Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research最新文献

{"title":"Cervical cancer awareness and vaccine hesitancy with respect to HPV vaccination in urban community of Faridabad, Haryana, India.","authors":"Abhishek Jaiswal, Pooja Goyal, Sneha Kumari, Dhairya Aggarwal","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e20","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess cervical cancer awareness and willingness to receive HPV vaccination among females aged 9-45 years in an urban community of Faridabad, Haryana, India.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 302 female residents of Prem Nagar, Faridabad. Participants were assessed for their knowledge about cervical cancer and their willingness for HPV vaccination, screened for cervical cancer-related symptoms, and those symptomatic were referred for appropriate diagnostic evaluation. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and associations between variables were tested using chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 27.14 (standard deviation, 8.32) years; most were married 239 (79.1%). Awareness of cervical cancer was low, with only 73 (24.2%) having heard of the disease and very limited knowledge of its etiology and prevention. Awareness of HPV vaccination was extremely poor 32 (10.6%). Despite this, 219 (72.5%) expressed willingness to receive the vaccine. The main barriers among those unwilling 83 (27.5%) were lack of interest or motivation 44 (53.0%) and limited decision-making autonomy 25 (30.1%), while fear and knowledge deficits were less common.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Awareness regarding cervical cancer and HPV vaccination was markedly inadequate in this urban community; however, willingness to accept vaccination was high. Further rollout of vaccination by government, targeted health education, community engagement, and empowerment of women in health decision-making could substantially improve vaccine uptake and prevent cervical cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 3","pages":"209-215"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective study on the safety and clinical effectiveness of rabies monoclonal antibodies for post exposure prophylaxis in suspected rabies exposures at the anti-rabies clinic of KIMS Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore.","authors":"Ravish Haradanhalli, Sowmyashree U, Poornima M K, Divya Bharathi G","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e16","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) will offer immediate passive protection after exposure to suspected rabid animals. These include human RIG and equine RIG, both having constraints for usage. Recombinant technology produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated greater availability and safety as a substitute for RIG in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Presently 2 mAb products have been merchandised; World Health Organization has advised monitoring of both the rabies monoclonal antibodies (RmAb) products' in clinical use. To assess the safety and clinical effectiveness of RmAbs for PEP in category III animal exposures.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>All patients with category III exposure who visited the study site and gave their consent were included. A case record form was used to gather information on the sociodemographic profile, bite wound features, PEP given, and specifics of adverse events that occurred after PEP. For a further 6 months, all the research participants were monitored to determine the clinical effectiveness of PEP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The present study included 475 animal bite victims. Among them 41.2% were children, 49.7% were adults and 9.1% were elderly. The adverse events (AEs) among single mAb and cocktail of 2 mAbs were 8.7% and 8.1%, respectively. All the patients who received either of the RmAb experienced mild AEs that resolved on their own or by symptomatic treatment, without any complications. All the trial participants were alive after 6 months following PEP, indicating therapeutic success.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presently available RmAbs are safe and clinically effective in preventing rabies in suspected exposures.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 3","pages":"196-201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446999/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of influenza vaccination on the clinical severity of influenza among children aged 6 months to 6 years living in the community: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Xiaoman Cai, Ailing Zhang, Shiyou Luo, Xiubin Ma, Bin Wang, Xueying Meng, Yaoting Su","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e19","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Evidence on whether influenza vaccination reduces disease severity in children with breakthrough infections in community settings is limited.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective study enrolled 388 children (aged 6 months-6 years) diagnosed with influenza at a community health center in Shenzhen from May 2024 to October 2025. Participants were grouped by vaccination status within the prior year: vaccinated (n=196) and unvaccinated (n=192). Clinical characteristics, healthcare utilization, and outcomes were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vaccinated children showed significantly lower peak body temperature (38.81°C±0.58°C vs. 39.03°C±0.64°C), shorter fever duration (2.01±1.21 days vs. 2.45±1.55 days), and fewer symptoms like myalgia and gastrointestinal issues (all p<0.01). They also had fewer outpatient visits, lower outpatient costs, and markedly reduced rates of hospitalization (4.1% vs. 21.9%) and antibiotic use (5.6% vs. 15.1%) (all p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Influenza vaccination could mitigate symptoms, reduce hospitalization and antibiotic use, and lessen the healthcare burden from breakthrough infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 3","pages":"202-208"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis B in the vaccine era: persistent burden and clinical implications.","authors":"Cherechi Nwabueze, Eunice Omeludike, Ridwan Lawal, Kedife Nwabueze","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e18","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a leading global cause of advanced liver disease and imposes a substantial economic burden. Early prevention is critical, as perinatally acquired HBV carries a high risk of progression to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatitis B vaccination has been proven effective in preventing cancer, yet coverage of the complete vaccine series remains suboptimal. This implementation gap perpetuates the clinical burden, manifesting decades later as hepatic decompensation and liver cancer. This narrative review synthesizes the current HBV landscape, highlighting how gaps in vaccination policy and delivery contribute to real-world gastrointestinal outcomes. By reframing HBV vaccination as a core component of gastrointestinal and hepatology practice, clinicians can play a pivotal role in preventing cirrhosis and HCC while improving population health.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 3","pages":"187-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microneedle patch technologies in virology: bridging immunization, antiviral therapy, and point-of-care diagnostics.","authors":"Maryam Mohebbi, Mahsa Boogari, Seyed Hamidreza Monavari, Naghmeh Hadidi, Fahimeh Safarnezhad Tameshkel, Mohammad Hadi Karbalaie Niya","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e17","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microneedle patches (MNPs) represent a transformative transdermal delivery platform capable of painlessly penetrating the superficial layers of the skin to enable efficient delivery of vaccines, antiviral therapeutics, genetic payloads, and diagnostic agents. By directly targeting the epidermal and dermal compartments, which are densely populated with antigen-presenting cells, microneedle (MN)-based delivery can enhance immune activation while reducing antigen dose requirements and improving patient acceptability. These attributes are particularly relevant in virology, where rapid, scalable, and user-friendly delivery systems are essential for routine immunization programs, outbreak response, and pandemic preparedness. Recent advances have expanded MN applications beyond vaccination to include controlled antiviral drug delivery, transdermal administration of nucleic acid-based platforms, and minimally invasive viral diagnostics through interstitial fluid sampling. The solid-state stability of many MN formulations further offers the potential to reduce cold-chain dependence, addressing a major logistical barrier in global vaccine distribution. This review critically examines the design principles, immunological rationale, and virology-specific applications of MNP technologies, spanning preventive, therapeutic, and diagnostic domains. Current translational challenges-including manufacturing scalability, regulatory classification, dose precision, and user variability-are also discussed to provide a balanced assessment of the clinical readiness and future potential of MNPs in virology.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 3","pages":"173-186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148686685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccine development against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>: a PRISMA-guided systematic review of conventional and computational multi-epitope approaches.","authors":"Eldy Akhirul Akbar, Tukiran Tukiran, I Gusti Made Sanjaya, Rudiana Agustini, Muhammad Nurrohman Sidiq","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e15","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb), remains a major global health burden despite widespread Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, which provides inconsistent protection against adult pulmonary TB. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, synthesizes recent advances in TB vaccine development, encompassing conventional live-attenuated and protein subunit vaccines as well as computationally designed multi-epitope vaccines (MEVs). A comprehensive literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2020 and December 2024 identified 847 records, of which 63 met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. Clinical-stage development remains dominated by conventional platforms, with M72/AS01E demonstrating 54% efficacy in a Phase 2b trial and advancing to Phase 3 evaluation, representing the most promising next-generation candidate to date. In parallel, immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology (RV) approaches have enabled rational MEV design, including constructs such as PP13138R and PP19128R, which exhibit strong antigenicity and immunogenicity <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. Novel hypothetical protein antigens, including Rv3899c, Rv1509, Rv0574c, and Rv0790c, have also emerged as potential targets. However, no computationally designed MEV has yet progressed to clinical evaluation, highlighting a significant translational gap between predictive modeling and experimental validation. TB vaccine research is increasingly transitioning toward rational, computationally guided strategies, but integration of computational discovery with rigorous preclinical and clinical validation remains essential to accelerate the development of effective next-generation TB vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"138-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13144740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical design of mRNA vaccines for endemic infectious diseases: integrating antigen discovery with platform engineering.","authors":"Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu, Abdulgafar Olayiwola Jimoh","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e11","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endemic infections and enteric pathogens, among others, persist largely because of their untreatable nature outside the protection afforded by prior exposure, and, to a greater extent, denote control rather than elimination. New developments in antigen identification, structural vaccinology, and systems immunology make it now possible to rationally identify and optimize protective epitopes with a level of confidence that was not possible before. Meanwhile, technological advances in mRNA platform engineering have also promoted the development of scalable, programmable vaccines that can be rapidly modified, cost-effective, and expanded across diverse pathogen landscapes. Here, we provide an overview of progress at the intersection of antigen design and pharmaceutical formulation, exemplifying how sequence engineering, codon optimization, nucleoside modification, and optimized lipid nanoparticle delivery systems contribute to defining the potency, safety, and thermostability of mRNA vaccines. New leading candidates for regionally endemic pathogens are discussed with a focus on matching the immunogen to population-level genetic diversity of hosts, variable antigenicity, and epidemiological patterns. These advancements demonstrate that combining precision antigen identification with mRNA platform technologies may enable rapid development of vaccines appropriate for diseases endemic in relevant settings. Ongoing advancement depends on aligning scientific novelty with manufacturability, access for all, and region-specific public health priorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"101-115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13144743/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of HPV vaccine hesitancy in South Asia: a systematic review.","authors":"Zoha Imtiaz Malik, Abdul Momin Rizwan Ahmad, Sehar Iqbal","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e12","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine hesitancy is a pronounced issue in low- and middle-income countries, including South Asia. The current systematic review focuses on examining vaccine hesitancy determinants, among South Asian countries. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across 2 data bases; PubMed and Scopus, using appropriate search strings, from the years 2018-2025. Articles were screened on the basis of a predefined inclusion criteria. After assessing for these criteria, a total of 29 articles were eligible for inclusion. The data extraction was carried out by 2 independent reviewers, who assessed the study for relevance, scientific rigor, and potential biases, while a third reviewer resolved discrepancies. Findings reported low HPV vaccine uptake across different South Asian countries. It was associated with lack of awareness regarding cervical cancer, HPV, and HPV vaccine, socio- cultural taboos, and religious beliefs, fear of ill effects, and inadequate healthcare guidance and recommendations. Limited access, high vaccination costs, and lack of integration of HPV vaccination within the national immunization programs, further contributed to decreased vaccine acceptance. A multi-pronged strategy, focusing on promoting community level awareness, health professional HPV vaccine training, culturally relevant health education, and policy support, is required to increase HPV vaccine uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"116-137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13144744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunogenicity of anti-rabies vaccines (ARVs) marketed in Sri Lanka: a comparative study.","authors":"Hasanthi Rathnadiwakara, Florence Cliquet, Marine Wasniewski, Jean-Christophe Thibault, Jean-Luc Schereffer, Mayuri Thammitiyagodage, Mohamed Ijas, Dulani Samaranayake, Mangala Gunatilake","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e13","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Several brands of anti-rabies vaccines (ARVs) are used for dog vaccination in Sri Lanka, which have shown major differences in their potency levels. This comparative study was conducted to determine humoral immune response of these ARVs using 2 different animal species. The reliability of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody kit was assessed in comparison to the standard Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) test.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The laboratory animal study was conducted using 3-4 months old sero-negative New Zealand White rabbits. Nine vaccines from 7 producers were tested including 8 monovalent inactivated ARVs: Canvac R® single-dose and multi-dose, Nobivac® Rabies, Rabies Killed® Vaccine, Rabisin®, Defensor 3®, Raksharab® single-dose and multidose, and one bivalent inactivated ARV, Nobivac® RL. Second part was conducted in field dogs. Four vaccines with the highest potencies were selected for this field dog study. Animals were vaccinated subcutaneously with one dose of a selected ARV. Day 0 blood samples were collected just before the vaccination and Day 7, Day 14, and Day 30 samples from rabbits and Day 30 samples from dogs were collected post-vaccination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences of humoral immune response between different vaccines brands were observed in both animal species. The coefficient of concordance between the FAVN test and the ELISA was 54.6% and 85.3% for rabbits and dogs respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The overall results showed that ARVs with proven potency can induce a robust humoral immune response following vaccination. There was a comparatively higher agreement between the FAVN test and the ELISA.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"151-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13144742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147845997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Varicella zoster virus infection and reactivation in a psychiatric ward during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case series analysis.","authors":"Chih-Chia Huang","doi":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e14","DOIUrl":"10.7774/cevr.2026.15.e14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe mental illness (SMI) may increase susceptibility to varicella zoster virus (VZV), but VZV epidemiology in psychiatric wards is poorly described. We reviewed 54 women with SMI in a closed 50-bed psychiatric ward (July 2021-December 2024) and identified 3 varicella and 2 herpes zoster cases during April-October 2023. The varicella attack rate among exposed susceptibles was 6.38%, and herpes zoster incidence was 12.41 per 1,000 person-years. All case patients had received coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination and had prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. These findings highlight infection-control challenges, immune vulnerabilities, and prevention gaps in long-term psychiatric settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":51768,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research","volume":"15 2","pages":"167-172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13144741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}