Morphology最新文献

{"title":"Allomorphy without context specification: a case study of Czech adjectival stems","authors":"Pavel Caha, Karen De Clercq, Guido Vanden Wyngaerd","doi":"10.1007/s11525-024-09430-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-024-09430-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper investigates stem-marker allomorphy in Czech adjectives. It shows that an analysis based on the frequently used context-sensitive rules comes at the expense of having to postulate widespread accidental homophony or disjunctive rules. The paper further demonstrates that the allomorphy can be accounted for within an approach based on portmanteau realisation of features, specifically the version of Nanosyntax proposed in Starke (2018), although alternative implementations are conceivable. Along the way, we explore a fine-grained decomposition of adjectival meaning and we also discuss the implications of these observations for the general issues surrounding context-sensitive rules compared to other systems of dealing with allomorphy.</p>","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142261615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"French liaison is allomorphy, not allophony: evidence from lexical statistics","authors":"Benjamin Storme","doi":"10.1007/s11525-024-09429-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-024-09429-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The exact nature of French liaison as a phonological or morphological alternation is still debated. Under the phonological analysis, liaison is allophony: liaison consonants are special phonemes that alternate between a consonant allophone and zero (e.g., [t] ∼ ∅), the zero allophone being derived from the consonant phoneme through deletion (/t/ → ∅). Under the morphological analysis, liaison is allomorphy: liaison words have two underlyingly listed allomorphs, a consonant-final allomorph and a shorter allomorph that lacks this consonant (e.g., <i>grand</i> ‘great’ /gʁɑ̃t, gʁɑ̃/). This paper uses evidence from lexical statistics to arbitrate between these two analyses. The form without liaison consonant (and with deletion, under the phonological analysis) has been found in previous research to become less likely with increasing lexical frequency. The paper shows that this is problematic for the phonological analysis of French liaison, as deletion typically applies more frequently in high-frequency words across languages. The paper further shows, using evidence from a large lexical database, that words involved in liaison alternations generally have lower type frequency but higher token frequency than non-liaison words when phonotactic and morphological effects on lexical frequency are controlled for. This result is in line with the predictions of the morphological analysis, as allomorphy typically involves a relatively small number of words that occur frequently. Due to its empirical nature, this argument constitutes to date one of the strongest arguments in favor of the morphological analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142209928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electron microscopy study of left ventricular cardiomyocytes in adult rats born preterm","authors":"V. Ivanova","doi":"10.17816/morph.631920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/morph.631920","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is a risk factor for the early development of cardiovascular diseases. To date, based on the results of clinical studies, it is impossible to get a notion of the ultrastructural features of cardiomyocytes in adolescents and adults born prematurely. In this regard, it is relevant to conduct an experiment aimed at studying the effect of preterm birth on the ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes in the late postnatal period of ontogenesis. \u0000AIM: to study the ultrastructure of left ventricular cardiomyocytes in 24-hour premature rats on the 180th day of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. \u0000METHODS: The study was conducted on full-term (n=4, pregnancy duration 22 days) and preterm (n=4, pregnancy duration 21 days) male Wistar rats. Preterm labor was induced by mifepristone injection to pregnant rats. Preterm and full-term offspring were removed from the experiment on the 180th day of the postnatal period of ontogenesis. Fragments of the left ventricle of the heart of preterm and full-term rats were used for ultrastructural studies of cardiomyocytes (transmission electron microscopy). Electron microphotographs of longitudinal sections of contractile cardiomyocytes used to determination of the relative areas of the nucleus, cytoplasm, myofibrils, and mitochondria. \u0000RESULTS: The structure of cardiomyocytes of preterm and full-term rats on the 180th day of the postnatal period is fundamentally similar. However, the relative area of the nuclei of cardiomyocytes in preterm rats is lower, and the relative area of the cytoplasm is higher than in full-term animals. Exclusively in the cytoplasm of preterm rats, perinuclear swelling of the cytoplasm, thinning of myofibrils, as well as signs of mitochondrial damage or dysfunction, such as destruction of mitochondrial membranes, concentric organization of mitochondrial cristae, dissociation of mitochondrial clusters, are observed. \u0000CONCLUSION: Preterm birth has long-lasting effects on cardiomyocyte ultrastructure. The observed ultrastructural changes indicate a disturbance in energy production in the cardiomyocytes of preterm rats in the late postnatal period of ontogenesis.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INFLAMMAGING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GYNECOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY. STARTING POINT","authors":"M.V. Averyanova, P. Vishnyakova, Victoria V. Kiseleva, Valentiva Vtorushina, L. Krechetova, A. Elchaninov, T. Fatkhudinov, S. V. Yureneva","doi":"10.17816/morph.633989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/morph.633989","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: It is known that the aging of the immune system in individuals of both sexes is a natural process of ontogenesis, and in women it is apparently identified with the entry into postmenopause and a decrease in ovarian function. \u0000AIM: To study immune blood parameters in peri- and early postmenopausal women. \u0000METHODS: The single-center, cross-sectional study included 50 women aged 45 to 59 years in the phase of reproductive aging, peri- and early postmenopause. Major subpopulations of blood cells such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, T helper cells, NK cells, B lymphocytes, classical, non-classical and intermediate monocytes, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory markers on the isolated monocyte populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. A multiplex assay was used to detect 27 plasma cytokines. \u0000RESULTS: Reproductive aging in women during the transition stage of reproductive aging from peri- to postmenopause is accompanied by an increase in the monocyte-associated inflammatory reaction and humoral response, which is expressed in the redistribution of the monocyte population towards non-classical monocytes (p = 0.034) and an increase in the level of B-lymphocytes by 1.8 times (p=0.023), as well as a significant (p=0.022) increase in the level of MCP-1, a marker associated with inflammation. \u0000CONCLUSION: Considering the pro-inflammatory nature of changes associated with immune aging in women, it seems preferable to start “early” menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) during perimenopause.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141806163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The life and legacy of Yakov Lvovich Rapoport: the great pathologist and his contribution to medicine","authors":"M. Mnikhovich, P. A. Akhsanova, I. A. Shiripenko, T. V. Bezuglova, D. D. Protsenko, M. V. Lozina, Pavel Olegovich Gromov, Oleg Evgenievich Ostanin","doi":"10.17816/morph.629018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/morph.629018","url":null,"abstract":"Yakov Lvovich Rapoport is an outstanding Soviet pathologist, professor, who made a significant contribution to the development of medical science, and also left an indelible mark in the literature with his memoirs about the Doctors' Trial of 1953. This article discusses his contribution to the development of pathology, as well as examples of his scientific achievements. The authors of the article analyze the works by Ya. L. Rapoport, devoted to the study of immunopathological processes in the human body, pathomorphosis, as well as cardiomyopathies. The article describes the contribution of Ya. L. Rapoport to the development of new methods for diagnosing various diseases, as well as to the creation of new approaches to the study of pathological processes. The experience of scientific research and teaching at various medical institutes of Ya. L. Rapoport makes his research multifaceted. Separately, the article describes the turning points in the life of Ya. L. Rapoport. The early years of Ya. L. Rapoport’s life are interesting because of the choice between a creative career and medicine. In addition, participation in the Great Patriotic War left a big imprint on the scientist’s personal life and career. Also, a great tragedy - appearing in the Doctors' Trial of 1953 - changed the personality of Ya. L. Rapoport himself, as well as the relationships within his family, according to the descriptions in his memoirs. The scientific career and research interests of Ya. L. Rapoport from that moment also proceeded differently. The daughters of Yakov Lvovich Rapoport, Noemi Yakovlevna and Natalya Yakovlevna, in their articles, notes and books, cited vivid memories of various moments in their father’s life, which was also reflected in the text of the article.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141809323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pluralization palette: unveiling semantic clusters in English nominal pluralization through distributional semantics","authors":"Elnaz Shafaei-Bajestan, Masoumeh Moradipour-Tari, Peter Uhrig, R. Harald Baayen","doi":"10.1007/s11525-024-09428-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-024-09428-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using distributional semantics, we show that English nominal pluralization exhibits semantic clusters. For instance, the change in semantic space from singulars to plurals differs depending on whether a word denotes, e.g., a fruit, or an animal. Languages with extensive noun classes such as Swahili and Kiowa distinguish between these kind of words in their morphology. In English, even though not marked morphologically, plural semantics actually also varies by semantic class. A semantically informed method, CosClassAvg, is introduced that is compared to two other methods, one implementing a fixed shift from singular to plural, and one creating plural vectors from singular vectors using a linear mapping (FRACSS). Compared to FRACSS, CosClassAvg predicted plural vectors that were more similar to the corpus-extracted plural vectors in terms of vector length, but somewhat less similar in terms of orientation. Both FRACSS and CosClassAvg outperform the method using a fixed shift vector to create plural vectors, which does not do justice to the intricacies of English plural semantics. A computational modeling study revealed that the observed difference between the plural semantics generated by these three methods carries over to how well a computational model of the listener can understand previously unencountered plural forms. Among all methods, CosClassAvg provides a good balance for the trade-off between productivity (being able to understand novel plural forms) and faithfulness to corpus-extracted plural vectors (i.e., understanding the particulars of the meaning of a given plural form).</p>","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Typology of Tonal Exponence","authors":"Nina Hagen Kaldhol","doi":"10.1007/s11525-024-09427-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-024-09427-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a typology of tonal exponence. Couched within an Abstractive Word-and-Paradigm approach to morphology, the present study builds on previous studies on exponence typology and morphological organization by extending it to the study of tone. About half the languages of the world have tone systems, and tone is an important dimension in the morphologies of numerous languages. Tone is therefore a necessary part of a comprehensive typology of exponence. This paper shows that like segmental exponents, tonal exponents may be involved in a diversity of form-function mappings, but they also pose unique challenges due to their autosegmental nature. This study aims to advance our understanding of the role of tone in the organization of morphological systems by addressing deviations from form-function isomorphism, polyfunctionality, morphomic distributions, paradigmatic layers, and inflectional class organization. It is argued that the attested diversity of form-function mappings constitutes an empirical argument for a paradigm-based view of morphology, where the attested diversity is taken at face value and the range of encoding strategies are treated as equivalent, as opposed to choosing form-function isomorphism as the theoretical ‘ideal’.</p>","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141509678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VeLePa: Central Pame verbal inflection in a quantitative perspective","authors":"Borja Herce","doi":"10.1007/s11525-024-09426-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-024-09426-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper reports on the compilation and quantitative analysis of VeLePa, an inflected lexicon containing paradigms of 216 Central Pame verbs and a total of 12528 elicited words, in phonological form, supplied with cell and lexeme frequency information. The language (Otomanguean) is of interest due to both its extraordinary morphological complexity, as well as due to the organization of the inflection into a four-fold concurrent classification system where prefixes, stems, tone-stress, and suffixes all display inflection classes and irregularities which are only partially predictable from each other. A quantitative analysis of morphological predictability as per the Paradigm Cell Filling Problem is conducted for every layer, and for the whole word, as well as of the uncertainties language users face to learn or predict the morphosyntactic values or lexical meaning of a verb form from its morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141254751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphofunctional characteristics оs penis of mammals","authors":"N. Shevlyuk","doi":"10.17816/morph.629340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/morph.629340","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT \u0000The aim of this work was to analyze the issues of the morphofunctional organization of the baculum (os penis) of mammals. In many mammals, to give strength and density to the organ, bone tissue is present in the penis, which forms the bone of the penis (os penis or baculum). This structure is evolutionarily young; it is present only in representatives of the evolutionarily youngest class of vertebrates - the class of mammals. The baculum is present in the penis of both marsupials and representatives of the orders of placental mammals (many rodents, some chiropterans, pinnipeds, cetaceans, some predators, prosimians and some monkeys). Bone tissue is usually located in the anterior region of the penis between the cavernous and spongy bodies. \u0000The baculum is an unpaired bone of an elongated shape; it can have the shape of a rod or plate, straight or curved. In cross-section, in representatives of different species, the bone can be round, square, triangular, or flat. Most often, the baculum is a cylindrical rod, expanded at the base and apex; in the proximal and distal parts there are outgrowths of various shapes. The histogenesis of bone tissue during the formation of the os penis in embryogenesis occurs via indirect osteogenesis. At the site of the future os penis, a cartilaginous model is formed from the mesenchyme, in place of which bone tissue then develops. The basis of the baculum is formed by lamellar bone tissue, in which osteons are well expressed. In the superficial zones of the baculum, coarse fibrous (reticulofibrous) bone tissue, as well as fibrous cartilaginous tissue, was identified. The baculum has been found to increase the overall rigidity of the penis when flexing during copulation. It was revealed that larger baculums are present in mammals, which are characterized by a longer duration of copulation.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the mind map learning technique of english-speaking students on the example of the topic “Anatomy of the brachial plexus”","authors":"I. Piatsko, Alexander Konstantinovich Usovich","doi":"10.17816/morph.628297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/morph.628297","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The issue of teaching brachial plexus anatomy to English-speaking foreign students remains confusing and uncoordinated to these days due to significant differences in the presentation of material in translated educational literature by Russian-language authors and atlases, textbooks, and manuals used in other countries. The purpose is to study the mind maps learning technique and identify the advantages of its use when teaching as a process using the example of the topic “Brachial plexus anatomy.” for medical foreign students Materials and methods. The materials were researches in the subject area of compiling mind maps, textbooks, atlases and manuals, workshops, workbooks of human anatomy for students of medical universities in Russian and English from sections that describing brachial plexus anatomy , and personal experience of using mind maps . Results. the example of using a mind map in human anatomy classes is given in accordance with modern anatomical terminology, the analysis of discrepancies in the description of the brachial plexus anatomy in Russian and English-language anatomical schools was carried out, and the advantages of their use in teaching medical foreign students were identified.","PeriodicalId":51849,"journal":{"name":"Morphology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}