Strabismus最新文献

{"title":"Isolated fourth cranial nerve palsy in a patient treated with pembrolizumab: a case report.","authors":"Matteo Baldi, Sofia Pischedda, Maria Musolino, Michele Iester, Aldo Vagge","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2637566","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2637566","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: Pembrolizumab is widely used in melanoma treatment and may rarely be associated with neuro-ophthalmic immune-related adverse events. Isolated ocular motor nerve palsies are exceptional. <i>Methods</i>: We report a 76-year-old man who presented with sudden vertical binocular diplopia six weeks after starting adjuvant pembrolizumab following resection of cutaneous melanoma. A comprehensive neurological, ophthalmological, laboratory, and neuroimaging assessment was performed. <i>Results</i>: Ocular motility examination revealed an isolated right superior oblique palsy. Brain and orbital MRI showed no abnormalities. Serum creatine kinase was elevated, without clinical evidence of myocarditis or generalized myopathy. After discontinuation of pembrolizumab and initiation of low-dose corticosteroids, diplopia progressively resolved and creatine kinase levels normalized. <i>Discussion</i>: This case describes a rare isolated fourth cranial nerve palsy temporally associated with pembrolizumab, highlighting the importance of considering uncommon neuro-ophthalmic presentations during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"450-453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147635164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper eyelid retraction and superior recti stretched scar.","authors":"Juliana Albano de Guimarães, Christine M Morello Abbud","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2610265","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2610265","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: To describe a case of upper eyelid retraction secondary to previous superior recti recessions in association with stretched scars. <i>Case Report</i>: A 26-year-old female patient presented with upper eyelid retraction and exotropia for four years. She had undergone bilateral medial and superior rectus recessions for the treatment of esotropia and dissociated vertical deviation five years earlier at another institution. The patient was otherwise healthy, and an evaluation for thyroid eye disease was negative. During surgery, stretched scars were found in both superior recti and the left medial rectus. The scarred segments were excised, and the muscles were reattached to the sclera using 6-0 polyglactin sutures. One year postoperatively, the patient was orthotropic and had no upper eyelid retraction. <i>Discussion</i>: Stretched scars, characterized by elongated muscular insertions, are a known cause of secondary strabismus and are thought to be associated with wound healing issues. Although they are a common cause of consecutive exotropia following medial rectus recessions, there are only a few reports of stretched scars in recessed superior rectus muscles in the literature. We report the case of eyelid retraction secondary to previous superior recti recessions in which the development of stretched scars might have played a role in the occurrence of the retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"436-439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145851421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcomes of inferior rectus recession with conjunctival recession in congenital monocular elevation deficiency: a case series.","authors":"Anupam Singh, Shreya Mishra, Shreya Verma, Barun Kumar","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2590525","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2590525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Introduction</i>: Monocular elevation deficiency (MED) can be congenital and acquired. The underlying etiology usually guides the surgical management of MED. In cases with tight inferior rectus (IR) on forced ductus test, IR recession is preferred, and in cases with Superior rectus palsy, vertical transposition of horizontal recti (Knapp's Procedure) is the treatment of choice. The purpose of this case series is to report the long-term outcomes of inferior rectus recession with conjunctival recession in treating congenital monocular elevation deficiency (MED). <i>Methods:</i> It included 10 patients of congenital MED who underwent inferior rectus recession (IRR) with conjunctival recession (CR) from 2019 to 2021 with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. They all underwent complete pre-operative orthoptic evaluation, including the prism bar cover test (PBCT), and had primary position vertical deviation only. A forced duction test (FDT) was done, and 6 mm of IRR with CR was performed on all, irrespective of the FDT findings. <i>Results:</i> The mean age of the participants was 18 years; the mean pre-operative vertical deviation was 33 prism diopter (PD), and horizontal alignment was within 8 PD. FDT for IR was positive in 5 and negative in 5 patients. Orthophoria was achieved in 7 patients following 6 mm of IRR with CR, with a mean post-op vertical deviation of 8.9 (p-value 0.01). (mean post-op vertical correction achieved was 24.1 PD), while 2 needed Knapp's procedure and 1 needed SR recession in the fellow eye. We also noticed an improvement in elevation from preop -3.4 to mean postop -1.7 (p-value 0.0001) after IRR. This alignment was maintained till 2 years of follow-up. <i>Discussion:</i> This case series shows that 6 mm IRR-CR is an effective and reliable procedure for correcting vertical deviations up to 24 PD in cases of congenital MED regardless of FDT findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"421-427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145597956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term outcomes of botulinum toxin A for acute acquired comitant esotropia in children: a retrospective case series.","authors":"Alev Koçkar, Aslı Çetinkaya Yaprak, Sezgi Nur Doğan, Ozan Özgül","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2589236","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2589236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) in children with acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included pediatric patients treated with BoNT-A for AACE between January 2021 and September 2024. Deviation angles at near (40 cm) and distance (5 m) were recorded before treatment and at 1, 3, 6, 12 months, and final follow-up. Outcomes were categorized as successful (≤10 prism diopters [PD]), partially successful (11-20 PD), or unsuccessful ( >20 PD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty patients (mean age 5 ± 1 years; 65% female) were included. BoNT-A was administered a mean of 4 ± 2 weeks after symptom onset. A second injection was required in 35% of patients. At final follow-up (mean: 20.4 ± 12.0 months), mean near and distance deviations were 8 ± 17 PD and 10 ± 17 PD, respectively. Thirteen patients (65%) had successful outcomes, four (20%) were partially successful, and three (15%) were unsuccessful. Patients receiving a single injection had significantly better outcomes than those requiring a second (<i>p</i> = .041). Mild, self-resolving ptosis occurred in two cases (10%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early treatment with BoNT-A provides a high rate of motor alignment in pediatric AACE and may reduce the need for surgery. These results support its use as an effective first-line treatment option.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"272-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145597861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Congenital bilateral supranuclear vertical gaze palsy with striking large-angle exotropia in young adult.","authors":"Vaishali Tomar, Shivani Kumari, Mittali Khurana, Kanchita Pandey, Aarushi Saini, Anam Ansari, Subhash Dadeya","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2597909","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2597909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose:</i> Congenital supranuclear vertical gaze palsy is an extremely rare ocular motility disorder, typically presenting with vertical gaze limitation despite normal extraocular muscles and cranial nerves. The coexistence of congenital supranuclear vertical gaze palsy with large-angle horizontal and vertical deviations is scarcely reported. Hence, we are reporting such a case. <i>Methods:</i> A 20-year-old male presented with lifelong outward deviation of both eyes and inability to look upward. Clinical evaluation included detailed ocular motility assessment, vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) testing, and neuroimaging. The possibility of bilateral third nerve palsy with aberrant regeneration was ruled out based on preserved adduction, normal pupillary reactions, and absence of ptosis or globe retraction and intact VORs. Surgical correction was undertaken for large-angle horizontal deviation using left eye muscle transplantation technique involving medial rectus resection and lateral rectus recession. <i>Results:</i> Ocular motility testing demonstrated complete upgaze restriction bilaterally with preserved downgaze and horizontal movements, intact Bell's phenomenon, and normal VORs, confirming supranuclear involvement. Neuroimaging was unremarkable. On postoperative day 1, there was marked improvement in ocular alignment, with residual 40 prism diopters of exotropia and 20 prism diopters of hypotropia. Long-term follow-up could not be obtained. <i>Conclusion:</i> This case highlights a rare congenital form of bilateral supranuclear vertical gaze palsy associated with large-angle exotropia and hypotropia in the absence of neurological deficits. Recognition of intact supranuclear reflexes and normal imaging is crucial for accurate localization. Autologous muscle transplantation offers a useful surgical option for correcting large-angle deviations. Also, this case highlights the importance of detailed motility and vestibular reflex testing in the assessment of atypical strabismus.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"432-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surgical outcome of Modified Nishida's procedure in monocular elevation deficiency.","authors":"Tipu Sultan, Vaishali Tomar, Subhash Dadeya, Aarushi Saini, Mittali Khurana, Kanchita Pandey","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2593536","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2593536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: Monocular Elevation Deficiency (MED) is characterized by limited ability to elevate the affected eye in any gaze position, while maintaining normal duction in all other gazes. The type of surgeries described in MED include Knapp's surgery, vertical muscle recession and resection, contralateral superior rectus recession. Recently, the Nishida's procedure has also been explored as a treatment for isolated cases of MED. Hence, we conducted this study to evaluate the surgical outcome of Modified Nishida's procedure in cases of MED in a series of 15 patients. <i>Methods</i>: This prospective interventional study was performed on 15 patients with MED attending the Strabismus Clinic and outpatient department of our tertiary care centre over a period of 1 year from October 2023 to October 2024. In this study, 15 patients of age more than 13 years with Type 2 Congenital MED with negative forced duction test for inferior rectus, hypotropia more than 10 prism diopters and no horizontal deviation were included. Patients with previous history of strabismus surgery or with bleeding diathesis were excluded. Preoperatively, ocular deviation was measured using vertical prisms in terms of prism diopters (PD). Elevation deficit was noted in all the patients on a scale of 0 to -4 with 0 indicating full rotation and -4 indicating severe limitation (not crossing midline). All patients underwent Modified Nishida's procedure following forced duction test for inferior rectus. Postoperatively, all the measurements were recorded at the end of first week, first month and the final follow up was done at the end of third month. Primary outcome included correction of vertical deviation at 3 months post Modified Nishida's procedure. Secondary outcome included assessment of elevation deficit. <i>Results</i>: The mean age of the patients was 23.33 ± 15.73 years. There was statistically significant improvement in mean hypotropia from preoperative measurement of vertical deviation of 28.67 ± 9.904 PD to 7.60 ± 10.176 PD (<i>p</i> < 0.001) at the final follow up. There was statistically significant improvement in elevation deficit ranging from mean value of -3.47 ± 0.74 at baseline to -2.73 ± 0.70 postoperatively at final follow up (<i>p</i> < 0.01). <i>Conclusion</i>: The study demonstrated that the Modified Nishida's procedure is effective in managing MED in terms of improvement of vertical deviation and elevation deficit.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"288-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monocular elevation deficiency associated ptosis misdiagnosed as simple congenital ptosis: management with Müller Muscle-Conjunctival Resection.","authors":"Emirhan Ozkul, Mehmet Serhat Mangan","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2624367","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2624367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: Monocular elevation deficiency (MED), formerly termed double elevator palsy, is a rare ocular motility disorder characterized by restriction of elevation in all gaze positions. Ptosis frequently accompanies MED but may be mistaken for simple congenital ptosis, potentially resulting in suboptimal surgical planning. While frontalis sling and levator resection are the most frequently employed techniques for MED-associated ptosis, these procedures carry a considerable risk of lagophthalmos and suboptimal cosmetic outcomes. To date, the use of Müller muscle - conjunctival resection (MMCR) in this context has not been described. <i>Methods</i>: We report the case of a 14-year-old girl initially diagnosed with congenital ptosis who was subsequently found to have MED. Ophthalmic examination revealed marked elevation deficit and mild hypotropia in the right eye, consistent with MED. As strabismus surgery was declined, ptosis correction was prioritized. Preoperative margin-reflex distance (MRD) measured 1.5 mm on the right and 4 mm on the left. A phenylephrine test demonstrated a partial positive response, increasing MRD to 2.5 mm. Considering the poor Bell's phenomenon and risk of exposure keratopathy, a 9-mm MMCR was performed under general anesthesia. <i>Results</i>: The surgery was completed without intraoperative or postoperative complications. At the one-month follow-up, eyelid contour and height were satisfactory, with the right MRD improved and symmetrical to the fellow eye. No lagophthalmos, corneal exposure, or epithelial keratopathy were observed. Functional and cosmetic outcomes were favorable, and the results remained stable at the 6-month and 1-year follow-up visits. <i>Conclusion</i>: This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of distinguishing MED-associated ptosis from isolated congenital ptosis and underscores the importance of comprehensive motility assessment. Traditional procedures for ptosis in MED, such as frontalis sling or levator resection, may predispose to lagophthalmos, particularly in patients with poor Bell's phenomenon. In contrast, MMCR offers a minimally invasive posterior approach that preserves the anterior lamella and reduces the risk of exposure keratopathy. To our knowledge, this is the first reported pediatric MED case successfully managed with MMCR. The procedure provided stable functional and aesthetic results, suggesting that MMCR may represent a safe and effective alternative in selected patients with MED when strabismus surgery is deferred.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"440-444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146108420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrum of non-ischemic oculomotor nerve palsies at a tertiary care centre - case series and literature review.","authors":"Paromita Dutta, Sonam Singh, Kartika Anand, Uttam Dhaka, Sachin Verma, Palash Patni, Tanvi Gaonker","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2637568","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2637568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Oculomotor nerve palsies (ONPs) have a varied range of clinical presentations. Though they are mainly divided into ischemic and non-ischemic variants, with the former being more common, a detailed clinic-radiological evaluation is needed in all cases to ascribe an etiology in all cases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective review of records to identify all patients with non-ischemic ONPs presenting to a tertiary care teaching hospital over 5 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen cases of non-ischemic ONP were found. The various causes of non-ischemic ONPs included congenital, malignancy-associated, impending transtentorial herniation, tuberculous meningitis, pinealoblastoma, subacute subdural hemorrhage, parasellar lesions (sphenoid wing meningioma, petro-sphenocavernous meningioma), post-neurosurgery for meningioma, internal carotid artery aneurysm, inflammatory, and infective cavernous sinus lesions, after coiling for carotico-cavernous fistula, IgG4-related disease, post-Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, post-traumatic, and idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The unique neuroanatomy of the oculomotor nerve contributes to its varied and complex presentation. The nerve is particularly susceptible in its basilar and cavernous sinus segments. Although neuroimaging may be initially deferred in a pupil-sparing ONP in patients with vasculopathic risk factors, the \"rule of pupil\" may not always be followed. The 19 cases that we described are discussed in detail, along with a review of the literature. This wide spectrum of presentations helps to understand and correlate the nerve's anatomical course and highlights the importance of a detailed neurological evaluation to facilitate targeted imaging of the suspected region of pathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"405-420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147345802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of a score including control and quality of life in intermittent exotropia.","authors":"Isabel Deboutte, Anne Alby, Christelle Bonifas, Léopoldine Lequeux, Nicolas Molinari, Dominique Thouvenin","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2596101","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2025.2596101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Intermittency of deviation in Intermittent Exotropia (IXT) is well assessed by control scores. However, they do not reflect the impact of strabismus on the patient's Quality of Life (QOL). We describe the use of a global score, including control of the deviation using the Lactose score at distance (DCS) and near (NCS), but also the impact on QoL through the assessment of functional signs (FS) and psychosocial impact (PSI). The methodology used to build this IXT Global Score (IXTGS) is described in a previous publication. The goal of this study was to judge the interobserver reliability of this score and its subscores and to evaluate trends in different types of IXT.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-eight patients aged 3 to 80 years with IXT were included, with exodeviation up to 50 prism diopters (PD). Eleven cases had convergence insufficiency type exotropia, and 87 were basic IXT. All had normal binocular vision. They were examined successively by an orthoptist and a strabismologist who both scored the beforementioned items. Interexaminator variance was evaluated using the IntraclassCorrelation Coefficient (ICC) score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Interexaminator variations were minor for the score and its subscores, as reflected by high ICC scores. There is a strong correlation between the distance angle of deviation and DCS and PSI, and between Near angle and NCS and FS. Control scores are not correlated with QoL scores, which shows that they explore different aspects, and are complementary.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed IXTGS seems reliable and reproducible. It offers a global view of the case, but it is the analysis of subscores that seems interesting in therapeutic decision-making and follow-up. We believe that the association of an abnormal Control Score and QoL score should prompt treatment. If only one of them is affected, decision of treatment should be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"354-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging in strabismus re-operations.","authors":"Savleen Kaur, Jaspreet Sukhija, Manjushree Bhate","doi":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2625834","DOIUrl":"10.1080/09273972.2026.2625834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Purpose</i>: Accurate identification of extraocular muscle insertions in previously operated muscles, along with defining their positions, caliber, and surrounding structures via pre-operative imaging, aids surgical planning for re-operations. <i>Methods</i>: This narrative review summarizes imaging tools and techniques for strabismus re-operation planning, including anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT), ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), CT, and MRI. <i>Results</i>: Imaging enables a more predictable surgical course and better informs patients about procedure outcomes. <i>Discussion</i>: Key steps include selecting the optimal modality, understanding relevant anatomy, and using appropriate probes or sequences for accurate acquisition and interpretation. <i>Conclusions</i>: This review details nuances of each technique and their utility in strabismus reoperation scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":51700,"journal":{"name":"Strabismus","volume":" ","pages":"377-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146203820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}