Infection and Chemotherapy最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Korean Children during the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Period.","authors":"Ye Eun Kim, Dayun Kang, Ji Soo Park, Eun Hwa Choi, Ki Wook Yun","doi":"10.3947/ic.2023.0076","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2023.0076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We aimed to evaluate the clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and risk factors for severe RSV disease among Korean children in 2022/2023. A total of 235 children were identified, and 84.3% were hospitalized. Patients under 3 months and 2 years of age accounted for 20.9% and 54.5%, respectively. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 40.9% of children and bronchiolitis in 23.8%. Respiratory support and intensive care were required in 43.4% and 7.7% of patients, respectively. <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> nasopharyngeal colonization and the presence of underlying disease showed a significant correlation with severity indicators. The clinical impact of RSV infection was high on infants and toddlers, even those having no underlying disease or not being indicated for palivizumab.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"83-87"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990886/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and Disease Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Adults.","authors":"Taeeun Kim, Sang-Ho Choi","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0011","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) constitutes a significant cause of respiratory illness and mortality among older adults, a demographic that is expanding with considerable impact on healthcare systems worldwide. The actual burden of RSV in this population may still be underestimated, owing to factors such as low awareness and suboptimal diagnostic sensitivity in adults, the lack of robust RSV surveillance systems, and the infrequent use of diagnostic testing. Recent advancements in respiratory virus detection have spurred further exploration into appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies. The recent approval of two vaccines highlights the critical need for the precise estimation of the RSV disease burden to optimize the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of immunization programs. This narrative review aimed to summarize the existing knowledge of the RSV burden in adults with a particular focus on older adults, incorporating data from Korea. Overall, current estimates indicate that the annual RSV attack rate in the general adult population ranges from 1 - 7%, increasing to approximately 4 - 10% among elderly and high-risk groups. The in-hospital mortality rate can be estimated to be around 7 - 10%, rising up to 40% among intensive care unit-admitted patients. To elucidate RSV's disease burden, further continuing research, including population-based studies, is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to A Korean Post-Marketing Study of Abacavir/Dolutegravir/Lamivudine in Patients with HIV-1.","authors":"Sudip Bhattacharya, Sandip Bhattacharya","doi":"10.3947/ic.2023.0114","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2023.0114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"96-97"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990893/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usefulness of the Rapid Antigen Test in Detecting SARS-CoV-2 for Infection Control in Hospitals.","authors":"Jeong Young Lee, Jiwon Jung, Jae Lim Jo, Young-Ju Lim, Sun-Kyung Kim, Hyejin Yang, Soyeon Park, Eun Ok Kim, Sung-Han Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2023.0077","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2023.0077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed at evaluating the diagnostic performance of rapid antigen test (RAT) compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the possible transmission of infection to close contacts from patients with negative RAT and positive PCR results.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients/guardians urgently requiring admission to the ward on the same day had been hospitalized with RAT-negative result before the PCR results were available. We performed an epidemiologic investigation of the close contacts of those with negative RAT but positive PCR results after hospitalization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 4,237 RATs were performed from March to August 2022. When the PCR test was used as the reference, RAT had a sensitivity of 28.8% (17/59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 17.8 - 42.1), a specificity of 100% (4,220/4,220; 95% CI, 99.9 - 100.0), a positive predictive value of 100.0% (17/17; 95% CI, 100.0 - 100.0), and a negative predictive value of 99.0% (4,178/4,220; 95% CI, 99.3 - 99.8). The epidemiologic investigation revealed that among the 32 patients with negative RAT and subsequent positive PCR results after admission into multi-patient room, two (6.3%) showed secondary coronavirus disease 2019.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The secondary transmission rate from patients with negative RAT and positive PCR results was low. Our data suggest that RAT may be useful for rapid exclusion of high transmissible cases. However, further evaluation using whole genome sequencing is needed to determine the potential for transmissibility in cases showing a negative RAT but a positive PCR result.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"66-72"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138447055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply: Response to Possibility of Decreasing Incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Korea.","authors":"Jihwan Bang","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0015","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"94-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Possibility of Decreasing Incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Korea.","authors":"Sudip Bhattacharya","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0001","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"92-93"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No Significant Differences in Presepsin Levels According to the Causative Microorganism of Bloodstream Infection.","authors":"Beomki Lee, Jong Eun Park, Sun Joo Yoon, Chi-Min Park, Nam Yong Lee, Tae Gun Shin, Eun-Suk Kang","doi":"10.3947/ic.2023.0066","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2023.0066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>CD14 recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and presepsin is a fragment of soluble CD14. Still, it remains uncertain whether Gram-negative bacteria induce higher presepsin levels than other microorganisms. To address this question, this study aimed to analyze presepsin levels based on microorganisms isolated in blood cultures.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was a single-center study comprising suspected sepsis patients enrolled from July 2020 to September 2020. A total of 95 patients with a single isolate confirmed in blood culture were analyzed to evaluate if there are any differences in presepsin levels according to microbial isolates. Plasma presepsin level was measured using PATHFAST assay kit and analyzer (LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 26 Gram-positive bacteremia, 65 Gram-negative bacteremia, and 3 fungemia patients with median presepsin levels of 869, 1,439, and 11,951 pg/mL, respectively. Besides, one case of algaemia demonstrated a presepsin level of 1,231 pg/mL. Our results showed no statistically significant difference in presepsin levels among patients with Gram-positive bacteremia, Gram-negative bacteremia, and fungemia. Furthermore, presepsin levels did not differ significantly among bloodstream infections caused by bacteria that were isolated from at least three different patients. In particular, Gram-positive bacteria such as <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> were able to induce presepsin levels comparable to those induced by Gram-negative bacteria.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We demonstrated that there were no significant differences in plasma presepsin levels according to microbial isolates in blood culture. The major cause of the variability in presepsin levels during bloodstream infection might be the immunogenicity of each microorganism rather than the presence of LPS in the microorganism.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Guidelines by the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society for Transplantation.","authors":"Kyungmin Huh, Sang-Oh Lee, Jungok Kim, Su Jin Lee, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Ji-Man Kang, Jaeseok Yang, Heungsup Sung, Si-Ho Kim, Chisook Moon, Hyeri Seok, Hye Jin Shi, Yu Mi Wi, Su Jin Jeong, Wan Beom Park, Youn Jeong Kim, Jongman Kim, Hyung Joon Ahn, Nam Joong Kim, Kyong Ran Peck, Myoung Soo Kim, Sang Il Kim","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0016","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most important opportunistic viral pathogen in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The Korean guideline for the prevention of CMV infection in SOT recipients was developed jointly by the Korean Society for Infectious Diseases and the Korean Society of Transplantation. CMV serostatus of both donors and recipients should be screened before transplantation to best assess the risk of CMV infection after SOT. Seronegative recipients receiving organs from seropositive donors face the highest risk, followed by seropositive recipients. Either antiviral prophylaxis or preemptive therapy can be used to prevent CMV infection. While both strategies have been demonstrated to prevent CMV infection post-transplant, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. CMV serostatus, transplant organ, other risk factors, and practical issues should be considered for the selection of preventive measures. There is no universal viral load threshold to guide treatment in preemptive therapy. Each institution should define and validate its own threshold. Valganciclovir is the favored agent for both prophylaxis and preemptive therapy. The evaluation of CMV-specific cell-mediated immunity and the monitoring of viral load kinetics are gaining interest, but there was insufficient evidence to issue recommendations. Specific considerations on pediatric transplant recipients are included.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"101-121"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990892/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Essentiality of Support Groups in Response to the HIV Epidemic in the Philippines.","authors":"Dalmacito A Cordero","doi":"10.3947/ic.2024.0008","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2024.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"90-91"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990878/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Clinical Serotypes between 2017 and 2022 in Crete, Greece.","authors":"Sofia Maraki, Viktoria Eirini Mavromanolaki, Dimitra Stafylaki, Evangelia Iliaki-Giannakoudaki, Anna Kasimati, George Hamilos","doi":"10.3947/ic.2023.0098","DOIUrl":"10.3947/ic.2023.0098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pneumococcal disease is still considered a global problem. With the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) serotype epidemiology changed, but antimicrobial resistance persists constituting a serious problem. The current study aimed to determine the serotype distribution and the antimicrobial susceptibility of recent <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> isolates, following implementation of the 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>From January 2017 to December 2022 we evaluated 116 nonduplicate <i>S. pneumoniae</i> isolates collected from adult patients (21 - 98 years) cared for in the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped by the Quellung reaction, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using E-test. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in ≥3 classes of antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 116 isolates, 31% were recognized as invasive pneumococcal strains, while 69% were non-invasive. The isolates tested belonged to 25 different serotypes. The most prevalent serotypes were 11A (10.3%), and 35B (10.3%), followed by 3 (9.5%), 15A (7.8%), 25F (6.9%), 19A (5.3%), 35F (5.3%), and others (44.6%). The coverage rates of PCV13 and the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) were 26.7% and 57.8%, respectively. PCV13 and PPSV23 serotypes decreased between 2017 - 2019 and 2020 - 2022, with a parallel increase in the non-vaccine types. Resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, penicillin, levofloxacin, and ceftriaxone, were 40.5%, 21.6%, 13.8%, 12.1%, 3.4%, and 0%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin. MDR was observed among 36 (31%) <i>S. pneumoniae</i> isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The increasing levels of resistance in <i>S. pneumoniae</i> in Crete, Greece, highlight the need for continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and development of strategies for its reduction, including antimicrobial stewardship programs, increased pneumococcal vaccination, and development of next generation PCVs with a wider serotype coverage.</p>","PeriodicalId":51616,"journal":{"name":"Infection and Chemotherapy","volume":" ","pages":"73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10990890/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139974408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}