Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the essential need for developing COVID-19 vaccines in the Philippines.","authors":"Dalmacito A Cordero","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.260","url":null,"abstract":"I am interested in the recent article published in this journal regarding the experience of developing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in Iran. The authors appropriately presented the necessity of widespread public vaccination during health crises. They emphasized that vaccine development was a complex process that requires firm-level capabilities, various infrastructures, long-term planning, and stable and efficient policies [1]. In this regard, the Philippines can learn from the vaccine development experience of Iran since both are categorized as developing countries. At the same time, the government has finally started planning to establish its vaccine development plan to address the shortage/unavailability of vaccines and vaccine hesitancy among local citizens. In the current data reported to the World Health Organization, there have been 4,076,237 confirmed cases of COVID-19, with 66,108 deaths from 3 January 2020 to 28 February 2023. These alarming figures could have been prevented, especially the number of deaths if the first dose of vaccines had arrived earlier or had been available during the first months of the pandemic. Unfortunately, the first tranche of CoronaVac vaccine doses from China’s Sinovac Biotech arrived after almost a year, in February 2021, making it one of the last countries in Southeast Asia to start vaccinating its residents [2]. In the same way, even if vaccines were already available, many locals are hesitant to get inoculated due to several reasons and myths, such as the life span of those who are vaccinated is shortened; vaccines are viewed as unnecessary and insufficient to prevent disease; the young ones do not need the vaccines, but only those at high risk, especially the elderly and persons with comorbidities; the vaccine can give you COVID-19 since it contains the virus; the vaccine can cause infertility among women, persons with an allergy should not get the vaccine, and other participants cited that other countries did not recognize a specific brand. Thus, they are ineffective [3,4]. If vaccines are locally manufactured and explained well in Filipino culture and tradition, then there is the possibility of more acceptance and addressing the hesitancy. Just like in Iran, where the development of the COVID-19 vaccine was accelerated due to simultaneous cooperation and competition of various research centers/companies, and there was enough government financial/regulatory support [1], these same factors must also be given priority in the Philippines. It is good that several research centers have started to work hard for its cause, like the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, the National Institutes of Health, and the Re© Korean Vaccine Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduc","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"260-261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a8/31/cevr-12-260.PMC10435769.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine hesitancy: acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in Pakistan.","authors":"Sheze Haroon Qazi,&nbsp;Saba Masoud,&nbsp;Miss Ayesha Usmani","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The delay in acceptance or refusal to get vaccinated despite the availability of services is called vaccine hesitancy. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative in Pakistan faced consistent barriers preventing the eradication of the disease in the country. Similarly with the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic mass vaccination drives were initiated to a vaccine hesitant population. The aim of this study is to explore the prevalence and reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Pakistani population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study conducted during July to September 2021 using a snowball sampling technique targeting the adult population of Pakistan. The modified version of the vaccine hesitancy questionnaire related to the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization Vaccine Hesitancy matrix was distributed online.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 973 participants, 52.4% were immediately willing to take the vaccine and constituted the acceptance group whereas the remaining 47.6% who were still not sure formed the hesitant group. Support from leaders was found to be statistically significant for the difference between the hesitant and acceptance groups (p-value=0.027). Hesitant people were concerned about the effectiveness of the vaccine (60.9%) and potential side effects (57.9%) as it was not sufficiently tested prior to launch (44.7%). Age and education were significant factors affecting the acceptance of vaccination. The most trusted source of information regarding vaccination was health care workers (43.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A moderately high prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was reported in Pakistan. To overcome it, policymakers need to address the reasons for it. Leaders, celebrities, and healthcare workers can play an instrumental role in dispelling conspiracy theories regarding vaccines and making the vaccination drive a success.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"209-215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/10/f2/cevr-12-209.PMC10435776.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenic characterization of AlPO₄ adsorbed Td vaccine and liposome-mediated Td vaccine.","authors":"Remees Shuhsadhe,&nbsp;Junise Vazhayil,&nbsp;Heyam Saad Ali,&nbsp;Hiba Orsud,&nbsp;Ahmed Elmontaser Omer Mergani","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to compare the antigenic potency and stability of tetanus and diphtheria (Td) vaccines when combined with aluminum phosphate (AlPO₄) and liposome adjuvants.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong><i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> analyses were conducted using the single radial immunodiffusion method and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Td vaccines were prepared with AlPO₄ adsorption and liposome-mediated delivery, and protein antigens were characterized using these methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that the liposome-mediated Td vaccines exhibited higher immunogenicity compared to the AlPO₄-adsorbed Td vaccines. Additionally, the liposome-mediated Td vaccines demonstrated higher stability as native antigens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the importance of utilizing liposome adjuvants in vaccine development. The liposome-mediated Td vaccines showed enhanced immunogenicity and stability, making them a promising approach for improving vaccine efficacy. Understanding and optimizing adjuvant strategies can contribute to the development of effective vaccines against various diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"232-239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/f6/cevr-12-232.PMC10435775.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10105482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals.","authors":"Ahmad Mohammad Allam,&nbsp;Mohamed Karam Elbayoumy,&nbsp;Alaa Abdelmoneam Ghazy","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The world has watched the emergence of numerous animal viruses that may threaten animal health which were added to the perpetual growing list of animal pathogens. This emergence drew the attention of the experts and animal health groups to the fact that it has become necessary to work on vaccine development. The current review aims to explore the perspective vaccines for emerging viral diseases in farm animals. This aim was fulfilled by focusing on modern technologies as well as next generation vaccines that have been introduced in the field of vaccines, either in clinical developments pending approval, or have already come to light and have been applied to animals with acceptable results such as viral-vectored vaccines, virus-like particles, and messenger RNA-based platforms. Besides, it shed the light on the importance of differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals technology in eradication programs of emerging viral diseases. The new science of nanomaterials was explored to elucidate its role in vaccinology. Finally, the role of Bioinformatics or Vaccinomics and its assist in vaccine designing and developments were discussed. The reviewing of the published manuscripts concluded that the use of conventional vaccines is considered an out-of-date approach in eliminating emerging diseases. However, these types of vaccines are considered the suitable plan especially in countries with few resources and capabilities. Piloted vaccines that rely on genetic-based technologies with continuous analyses of current viruses should be the aim of future vaccinology. Smart genomics of emerging viruses will be the gateway to choosing appropriate vaccines, regardless of the evolutionary rates of viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"179-192"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3e/68/cevr-12-179.PMC10435774.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10105484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain antibodies after the second dose of Sinovac and AstraZeneca vaccination.","authors":"Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo,&nbsp;Anita Purnamayanti,&nbsp;Puri Safitri Hanum,&nbsp;Winnie Nirmala Santosa,&nbsp;Ardyan Prima Wardhana,&nbsp;Christina Avanti","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The Sinovac and AstraZeneca vaccines are the primary coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines in Indonesia. Antibody levels in vaccine-injected individuals will decline substantially over time, but data supporting the duration of such responses are limited. Therefore, this study aims to quantitatively evaluate antibody responses resulting from the completion of Sinovac and AstraZeneca administration in Indonesian adults.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Participants were divided into two groups based on their vaccine type. Both groups were then assessed on the anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor binding domain (anti-SRBD) concentrations. The anti-SRBD level was measured using Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assay and analyzed every month until 3 months after the second vaccination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results presented significant differences (p=0.000) in immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers among the vaccines' measurement duration, where all samples observed a decrease in IgG titers over time. The mean titer levels of anti-SRBD IgG in the group given Sinovac were high in the first month after vaccination and decreased by 55.7% in 3 months. AstraZeneca showed lesser immune response with a slower decline rate. Adverse effects following immunization (AEFI) showed that systemic reactions are the most reported in both vaccines, with a higher percentage in the second dose of AstraZeneca type vaccines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sinovac induced more significant titers of anti-SRBD IgG 1 month after the second dose but generated fewer AEFIs. In contrast, AstraZeneca generated more AEFIs, in mild to moderate severity, but provided lower levels of anti-SRBD IgG.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"224-231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5e/b4/cevr-12-224.PMC10435773.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The issue of vaccine refusal: the study of a risky behavior.","authors":"Mikhail Osadchuk,&nbsp;Yuliya Tikhonova,&nbsp;Mariya Krivetskaya","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Influenza is the most common seasonal infectious disease that causes permanent social, economic, and medical problems worldwide. Therefore, the most effective way to prevent influenza is through vaccines. The aim of this study is to identify the influence of factors that determine the refusal of influenza vaccine among three subjects groups.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A survey was conducted amongst the three high-risk groups in 2018-2019 (Moscow, Russia). The survey involved 1,620 parents and pregnant women (group 1), 324 doctors (group 2), and 433 students (group 3). Poor vaccine uptake was observed among respondents in all three groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the survey results, only 22.2% of children and 13.8% of adults were vaccinated against influenza. Group 2 showed increased rates with 36.7% of vaccinated adults and 58.7% of children. The lowest adherence to annual vaccinations was recorded in group 3 (only 17.3%). There is also a negative correlation between adherence to vaccination and smoking (-0.66), unhealthy diet (-0.73), poor oral hygiene (-0.61), and insufficient awareness of the need for influenza vaccine as well (-0.81).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Thus, a general lack of vaccination awareness has a fundamental role in forming a negative attitude toward influenza vaccine. It is necessary to conduct research to promote vaccination against influenza to improve vaccine uptake among high-risk groups, particularly students.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"216-223"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/91/58/cevr-12-216.PMC10435771.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination in patients on chronic hemodialysis.","authors":"Heejung Choi,&nbsp;Sungdam Han,&nbsp;Ji Su Kim,&nbsp;Bumhee Park,&nbsp;Min-Jeong Lee,&nbsp;Gyu-Tae Shin,&nbsp;Heungsoo Kim,&nbsp;Kyongmin Kim,&nbsp;A-Young Park,&nbsp;Ho-Joon Shin,&nbsp;Inwhee Park","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Since patients on hemodialysis (HD) are known to be vulnerable to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many studies were conducted regarding the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine in HD patients in Western countries. Here, we assessed antibody response of HD patients for 6 months post-vaccination to identify the duration and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine in the Asian population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We compared antibody response of the COVID-19 vaccine in HD patients with healthy volunteers. Patient and control groups had two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA-1273, respectively. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured before vaccination, 2 weeks after the first dose, 2 and 4 weeks, 3 and 6 months after the second dose. Neutralizing antibody was measured before vaccination and at 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months after second dose. Since the third dose was started in the middle of the study, we analyzed the effect of the third dose as well.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although antibody production was weaker than the control group (n=22), the patient group (n=39) showed an increase in IgG and neutralizing antibody after two doses. And, 21/39 patients and 14/22 participants had a third dose (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 in the patient group, mRNA-1273 in the control group), and it did not affect antibody response in both group. Trend analysis showed IgG and neutralizing antibody did not decrease over time. Age, sex, and HD vintage did not affect antibody production in HD patients. Patients with higher body mass index displayed better seroresponse, while those on immunosuppressants showed poor seroresponse.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Two doses of vaccination led to significant antibody response in HD patients, and the antibody did not wane until 6 months.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"249-259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cb/e0/cevr-12-249.PMC10435770.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with parental intention to vaccinate their preschool children against COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey in urban area of Jakarta, Indonesia.","authors":"Theresia Santi,&nbsp;Badriul Hegar,&nbsp;Zakiudin Munasir,&nbsp;Ari Prayitno,&nbsp;Retno Asti Werdhani,&nbsp;Ivo Novita Sah Bandar,&nbsp;Juandy Jo,&nbsp;Ruswati Uswa,&nbsp;Ratna Widia,&nbsp;Yvan Vandenplas","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We reported a survey-based study assessing the parental intention to vaccinate children of 5 to 7 years old against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study is to assess factors influencing the parental intention to vaccinate their children against COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study adopted a cross-sectional design, held at the public health center of Senen district, Jakarta, Indonesia from November 1-30, 2022. The off-line questionnaires were distributed via the school administrator to all eligible parents. Factors associated with intention to vaccinate were analyzed with the regression logistic models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 435 parents in this study, 215 had already vaccinated their children against COVID-19 (49.4%), and the overall intention of the participants to vaccinate was 69.7%. Factors associated with intention to vaccinate the children against COVID-19 were parental employment status, parental COVID-19 vaccine status and concern of contracting COVID-19. Parents who are employed, had completed vaccines with COVID-19 booster vaccine, and had concern of their children contracting COVID-19 were more likely to vaccinate their children (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-3.69; p=0.011; OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.21-3.83; p=0.013; OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.34-4.30; p=0.004, respectively). Concern on the vaccine's side effects was negatively associated with the willingness to vaccinate.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed that childhood COVID-19 vaccine only covered half of the population, with parental intentions for childhood COVID-19 vaccination being high, reaching almost two-thirds of the study participants. Factors influencing parental intentions were employment status, parental COVID-19 vaccine status, concerns about COVID-19 and concerns about vaccine side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"240-248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/53/08/cevr-12-240.PMC10435772.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is SARS-CoV-2 vaccination related Guillain-Barré syndrome really different from that due to other causes?","authors":"Josef Finsterer","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.3.262","url":null,"abstract":"We read with interest the article by Reddy et al. [1] on a literature review of 100 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination-related Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) who were compared with 61 patients with SARSCoV-2 infection related GBS and 925 patients with GBS due to other causes from the International GBS Outcome Study (IGOS). Three-quarters of the vaccinees had limb weakness with sensory deficits, half of the vaccinees facial palsy, and a quarter each dysautonomia and respiratory insufficiency [1]. Severity and pain occurred more frequently with vector-based vaccines compared to messenger RNA-based vaccines [1]. It was concluded that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related GBS more commonly presents with facial palsy and sensory disturbances than GBS due to other causes [1]. The study is compelling but has limitations that should be discussed. The major limitation of the study is the design. A literature review is not the ideal approach to assess whether the clinical presentation and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-related GBS differ from the presentation and outcome of GBS due to other causes. A prospective, multicenter study would be more appropriate to answer the question of interest. Literature reviews also have the disadvantage that the data extracted are incomplete or that the methods used to generate the data differ between the included studies. Another limitation of the study is that the vaccination group was inhomogeneous with regard to vaccine types [1]. Patients in this group had received six different types of vaccines [1]. Different vaccine types might elicit different immune responses and hence different clinical presentations. It is also conceivable that components of the vaccine other than the active ingredient itself could cause GBS. Because pharmaceutical companies use different types of stabilizers, solvents, and preservatives, it is conceivable that these components were responsible for different host immune reactions and hence for different clinical presentations. A third limitation is that the IGOS cohort is heterogeneous regarding the cause of GBS. Homogeneous cohorts are required to compare clinical presentation between two groups. Furthermore, the vaccination group and the control groups should be matched for age, sex, comorbidities, and medications, which was not the case in the index study. GBS with cranial nerve involvement and sensory disturbances also occurs in GBS due to Campylobacter jejuni, cytomegaly, Zika, Epstein-Barr, or Dengue virus [2]. Thus, if other control groups had been used, differences between the cohorts © Korean Vaccine Society. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. K O R E A N V A C C I N E S O","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 3","pages":"262-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/da/ee/cevr-12-262.PMC10435777.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10048881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nondaily dosing schedule of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy: efficacy and safety.","authors":"Heba Wagih Abdelwahab,&nbsp;Amina Abd El-Maksoud","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2023.12.2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7774/cevr.2023.12.2.121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Sublingual immunotherapy is currently promoted by various companies, with administration schedules variable in the different products even though almost all are standardized immunologically. So, this study was planned to examine the efficacy of simple nondaily dosing of sublingual immunotherapy instead of the widely used daily schedule.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifty-two patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma were enrolled. Sublingual immunotherapy (manufactured at the allergen immunotherapy preparation unit at Mansoura University) was given in suitable bottles with a dropper mechanism that permits comfortable dosing under the tongue. The physician recommended that the patient put the drops under his/her tongue and leave the drops beneath the tongue for 2 minutes before swallowing. This was repeated every 3 days, with the drop number and concentration gradually rising.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After 2 months of follow-up, 65.8% responded partially to the symptom score and 26.3% responded completely to the medication score. There was a significant decline in the symptom and medication scores from the baseline scores (p<0.0001). After 4 months of follow-up, 95.8% responded partially to symptom scores and no one has not responded; 54.2% responded completely to medication scores; and 81% of studied patients had no side effects. However, the most frequent side effect was a sore throat.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our nondaily schedule of sublingual immunotherapy is tolerable, safe, and effective in patients with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"12 2","pages":"121-126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ee/4f/cevr-12-121.PMC10193104.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9502825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}