Strabismus最新文献

{"title":"Outcomes of inferior rectus muscle recession surgery using absorbable versus non-absorbable sutures.","authors":"Diya Shah, Victoria Tang, Saurabh Jain","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2518296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2025.2518296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Inferior rectus (IR) recession surgery is commonly performed for vertical strabismus, yet overcorrection risk remains high (21-50%) due to factors like lower lid retractors, suture dissolution, and muscle tension in thyroid eye disease (TED). This study aims to contribute novel insights by comparing clinical outcomes of IR recession using absorbable and non-absorbable sutures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective study (01/12/20-31/01/23) was conducted at a tertiary referral center on patients undergoing IR recession with absorbable or non-absorbable sutures. The following data were collected: absorbable vs non-absorbable suture use, age at operation, sex, date of operation, surgical indication, presence of TED, adjustable vs non-adjustable suture technique, surgeon training level, number of muscles recessed, IR distance recessed, and time from surgery to final follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-two IR recession procedures were evaluated (26 absorbable, 6 non-absorbable cases) with a mean follow-up of 3.6 months. Both groups achieved similar success in vertical deviation control with no significant difference in success rates for distance (<i>p</i> = .48) or near fixation (<i>p</i> = .21). Overcorrection occurred in 23.1% (absorbable) and 16.7% (non-absorbable) cases, with no statistical difference (<i>p</i> = .61). Logistic regression analysis was performed, which showed that TED (<i>p</i> = .99), surgeon training level (<i>p</i> = .20), adjustable sutures (<i>p</i> = .89) and number of muscles operated on (<i>p</i> = .28) did not significantly impact success for absorbable sutures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrates that IR recession surgeries using absorbable sutures yield outcomes comparable to those using non-absorbable sutures, with no significant difference in success rates and overcorrection rates consistent with existing literature. These findings suggest that absorbable sutures are equally viable in use for IR recession surgeries.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the reliability of anterior segment optical coherence tomography measurements in cases of strabismus reoperations: a tertiary care center study.","authors":"Kamini Singh, Aarushi Saini, Vaishali Tomar, Kanchita Pandey, Mittali Khurana, Tipu Sultan, Subhash Dadeya","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2512788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2025.2512788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objectives:</i> To evaluate the accuracy of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (ASOCT) in measuring the limbal muscle insertion distance (LMID) of previously operated horizontal recti muscles in strabismus reoperations, compared to intraoperative caliper measurements. <i>Methods:</i> Thirty adult patients (60 muscles) undergoing strabismus reoperation of horizontal recti muscles for residual/consecutive strabismus were enrolled. Enrolled subjects underwent preoperative ASOCT measurements of the LMID of previously operated horizontal recti muscles, which were compared with intraoperative caliper values obtained during reoperation. <i>Results:</i> ASOCT successfully imaged 90% of the muscles. The mean LMID for medial rectus (MR) and lateral rectus (LR) measured by ASOCT was 7.96 ± 2.02 mm and 8.74 ± 2.81 mm, respectively, which were within 1 mm of intraoperative caliper measurements (7.93 ± 2.81 mm for MR, 9.03 ± 2.79 mm for LR). Bland-Altman plot showed a strong agreement for MR and a good agreement for LR between the two measured values, with excellent interclass correlation coefficients between the two methods of measurement (MR: 0.96, LR: 0.98; <i>p</i> < .001). <i>Conclusion:</i> In our study, 100% of LMIDs that could be visualized using ASOCT were within 1 mm of their intraoperative measured values. Therefore, ASOCT is a reliable tool for measuring the LMID of previously operated horizontal recti muscles, where the scarred tissue from older surgeries/lost data about previous surgeries makes it difficult for the operating surgeon to plan reoperations.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bupivacaine injections for the treatment of age-related distance esotropia.","authors":"Megan K Wood, Ian B Marsh","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2509490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2025.2509490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose:</i> Bupivacaine injection in the extraocular muscles is an emerging treatment for small angle strabismus. The aim of the study was to identify if it can be used as an effective alternative to surgery in patients with age-related distance esotropia (ARDE). <i>Methods:</i> All patients receiving either strabismus surgery or bupivacaine injections for ARDE at Aintree University Hospital in 2022-2024 were identified through surgical logbooks and electronic records. Electronic records were retrospectively analyzed to collect data on the age, visual acuity, surgical details, complications and pre- and post-operative horizontal deviation in primary gaze at distance and near fixation. Data were also collected on whether patients had any prior and subsequent treatment (prisms, surgery or bupivacaine) and whether they experienced diplopia at follow-up. Complete success was determined as there were no symptoms of diplopia and no need for further treatment. <i>Results:</i> Eight bupivacaine injections (BPX) and 11 lateral rectus resections (LRR) were performed on patients with ARDE. The average follow-up length was 44 and 143 days in the LRR and BPX group, respectively. The LRR group reduced the average horizontal distance deviation from 14 prism diopters (PD) (range 6-20) to 3.9 PD (range 0-8) (1d.p.). 7/11 (64%) of the procedures qualified as a complete success. The BPX group reduced the average horizontal distance deviation from 7.3 PD(1d.p.) (range 6-10) to 4.1 PD (range 1-15) (1d.p.). 5/8 (63%) of the procedures were a complete success. <i>Conclusion:</i> Bupivacaine injection can be used to successfully treat ARDE as an alternative or adjuvant to strabismus surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topical anesthesia strabismus surgery.","authors":"Manjushree Bhate, Akshay Badakere, Craig Donaldson","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2413381","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2413381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Topical anesthesia strabismus surgery is practised in selected surgical situations in the management of adult strabismus. Careful patient selection and patient co-operation throughout the surgery forms the crux of successfully completing the procedure.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To discuss and identify the scope of topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery based on the current level of evidence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search of articles pertaining to the use of topical strabismus surgery was carried out and summarized. The pre-operative considerations and patient counseling, timing of administration of topical anaesthetic, nuances in the surgical technique, benefits and limitations were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patients with relatively smaller angle of deviation, single eye surgery and patients who have not had previous strabismus surgery were preferred candidates for topical strabismus surgery. It offers the additional advantage of performing an adjustable suture technique with a one stage adjustment.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>A pre-operative office room force duction test (FDT) is important both for assessing patient co-operation and from the patient perspective with regards to the level of comfort or discomfort they may experience. The results with regards to the successful completion of the procedure and its benefits and limitations support the use of topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery in a select few.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review concludes that topical anesthesia strabismus surgery can be the procedure of choice in select surgical situations in the management of adult strabismus.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"118-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic parameters of the amblyopia and risk factors for amblyopia screening protocol in 3-year-olds according to recommendations from the French Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AFSOP) compared with reference ophthalmological examination: the ORTHOPHTALMO study.","authors":"Léopoldine Lequeux, Christelle Bonifas, Anne Alby, Célia Bontron, Camille Brovelli, Justine Huygens, Olivier Norbert, Caroline Pey, Léa Martinez, Dominique Thouvenin Md","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2422418","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2422418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: The ORTHOPHTALMO study aims to evaluate the diagnostic parameters of the screening protocol for amblyopia and risk factors for amblyopia in 3-year-olds recommended in 2019 by the French Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AFSOP). This protocol uses visual acuity, photoscreening refraction, and cover test examination performed by an orthoptist. Patient referral to an ophthalmologist is only according to recommended referral criteria. <i>Methods</i>: A prospective, single-center study was performed between September 2020 and June 2021 on a consecutive series of 3-year-olds consulting the Ophthalmology Centre of Clinique Rive Gauche, Toulouse, France, for vision screening. Patients were first examined by an orthoptist following the screening protocol recommended by AFSOP. All patients were then systematically examined by an ophthalmologist for cycloplegic refraction measurement (reference examination). The ophthalmologist was blinded to the referral conclusion and refraction measurements of the orthoptist. <i>Results</i>: A total of 300 patients (149 girls and 151 boys) were included. Examination by an orthoptist was unreliable/incomplete in 7% of cases. An abnormality was detected by the orthoptist in ≥1 of the screening tests among 42% of patients; these patients were thus considered as requiring referral to an ophthalmologist. Reference ophthalmological examination found 41% of patients required treatment. The diagnostic parameters of this screening protocol were 90% for sensitivity and 89% for specificity. <i>Discussion</i>: We validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the AFSOP screening protocol for detection of amblyopia and risk factors for amblyopia in 3-year-olds as well as the recommended criteria for referral to an ophthalmologist.ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04395560.Number: NCT04395560.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"93-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142591814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of 30 years' experience in the use of botulinum toxin injections in the management of sixth nerve palsies.","authors":"Pia Schneider, Anne Bjerre","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2420707","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2420707","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intrroduction: &lt;/strong&gt;Sixth nerve palsy is the most common type of extraocular muscle palsy. The therapy options in sixth nerve palsies include monitoring with or without conservative treatment, botulinum toxin injections or strabismus surgery. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare botulinum toxin (BT) injections into the medial rectus to conservative treatment in sixth nerve palsies. The rate of patients improved after intervention and treatment outcomes for the two treatment options were be evaluated at a German tertiary referral center.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A service evaluation was conducted on adult patients with sixth nerve palsy. Patient files were reviewed and data including abduction deficit and size of deviation were collected retrospectively. Patients which presented between January 1987 and April 2022 were considered. Patients were allocated into two treatment groups: BT injected into medial rectus or conservative treatment, which included observation, providing occlusion and Fresnel prisms. Inclusion criteria were attendance of two visits with orthoptic assessment. Exclusion criteria included presence of further oculomotor palsies, strabismus, strabismus surgery and suppression. Non-parametric statistical analysis was conducted using IBM® SPSS Statistics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 606 adult patients with unilateral or bilateral sixth nerve palsy attended during the named period. A total of 137 adult patients met the inclusion criteria. Of which, 36 had a bilateral palsy, 101 had a unilateral palsy. 45.26% (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 62) were treated with BT injections and 54.75% (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 75) were treated conservatively. The median initial abduction deficit was greater in the BT group, (-4 to -5 after Scott and Kraft) than in the conservative treatment group (-1). The initial angle of deviation at distance was significantly larger in the BT group than in the conservative treatment group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; =  &lt;0.001). The rate of improvement in the BT group was 24.19% (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 15) and 20% (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 15) in the conservative treatment group. When excluding longstanding palsies rates of improvement in both groups increased to 28.85%. The improvement of the angle of deviation at distance in all patients was greater in the BT group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = &lt;.001). The improvement of abduction in bilateral palsies were greater in the BT group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = .016), but in unilateral palsies, there was no significant difference in abduction improvement in the two treatment groups (OD &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = .3, OS &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = .406).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;This service evaluation found that BT injection into medial rectus in unilateral and bilateral sixth nerve palsies did not increase the rate of improvement compared to conservative treatment. But BT injections reduced the angle of deviation to a greater extent than conservative treatment. Additionally, BT was able to improve abduction in bilateral palsies to a greater extent ","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"84-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142607288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Science mapping and research trends of strabismus: a Scientometric analysis.","authors":"Azadeh Haseli-Mofrad, Zhale Rajavi, Hamideh Sabbaghi, Sina Khosravi Mirzaei","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2410817","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2410817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Aim:</i> To draw and analyze a science map and research trends in the field of strabismus with the method of co-word analysis. <i>Method:</i> In this Scientometric study, all scientific outputs in the field of strabismus indexing in the Scopus database between 2005 and 2023 have been analyzed based on various Scientometric indicators. Data analysis was conducted using Excel and VOSviewer softwares. <i>Results:</i> The most significant growth in scientific output occurred in 2021, while the lowest was observed in 2023. The field of strabismus classified in four subject clusters, including Strabismus and Neurology, Alignment Disorders, Visual Acuity/Refraction and Strabismus, and Binocular Vision and Strabismus. Research pertaining to Genetics and Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) have notably emerged between 2014 and 2018, reflecting a trend toward increased research focus in these areas. <i>Conclusion:</i> The growth of graph scientific output in strabismus shows periodic fluctuations across various years, with its pick in 2021 and the lowest point in 2023 due to spread of COVID-19. Strabismus and neurology cluster had the highest frequently especially in the USA. Genetic and BCVA as emerging topics were frequently studied in recent years due to extensive progress of genetic science.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"61-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142480481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of stereopsis in microsurgical performance on the EYESi ophthalmic surgical simulator.","authors":"Hanouf Alkharashi, Robert LaRoche, Leah Walsh, David Westwood","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2433962","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2433962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: There remains a lack of compelling objective evidence on whether stereopsis is necessary for an ophthalmic surgical career. It is also unclear if high-grade stereoacuity correlates with better surgical performance. The present study attempts to address this question by comparing the simulated surgical performance of subjects with different levels of stereoacuity using a virtual reality (VR) intraocular surgical simulator (EYESi, VRmagic, Mannheim, Germany). <i>Methods</i>: Subjects were tested based on their stereoacuity level and stratified in three age-matched groups: normal stereopsis, subnormal stereopsis, and patients with no measurable stereoacuity in the clinical setting. Eleven subjects in each group to make a total of 33 subjects with no prior surgical experience were recruited from the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada (REB trial registration: 1023183). Subjects performed three attempts on a standardized microsurgical module on the EYESi VR simulator. <i>Results</i>: There was no significant main effect of the stereo-group that the participants belonged to on their total scores, or on the time needed to complete the task, or on the odometer value, or on the amount of injury to surrounding tissues. <i>Discussion</i>: This study showed that for a basic simulated microsurgical task on the EYESI intraocular surgical simulator, the performance of individuals with reduced and absent stereoacuity was statistically indistinguishable from those with normal stereoacuity. Therefore, caution is still recommended when advocating for mandatory high level of stereoacuity as a requirement for admission to training programs in ophthalmology. There is still definite need for solid evidence that stereopsis is necessary to achieve satisfactory skills in ophthalmic microsurgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"126-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social media and amblyopia: evaluating content and intent on Instagram.","authors":"Sarah McCord, Angela Ngo, Courtney L Kraus","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2425334","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2425334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: Social media is a widely-used avenue for the public to find health information. In particular, Instagram is a popular social media platform among adults who may have children within the amblyogenic age range, and it may be used to find amblyopia-related information. The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of the amblyopia information on Instagram. <i>Methods</i>: The top 200 publicly available Instagram posts about amblyopia from October to December 2022 were reviewed and scored using the Currency, Reliability, Authority, and Purpose (CRAP) test. <i>Results</i>: A quarter of posts were from healthcare providers (ophthalmologists, optometrists, opticians), and only 3% of posts were specifically from pediatric ophthalmologists. Most posts, however, were from businesses (51%), which were of lower quality than posts by providers. <i>Discussion</i>: Instagram represents a tremendous opportunity to educate the public. Better utilizing this resource may allow medical professionals to broadly spread accurate, unbiased data.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"104-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142569966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined office-based and home-based orthoptic training in the management of intermittent exotropia in children: a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Maryam Hedayati, Mohammad Etezad Razavi, Nasrin Moghadas Sharif, Samira Hassanzadeh, Elham Bakhtiari, Somayeh Ghasemi-Moghaddam","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2429485","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2429485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: To compare the effect of combinational office-based and home-based orthoptic training regimens with part-time patching in participants with intermittent exotropia. <i>Methods</i>: In a randomized clinical trial study, patients with a diagnosis of IXT were involved and randomly assigned to three groups. Patients in the control group were followed with part-time patch therapy. For the Intervention 1 group, in-office and home-based orthoptic training was prescribed along with playing with a video game software (PIVOT). For Intervention 2 group the same management protocol was incorporated except using the video game software. Evaluation of the control scale and degree of deviation, accommodation, convergence, and stereopsis was performed at baseline and at 1.5 months, 3 months, and 6 months follow-ups. <i>Results</i>: A total of 53 patients (21 males and 32 females) with a mean age of 10.15 ± 3.80 years (range 5-18 years) completed the treatment and follow-up visits. The angle of deviation at distance decreased significantly in all groups (<i>p</i> < .05). No significant reduction of near angle of deviations was found in the control group (<i>p</i> = .38). In the intervention groups, positive fusional vergence (PFV), stereopsis, near point of convergence (NPC), and control scale of deviation at distance improved significantly compared to the control group (all, <i>p</i> < .05). At six months follow-up, patients in the Int 1. group showed significantly increased amplitude of accommodation and positive relative accommodation (PRA) compared to the patients in the Int 2. and control groups (all, <i>p</i> < .05). <i>Conclusion</i>: Compared to part-time patch therapy, orthoptic training is more effective in the management of children with IXT. Using video games as a home-based therapy can improve accommodative abilities in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"109-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}