Strabismus最新文献

{"title":"Outcomes of inferior oblique muscle myectomy with tucking into Tenon's capsule, cohort prospective study.","authors":"Saif Alobaisi, Hana A Almuhawas, Saja A Alhoshan, Sulaiman Aldakhil, Bashair N Alnasser","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2381797","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2381797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: Inferior oblique muscle overaction (IOOA) is a prevalent ocular muscle motility disorder. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes and impact of IO muscle myectomy with and without tucking the proximal end of the muscle into Tenon's capsule in two surgical groups as a treatment for IOOA. <i>Methods</i>: Randomized cohort study that involves two surgical groups. A total of 33 patients (55 eyes). Patients were randomly divided into two groups: first group underwent myectomy without tucking the proximal end of the muscle, whereas the second group underwent myectomy with tucking of the proximal end of the muscle. Each patient had four visits. During each visit, each patient had a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. Surgical success was defined as IOOA grade range of 0 to + 1 and correction of hypertropia in primary gaze. <i>Results</i>: The median age was 6 years. Sixteen (48.5%) patients underwent IO muscle myectomy with tucking, while 17 (51.5%) had an IO myectomy without tucking. Both the tucking and without tucking groups showed reductions in the angles of deviations, but there was no significant difference between the groups at baseline or postoperatively at 6 months. The success rate was 92.85% for the tucking group and 92.59% for the without tucking group. <i>Conclusion</i>: The study suggests that both surgical techniques are effective in correcting IOOA and associated HT, without any clear benefits of the addition of tucking. Ultimately, the two surgical techniques are equally effective, and the choice of surgical technique remains a personal preference of the surgeon.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"271-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141794042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of smartphones use, ocular symptoms and binocular dysfunctions in adolescents: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.","authors":"Srishti Sharma, Anupam Singh, Ajai Agrawal, Ranjeeta Kumari, Barun Kumar","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2382289","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2382289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Given the current scenario of increased smartphone use in youth, this study aims to evaluate the proportion of ocular symptoms and binocular dysfunction and their association with smartphone use in adolescents through a hospital-based cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The participants were asked to fill out questionnaires related to smartphone use and symptoms of eyestrain experienced (Balik et al. and Kucer). They were asked about the following seven symptoms: blurring of vision, redness, visual disturbance, secretion, inflammation, lacrimation, and dryness. Each symptom out of the 7, was scored on a scale of 0-1 and was used to calculate an Ocular Symptom Score (OSS) by summing the scores of each symptom.Depending upon the duration of smartphone usage, the participants were classified into four groups: <2 hours/day, 2-4 hours/day, 4-6 hours/day, and >6 hours/day. Binocular functions were assessed using near point of convergence (NPC), near point of accommodation (NPA), Accommodative convergence/Accommodation (AC/A) ratio, dissociated heterophoria, and binocular accommodative facility (BAF).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 123 smartphone user adolescents, aged 10-19 years were included in this study. The mean age of the study population was 16.58 + 2.8 years, out of which 52.03% were males. Prevalence of ocular symptoms was higher in groups with greater duration of smartphone use (2 to 4, 4 to 6, and >6 hours/day as compared to <2 hours/day: 90.48%, 94.74%, 100% vs. 75% respectively). The mean of NPC was 8.51, it was highest in subjects using smartphones for >6 hours. (<i>p</i>-value = .001). The mean AC/A ratio was 2.83 + 1.03: 1. A low AC/A ratio was associated with a longer duration of smartphone usage (<i>p</i>-value = .0001). The mean of BAF was 7.4 + 3.18 cycles/min, only 30 (24.4%) participants had BAF beyond the normal range (<5 cycles/min). The mean of BAF was lowest in the group with >6 hours/day of smartphone use (<i>p</i>-value < .0001). No significant change was found in NPA and dissociated heterophoria with the duration of smartphone usage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Higher duration of smartphone use (>2 hours/day) is associated with various ocular symptoms and binocular dysfunction. However, additional research is necessary to authenticate the results of the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"279-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of traumatic incomplete lacerating rectus muscle injuries using multimodal imaging approach (ASOCT and CT/MRI).","authors":"Amar Pujari, Aishwarya Rathod, B Mounica, Sudarshan Khokhar","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2368093","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2368093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: To describe the pathophysiology, importance of multimodal imaging approach, and the clinical outcomes of incomplete lacerating rectus muscle injuries. <i>Methods</i>: A retrospective review was conducted to identify patients with ocular deviation secondary to rectus muscle injuries. Between 2019 and 2022, a total of 30 patients were identified, amongst whom eleven patients had incompletely lacerated rectus muscles (secondary to penetrating adnexal trauma and sino-orbital surgeries). Patients' demography, nature of injury, computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging, anterior segment optical coherence tomography features, intra-operative findings, and post-operative outcomes were reviewed. <i>Results</i>: The mean age of 11 patients was 31.36 ± 14.38 years. All patients had external trauma which severed the muscle in its anterior portion. Five patients had isolated inferior rectus muscle injury (45.45%), three had inferior and medial rectus muscle injuries together (27.27%), two had isolated lateral rectus muscle injury (18.18%), and one remaining patient had isolated medial rectus muscle injury (9.05%). In ten patients (90.90%) CT/MRI revealed features suggestive of muscle injury, however details with respect to muscle insertion and scleral course were lacking. In this difficult scenario, ASOCT filled these lacunae in nearly 90% of the patients by providing surgically useful details. Moreover, when CT/MRI-ASOCT imaging features were combined, the management and outcomes were even more predictable. <i>Conclusions</i>: Penetrating rectus muscle injuries can be better identified as incompletely lacerated muscle using multimodal imaging approach. This simple image correlation process customizes the treatment approach and hence the clinical outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"230-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disconjugacies of saccade duration and trajectories in strabismus.","authors":"Mark M G Walton","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2378827","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2378827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: For decades, the saccadic system has been a favorite target of neurophysiologists seeking to elucidate the neural control of eye movements, partly because saccades are characterized by a set of highly stereotyped relationships between amplitude, duration, and peak velocity. There is a large literature describing the dynamics and trajectories of these movements in normal primates, but there are no similarly detailed analyses for subjects with infantile strabismus syndrome. Previous studies have shown the amplitudes and directions of saccades often differ for the two eyes in this disorder, but it is unknown whether a similar disconjugacy exists for duration. The present study was designed to determine whether or not saccade duration differs for the two eyes in strabismus, and whether there are abnormalities involving the trajectories of these movements. <i>Methods</i>: Dynamic analyses of saccade trajectories and durations were performed for two normal monkeys, two with esotropia and two with exotropia. The amount of curvature was compared for the two eyes. For each monkey with strabismus, the amount of curvature was compared to normal controls. Saccades were placed into 12 bins, based on direction; for each bin, the mean saccade duration was compared for the two eyes (duration disconjugacy). The duration disconjugacy for each bin was then compared for monkeys with strabismus, versus normal control animals. <i>Results</i>: Surprisingly, the amount of curvature was not consistently greater in subjects with pattern strabismus. However, saccade curvature differed for the two eyes by a significantly greater amount for all monkeys with strabismus, compared to normal controls. In addition, for a subset of saccades in subjects with strabismus, saccade duration differed for the two eyes by more than 10 ms, even when the animal was fully alert. <i>Discussion</i>: To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study to show that, in strabismus, saccade durations can differ for the two eyes by an abnormally large amount. These data also suggest that, in monkeys with pattern strabismus, abnormal horizontal-vertical crosstalk in brainstem can lead to directional disconjugacy without significantly impairing component stretching. These results place important constraints on future attempts to model the neural mechanisms that contribute to directional disconjugacy in pattern strabismus.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"252-270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11524785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approach to abnormal head posture.","authors":"Samira Yadegari","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2376554","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2376554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An abnormal head position (AHP) refers to a condition where the head is deviated from the usual, upright posture considered normal. AHPs can manifest as the chin being raised or lowered, the head tilted to the right or left, the face turned to either side, or a combination of these movements. Patients with AHP may present to ophthalmologic clinics; however, there are several etiologies for AHP that may not be commonly recognized by ophthalmologists. Key words from this article were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines from 1975 to December 2023. Various etiologies were identified, evaluated, summarized, and then categorized. The maintenance of a normal head posture during our daily activities relies on the complex interaction of different parts of the brain, with the encoding of related sensory inputs occurring in the vestibular nuclei. Abnormal head posture can stem from a variety of etiologies, including ocular, neurological, orthopedic, otolaryngological, gastroenterological, and other factors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the different characteristics of AHP based on its etiology. Lack of awareness regarding the wide spectrum of causes may lead to patients undergoing unnecessary extensive workups. Conversely, failure to recognize potentially life-threatening causes may result in adverse outcomes for the patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"287-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fibroblastic tumour in the medial rectus muscle presenting as a large-angle exotropia.","authors":"Sampada Kulkarni, Dilip Kumar Mishra, Manjushree Bhate","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2365298","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2365298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective</i>: The aim is to report a very rare case of a fibroblastic tumour in the medial rectus muscle of the right eye in a young adult. <i>Methods</i>: A 28-year-old patient presented to the strabismus clinic with large-angle exotropia in the right eye. The patient had previously undergone strabismus surgery in both eyes, and the old photos showed increasing exotropia from childhood to adulthood. On examination, the patient had a best corrected visual acuity of 20/20, 85 PD of exotropia with a -4 limitation of adduction, and retinal evaluation was unremarkable. In view of the chronicity of the deviation, increasing exotropia over time, and limitation of the ocular motility in adduction, a magnetic resonance imaging was performed. <i>Results</i>: Orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) undertaken to identify the extraocular muscle position revealed a bulky and thickened right medial rectus muscle with post-contrast enhancement and without fat stranding and orbital extension. A muscle biopsy was performed, and a series of histopathological stains revealed that the tumour cells were positive for CD34 and vimentin. Immuno histochemistry and histopathology suggested a benign fibroblastic tumour (superficial CD34+ fibroblastic tumour) with low malignant potential. <i>Conclusion</i>: This report describes a fibroblastic tumour of the eye muscle identified on neuroimaging and confirmed on histopathology. Such a presentation is very rare and to the best of our knowledge has not been previously reported in ophthalmic literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"294-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of post-anesthetic administration of dexmedetomidine versus remifentanil on postoperative agitation of strabismus surgery in children: a randomized double-blind clinical trial.","authors":"Mohammad Ali Sahmeddini, Mina Jamshidi, Ashkan Panah, Mehrdad Salari, Mahsa Banifatemi, Fatemeh Kanaani Nejad","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2368703","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2368703","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: Postoperative agitation is a common complication of sevoflurane anesthesia in children and might lead to self-harm and recovery disruption. This study aimed to compare the prophylactic effect of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil on postoperative agitation after anesthesia with sevoflurane. <i>Methods</i>: In this clinical trial, 60 children aged 2 to 7 years with ASA class І, II, candidates for elective strabismus surgery, were randomly assigned to three groups using block randomization. Patients in the first group D received 0.5 µgr/kg dexmedetomidine, the second group R received 0.1 µgr/kg remifentanil, and another group C received normal saline at the end of anesthesia. Children's agitation degree was measured by the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scales and the 4-point agitation scale at the time of extubation, entering the recovery room, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after entrance. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. <i>Results</i>: The postoperative agitation and pain were significantly lower among children who received dexmedetomidine compared with those in remifentanil and the control group (<i>p</i> < .001). It was observed that the administration of dexmedetomidine at the end of anesthesia significantly decreased the incidence of postoperative agitation (<i>p</i> < .001). None of the patients in group D had a PAED score of over 12. <i>Conclusion</i>: Based on PAED and the 4-point scales, none of the cases in group D had experienced postoperative agitation; this made a significant statistical difference compared with groups C and R (<i>p</i>-value <. 001). Although both dexmedetomidine and remifentanil can prevent and attenuate postoperative agitation, dexmedetomidine administration seems significantly more effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141555949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amblyopia and physical activity in adolescents.","authors":"Karen E Lee, Ava Torjani, Tobin B T Thuma, Qiang Ed Zhang, John Gunton, Brooke Saffren, Kammi B Gunton","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2356120","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2356120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: Physical activity in adolescence plays an important role in reducing the lifetime risk of chronic disease. Recent studies have shown that individuals with amblyopia may have difficulties with coordinating balance and may be at greater risk of developing fine motor impairments. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association between the presence of amblyopia and physical activity (PA) in adolescents. <i>Methods</i>: Adolescent patients aged 12-18 years with a history of childhood amblyopia were age- and gender-matched to control patients with no other ocular pathology aside from refractive error. Each participant's best corrected visual acuity and refractive error were recorded in addition to their height and weight to calculate body mass index (BMI). A 32-question electronic survey was used to calculate self-reported physical activity level (PAL) score and type of PA over the previous seven days. The Ainsworth Compendium of Physical Activities was taken as a reference to calculate Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) minutes for the most frequently performed activity. <i>Results</i>: A total of 26 adolescents with amblyopia (10 strabismic, 16 anisometropic) and 26 healthy controls were recruited. The MET-minute values were 2404.3 ± 2313.9 in the control group and 905.6 ± 1196.0 in the amblyopia group (<i>p</i> = .008). The PAL scores were similar between amblyopia and control groups (1.15 ± 0.70 versus 1.24 ± 0.60, <i>p</i> = .63); however, BMI was significantly higher in amblyopia participants (25.2 ± 6.3 versus 21.1 ± 5.4, <i>p</i> = .003). When compared with controls, amblyopes perceived physical activity to be of significantly lower importance in their lives compared to controls (<i>p</i> = .009). <i>Discussion</i>: Amblyopic adolescents may represent a population with increased vulnerability to significantly lower energy expenditure and higher BMI. Future studies with a larger number of participants and further investigation into the impact of refractive error on physical activity are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"223-229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141972263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refractive amblyogenic risk factors in private and public school children.","authors":"Alaa Bou Ghannam, Andre Slim, Sally Al Hassan, Zahi Wehbi, Christiane Al-Haddad","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2433970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2024.2433970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: To assess refractive amblyopia risk factors in Lebanese children aged 3 to 6 years through school-based automated vision screenings, comparing outcomes between public and private schools. <i>Methods</i>: A school-based vision screening was conducted across multiple regions in Lebanon, including 990 children aged 3 to 6 years from both public and private schools. Trained personnel utilized the Plusoptix S12 photoscreener for vision screening. Referral criteria were based on established guidelines set by the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS), and data were analyzed to determine the prevalence of refractive errors and to compare between school types. <i>Results</i>: The study revealed a high referral rate of 17.6%, with significant differences observed between public and private schools (27.7% vs. 13.6%, p<.001). Astigmatism was the most prevalent refractive error (8.2%), followed by myopia (2.2%) and hyperopia (1.3%). Public schools exhibited higher rates of astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia compared to private schools. Significant regional variations were also noted, with schools in the capital Beirut having the highest referral rate (23.1%) and Mount Lebanon showing the lowest prevalence of astigmatism (4.9%). <i>Conclusion</i>: The rate of referral in our cohort was 17.6% according to the AAPOS referral criteria with astigmatism being the most common refractive error. The referral rate was higher in public schools compared to private ones, highlighting the need for structured and comprehensive vision screening programs in Lebanon, particularly targeting public school children.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142741185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined office-based and home-based orthoptic training in the management of intermittent exotropia in children: a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Maryam Hedayati, Mohammad Etezad Razavi, Nasrin Moghadas Sharif, Samira Hassanzadeh, Elham Bakhtiari, Somayeh Ghasemi-Moghaddam","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2429485","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2024.2429485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: To compare the effect of combinational office-based and home-based orthoptic training regimens with part-time patching in participants with intermittent exotropia. <i>Methods</i>: In a randomized clinical trial study, patients with a diagnosis of IXT were involved and randomly assigned to three groups. Patients in the control group were followed with part-time patch therapy. For the Intervention 1 group, in-office and home-based orthoptic training was prescribed along with playing with a video game software (PIVOT). For Intervention 2 group the same management protocol was incorporated except using the video game software. Evaluation of the control scale and degree of deviation, accommodation, convergence, and stereopsis was performed at baseline and at 1.5 months, 3 months, and 6 months follow-ups. <i>Results</i>: A total of 53 patients (21 males and 32 females) with a mean age of 10.15 ± 3.80 years (range 5-18 years) completed the treatment and follow-up visits. The angle of deviation at distance decreased significantly in all groups (<i>p</i> < .05). No significant reduction of near angle of deviations was found in the control group (<i>p</i> = .38). In the intervention groups, positive fusional vergence (PFV), stereopsis, near point of convergence (NPC), and control scale of deviation at distance improved significantly compared to the control group (all, <i>p</i> < .05). At six months follow-up, patients in the Int 1. group showed significantly increased amplitude of accommodation and positive relative accommodation (PRA) compared to the patients in the Int 2. and control groups (all, <i>p</i> < .05). <i>Conclusion</i>: Compared to part-time patch therapy, orthoptic training is more effective in the management of children with IXT. Using video games as a home-based therapy can improve accommodative abilities in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}