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Human Rights Dilemma and International Rule of Law in the Age of Digital Intelligence 数字智能时代的人权困境与国际法治
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.1137.1150
{"title":"Human Rights Dilemma and International Rule of Law in the Age of Digital Intelligence","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.1137.1150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.1137.1150","url":null,"abstract":"The digital intelligence era is an intelligent era represented by digital\u0000technology. In this era, human attributes, lifestyles, and the embodiment of rights\u0000have shown new characteristics. The impact of the digital intelligence era on human\u0000rights is a double-edged sword: on the one hand, digital technology, artificial\u0000intelligence, and so on greatly liberate human labor productivity, effectively\u0000protecting people's rights to subsistence, health, and development; on the other\u0000hand, it also brings great threats and challenges to human rights. Anthropocentrism\u0000is threatened, the boundaries of human beings are broken, and people's freedom,\u0000equality, privacy, labor, intellectual property, environmental and ecological rights\u0000are threatened. In the face of the digital intelligence era, development is the only\u0000way to break through. In the United Nations Declaration on the Right to\u0000Development, the right to development is defined as an inalienable right of human\u0000beings. Only in development can all human rights be fully realized","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Money Laundering Via Electronic Means: Electronic Check 通过电子手段洗钱：电子支票
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.389.404
{"title":"Money Laundering Via Electronic Means: Electronic Check","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.389.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.389.404","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study is to elucidate the sequential phases included in the electronic money laundering procedure and to explicate the legal strategies employed to counteract electronic money laundering. Furthermore, it aims to underscore the stance of criminal legislation about this illicit activity. The research has reached several results and recommendations, the most important of which is that the Jordanian legislator has excelled in enacting a law that regulates electronic transactions and electronic signatures and has established controls for electronic documentation. This has placed a significant barrier in front of criminals who exploit electronic checks and other electronic means in money laundering. The research moreover suggests the promotion of collaboration and the sharing of information across nations in combating illicit financial activities, given that electronic money laundering offences are characterized by their digital nature and their influence is confined to the boundaries of a singular nation.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140728373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Crimes of the Breaches of Trust and Equity in Financial Securities Trading 金融证券交易中的背信弃义罪
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.501.514
{"title":"Crimes of the Breaches of Trust and Equity in Financial Securities Trading","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.501.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.501.514","url":null,"abstract":"The study focused on crimes involving breaches of trust and equality in\u0000securities trading, particularly in stock markets. These markets hold significant\u0000economic value for people, investors, and financial institutions. This research aims\u0000to investigate crimes that may occur in the context of the stock market and trade\u0000and have a detrimental impact on the national economy. The primary objective of\u0000this study is to ascertain the fundamental legal framework governing the\u0000criminalization of illegal acts that disrupt securities trading, determine the extent\u0000of criminal liability and penalties for such acts, and evaluate the efficacy of UAE\u0000law in safeguarding financial securities markets through criminal legislation. The\u0000research primarily examines crimes involving breaches of trust and equality, as\u0000trust and equality serve as fundamental principles underpinning transactions in the\u0000stock market. Violating these principles can have detrimental consequences,\u0000impacting both investors engaged in market activities and the overall national\u0000economy. Numerous","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Application of the Theory of Routine Activities in Criminology to the General Crime Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina 将犯罪学中的常规活动理论应用于波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的一般犯罪情况
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.669.686
{"title":"Application of the Theory of Routine Activities in Criminology to the General Crime Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.669.686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.669.686","url":null,"abstract":"A significant number of criminologists, applying the theory of routine\u0000activities, believe that a criminal offense is the result of three convergent elements\u0000that combine in time and space (a motivated perpetrator, a suitable target, and the\u0000absence of adequate protection). When analyzing these three independent factors,\u0000custody is usually given a less significant position in this triangle, without any real\u0000reason. It is important to point out that the social structure can significantly affect\u0000any form of its violation because ordinary citizens can largely protect each other,\u0000as well as citizens' property. In the context of this paper, we will consider routine\u0000activities in the light of certain daily determining activities, such as education,\u0000economic crises, unemployment, mass communication means, migration, family\u0000circumstances, and free time, which can be key to explaining the rate of increase\u0000or decrease in crime. When all these activities are analyzed through the theory of\u0000routine activity, then we can have a complete overview in terms of criminal\u0000activity and the exposure to a criminal act of an individual or the social\u0000community as a whole.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electronic Monitoring as an Alternative to Deprivation of Liberty in Jordanian and Emirati Law 约旦和阿联酋法律中以电子监控替代剥夺自由的规定
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.467.482
{"title":"Electronic Monitoring as an Alternative to Deprivation of Liberty in Jordanian and Emirati Law","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.467.482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.467.482","url":null,"abstract":"The study delves into the legislative and practical landscapes governing\u0000electronic monitoring within the legal frameworks of Jordan and the United Arab\u0000Emirates (UAE). It meticulously examines the similarities and disparities between\u0000the legislative strategies employed by both nations, delineating how the UAE's\u0000approach encompasses a wider array of applications and more stringent penalties\u0000for infringements, contrasting with Jordan's more discretionary stance, particularly\u0000emphasizing misdemeanor sentences. Despite these nuanced distinctions, both\u0000jurisdictions confront hurdles in the efficacious implementation and regulation of\u0000electronic surveillance. The study extends recommendations aimed at legislative\u0000enhancements and refinements in both countries to confront these challenges and\u0000bolster the efficacy of electronic monitoring systems.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Applicable Law on Personal Status in Private International Law: An Analytical Study in Iraqi Law 国际私法中有关个人身份的适用法律：伊拉克法律分析研究
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.647.658
{"title":"Applicable Law on Personal Status in Private International Law: An Analytical Study in Iraqi Law","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.647.658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.647.658","url":null,"abstract":"Personal status issues occupy great importance and wide scope in the\u0000conflict of laws, as evident in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and\u0000wills, among others. The conflict of laws in personal status issues raises multiple\u0000problematic aspects in determining the applicable law. Our Iraqi legislator has\u0000relied on nationality as a connecting factor in personal status issues, as it provides\u0000the greatest protection for the Iraqi individual and the public order in Iraq,\u0000according to our Iraqi legislator's viewpoint supported by jurisprudence. However,\u0000the application of nationality law in the conflict of laws in the field of personal\u0000status has created several problematic issues that affect individuals' acquired rights\u0000and pose difficulties in safeguarding these rights.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140730495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human Rights with Focus on Gender, Race, and Religion: A Comparative Study Between Jordanian Legislation and International Human Rights Acts 以性别、种族和宗教为重点的人权：约旦立法与国际人权法比较研究
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.35.46
{"title":"Human Rights with Focus on Gender, Race, and Religion: A Comparative Study Between Jordanian Legislation and International Human Rights Acts","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.35.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.35.46","url":null,"abstract":"This study sheds light on the role of Jordanian legislation in implementing human rights. It focuses on the development of Jordanian laws to adjust with the current advice to help put an end to discrimination within its society. In addition to discussing the atrocities people of minorities suffer from because of their race, sex, and religion, this research focuses on the root issues that lead to discrimination. This research also focuses on the psyche behind discriminatory acts to further establish what could cause these gaps between the population of\u0000people in our current time. It includes the different treaties and laws that punish crimes fueled by hate towards those who are considered different and introduces the possible solutions to assist in eliminating this problem.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sources of Criminal Law on Domestic Violence Prevention 预防家庭暴力的刑法渊源
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.157.168
{"title":"Sources of Criminal Law on Domestic Violence Prevention","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.157.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.157.168","url":null,"abstract":"The civilised society, which is constantly developing on the principles of\u0000democracy and equality, has no place for domestic violence, but this problem is\u0000present and quite common. The work aims to determine criminal law sources and\u0000their core provisions on the regulatory framework for preventing and countering\u0000offences related to domestic violence, as well as to detect ways to optimise their\u0000regulatory framework. The study used the legalistic method, comparative law\u0000method, logical and legal method. The study results characterised the sources of\u0000criminal law on the prevention of domestic violence in Ukraine, which certifies\u0000the presence of a wide mechanism of its prevention. Inconsistency of probation\u0000supervision, particularly within the context of its perception by society, was noted.\u0000International regulatory acts on domestic violence prevention were analysed. The\u0000advantages of using different types of restraining orders in the world practice were\u0000revealed. The study results may be useful for state actors for further legislation\u0000improvement in domestic violence prevention.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140731357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Protection of the Civilian Population from Human Rights Violations through European Mechanisms in Wartime 战时通过欧洲机制保护平民的人权不受侵犯
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.545.559
{"title":"Protection of the Civilian Population from Human Rights Violations through European Mechanisms in Wartime","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.545.559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.545.559","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of protecting the civilian population from human rights violations in wartime becomes especially relevant in the context of current armed conflicts. The effectiveness of European human rights mechanisms plays a crucial role in preventing violations and ensuring accountability for committed crimes. The aim of the article is to study the mechanisms of protection of the civilian population from human rights violations through European institutions. The article analyses the activities of the European Court of Human Rights and other regulatory bodies responsible for human rights protection. The study’s results revealed that despite a strong legal framework and institutional structure, the efficiency of the highest instance is questionable – 50%. Statistical analysis showed the need to strengthen international cooperation and adapt existing mechanisms to the needs of the civilian population in the regions of hostilities. The study results emphasise the importance of developing and implementing new strategies for improving human rights protection. Further research should explore the possibilities of integrating the latest technologies into monitoring and recording violations to accelerate the adoption of existing enforcement mechanisms. The study’s practical significance is the analysis of the impact of international diplomatic efforts on the prevention of human rights violations in wartime.","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140732270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Consumer’s Right of Withdrawal in E-Commerce Contracts: A Comparative Study of the Jordanian Civil Law 电子商务合同中的消费者撤回权：约旦民法比较研究
Pakistan Journal of Criminology Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.62271/pjc.16.2.1081.1094
{"title":"Consumer’s Right of Withdrawal in E-Commerce Contracts: A Comparative Study of the Jordanian Civil Law","authors":"","doi":"10.62271/pjc.16.2.1081.1094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.62271/pjc.16.2.1081.1094","url":null,"abstract":"The right to withdraw from e-commerce agreements is considered a distinct\u0000and exclusive right for the consumer, and this uniqueness arises from the conditions\u0000imposed by the contract, which can affect the consumer’s decision-making process.\u0000Many legislations in the Western and Arab regions have recognized the importance\u0000of this right and considered it a guarantee for consumers who are less experienced\u0000in the field of consumption. However, in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,\u0000legislators in Jordan did not address this crucial issue in the era of globalization and\u0000technological progress. Instead, they took a pessimistic approach and limited their\u0000focus to general rules derived from civil law relating to defects in purchased goods.\u0000Therefore, this study focused on civil law, which focuses its attention on providing\u0000the consumer with the option of examining and evaluating products and\u0000determining their condition, to find the legislative defect that must be taken into\u0000consideration and addressed","PeriodicalId":516769,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Journal of Criminology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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