in excess of the external pressure reservoir, (2) to substantially improve the pressure stability during temperature sweeps, (3) to enable continuous pressure sweeps with both decreasing and increasing pressure, and (4) to simultaneously measure the dielectric constant of the pressure-transmitting medium, viz., helium, ε_r ^He(T,P), along the same T-P trajectory as that used for taking the ΔL(T, P)/L data. The performance of the setup is demonstrated by measurements of relative length changes (ΔL/L)_T at T = 180 K of single crystalline NaCl upon continuously varying the pressure in the range 6 ≤ P ≤ 40 MPa.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113902"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of design approaches for the implementation of low-frequency noise measurement systems.","authors":"G Scandurra,&nbsp;C Ciofi,&nbsp;J Smulko,&nbsp;H Wen","doi":"10.1063/5.0116589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0116589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electronic noise has its roots in the fundamental physical interactions between matter and charged particles, carrying information about the phenomena that occur at the microscopic level. Therefore, Low-Frequency Noise Measurements (LFNM) are a well-established technique for the characterization of electron devices and materials and, compared to other techniques, they offer the advantage of being non-destructive and of providing a more detailed view of what happens in the matter during the manifestation of physical or chemical phenomena. For this reason, LFNM acquire particular importance in the modern technological era in which the introduction of new advanced materials requires in-depth and thorough characterization of the conduction phenomena. LFNM also find application in the field of sensors, as they allow to obtain more selective sensing systems even starting from conventional sensors. Performing meaningful noise measurements, however, requires that the background noise introduced by the measurement chain be much smaller than the noise to be detected and the instrumentation available on the market does not always meet the specifications required for reaching the ultimate sensitivity. Researchers willing to perform LFNM must often resort to the design of dedicated instrumentation in their own laboratories, but their cultural background does not necessarily include the ability to design, build, and test dedicated low noise instrumentation. In this review, we have tried to provide as much theoretical and practical guidelines as possible, so that even researchers with a limited background in electronic engineering can find useful information in developing or customizing low noise instrumentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"111101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and initial results of 320 GHz interferometer system in Heliotron J.","authors":"P Zhang,&nbsp;S Ohshima,&nbsp;H Zhao,&nbsp;C Deng,&nbsp;S Kobayashi,&nbsp;S Kado,&nbsp;T Minami,&nbsp;R Matoike,&nbsp;A Miyashita,&nbsp;A Iwata,&nbsp;Y Kondo,&nbsp;D Qiu,&nbsp;C Wang,&nbsp;M Luo,&nbsp;S Konoshima,&nbsp;S Inagaki,&nbsp;H Okada,&nbsp;T Mizuuchi,&nbsp;K Nagasaki","doi":"10.1063/5.0101808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new 320 GHz solid-state source interferometer is installed in the Heliotron J helical device to explore the physics of high-density plasmas (ne > 2-3 × 10¹⁹ m^-3, typically) realized with advanced fueling techniques. This interferometry system is of the Michelson type and is based on the heterodyne principle, with two independent solid-state sources that can deliver an output power of up to 50 mW. A high time resolution measurement of <1 µs can be derived by tuning the frequency of one source in the frequency range of 312-324 GHz on the new system, which can realize the fluctuation measurement. We successfully measured the line-averaged electron density in high-density plasma experiments. The measured density agreed well with a microwave interferometer measurement using a different viewing chord, demonstrating that the new system can be used for routine diagnostics of electron density in Heliotron J.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40548152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topography of bent crystals with microradian resolution in one dimension.","authors":"N R Pereira,&nbsp;A T Macrander,&nbsp;E C Harding","doi":"10.1063/5.0098994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0098994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Optimum performance in x-ray imaging and spectroscopy of plasmas with bent crystals is achievable only when the crystal reflects the x rays theoretically perfectly across its entire surface. However, typical thin quartz (101̄1) crystal samples kept flat by direct attachment to a flat substrate reflect 8 keV x rays differently across their surface, on a scale comparable to the ideal rocking curve. Additional processing improves the uniformity. Irradiation of flat crystals with collimated, monochromatic x rays in rocking curve topography shows such problems directly, with microradian resolution. Nonuniform x-ray reflection is more difficult to document for strongly bent crystals because, then, monochromatic, collimated x rays satisfy the Bragg condition only along a narrow stripe that may be too narrow to resolve with the available cameras. However, it can be resolved with a knife edge that moves through the reflected x rays with the necessary spatial precision as demonstrated here for a bent silicon crystal. This shows qualitatively similar imperfections in the reflection as flat quartz and as the bent quartz analyzers reported on previously with lower resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113538"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40549123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A warm hug from a robot: A dual-mode e-skin with programming compliance.","authors":"Zhe Liu,&nbsp;Diansheng Chen,&nbsp;Junlin Ma,&nbsp;Zhenyang Shen,&nbsp;Tianhao Wu,&nbsp;Zining Jia,&nbsp;Yongkang Jiang","doi":"10.1063/5.0112754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0112754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent achievements in the field of electronic skin (e-skin) have provided promising technology for service robots. However, the development of a bionic perception system that exhibits superior performance in terms of safety and interaction quality remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate a biomimetic soft e-skin that is composed of an array of capacitors and air pouches. It is a single platform that shows dual-mode sensing capabilities of tactile sensing and proximity perception. We optimized the shape and area of the electrode via simulation of the approach of a robot to an object. Moreover, the compliance and temperature of the e-skin can be actively adjusted by tuning the pressure and heat of the air inside the pouches. The e-skin provided dual-mode sensing feedback and soft touch for humanoid service robots, for example, when a robot hugged a man, which illustrated the potential of this e-skin for applications in human-robot interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"115007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40549124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A wide-angle X-ray scattering laboratory setup for tracking phase changes of thin films in a chemical vapor deposition chamber.","authors":"Karol Vegso,&nbsp;Ashin Shaji,&nbsp;Michaela Sojková,&nbsp;Lenka Príbusová Slušná,&nbsp;Tatiana Vojteková,&nbsp;Jana Hrdá,&nbsp;Yuriy Halahovets,&nbsp;Martin Hulman,&nbsp;Matej Jergel,&nbsp;Eva Majková,&nbsp;Jörg Wiesmann,&nbsp;Peter Šiffalovič","doi":"10.1063/5.0104673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0104673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) are an attractive class of materials due to their unique and tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties, controlled by the layer number, crystal orientation, grain size, and morphology. One of the most commonly used methods for synthesizing the few-layer TMD materials is the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Therefore, it is crucial to develop in situ inspection techniques to observe the growth of the few-layer TMD materials directly in the CVD chamber environment. We demonstrate such an in situ observation on the growth of the vertically aligned few-layer MoS₂ in a one-zone CVD chamber using a laboratory table-top grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) setup. The advantages of using a microfocus X-ray source with focusing Montel optics and a single-photon counting 2D X-ray detector are discussed. Due to the position-sensitive 2D X-ray detector, the orientation of MoS₂ layers can be easily distinguished. The performance of the GIWAXS setup is further improved by suppressing the background scattering using a guarding slit, an appropriately placed beamstop, and He gas in the CVD reactor. The layer growth can be monitored by tracking the width of the MoS₂ diffraction peak in real time. The temporal evolution of the crystallization kinetics can be satisfactorily described by the Avrami model, employing the normalized diffraction peak area. In this way, the activation energy of the particular chemical reaction occurring in the CVD chamber can be determined.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113909"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40558513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"(Cd,Mg)Te crystals for picosecond-response optical-to-x-ray radiation detectors.","authors":"J Cheng,&nbsp;G Chen,&nbsp;D Chakraborty,&nbsp;S Kutcher,&nbsp;J Wen,&nbsp;H Chen,&nbsp;S Trivedi,&nbsp;Roman Sobolewski","doi":"10.1063/5.0101831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0101831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We demonstrate a photodetector sensitive to both optical and x-ray picosecond pulses based on our in-house grown cadmium magnesium telluride (Cd,Mg)Te single crystal. Specifically, we developed In-doped Cd_0.96Mg_0.04Te material and discuss its femtosecond optical photoresponse, as well as the detector performance, such as <100-pA dark current and up to 0.22-mA/W responsivity for 780-nm wavelength optical radiation. The detector exposed to Ti fluorescence (K alpha) x-ray pulses at 4.5 keV, generated by a free-electron laser beam with the central energy of 9.8 keV and <100 fs pulse width, exhibited readout-electronics-limited 200-ps full-width-at-half-maximum photoresponse, demonstrating that it is suitable for coarse timing in free-electron laser x-ray/optical femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":519534,"journal":{"name":"The Review of scientific instruments","volume":" ","pages":"113104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40559013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}