The Open AIDS Journal最新文献

{"title":"Factors Supporting and Inhibiting Adherence to HIV Medication Regimen in Women: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient Interviews.","authors":"Oluwakemi Fagbami,&nbsp;Adetokunbo Oluwasanjo,&nbsp;Carrie Fitzpatrick,&nbsp;Rebecca Fairchild,&nbsp;Ann Shin,&nbsp;Anthony Donato","doi":"10.2174/1874613601509010045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601509010045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adherence to antiretroviral therapy reduces morbidity and mortality; however rates of non-adherence are variable among women for unclear reasons. This study was a single-center qualitative analysis of interviews with 18 female HIV-positive non-adherent patients (defined by virologic failure) to explore psychosocial factors impacting adherence. Factors identified were categorized as promoting, inhibiting or having no effect on adherence. Three themes, characterized as social factors, illness factors and other societal pressures, were identified. Medical systems support, family support and compliance for children were most commonly identified as promoting adherence, while psychiatric comorbidities, lack of medical systems support and side effects were identified most often as inhibitors of adherence. While stigma was frequently identified, it was not seen as a barrier to adherence. Enhancing relationships between patients and their providers as well as their community support systems are critical avenues to pursue in improving compliance. Interventions to promote compliance are important avenues of future research. </p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"9 ","pages":"45-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2174/1874613601509010045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33992119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment-Emergent Mutations and Resistance in HIV-Infected Children Treated with Fosamprenavir-Containing Antiretroviral Regimens.","authors":"Lisa L Ross,&nbsp;Mark F Cotton,&nbsp;Haseena Cassim,&nbsp;Eugeny Voronin,&nbsp;Naomi Givens,&nbsp;Jorg Sievers,&nbsp;Katharine Y Cheng","doi":"10.2174/1874613601509010038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601509010038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Treatment-emergent mutations and drug resistance were analyzed in virus from HIV-infected children meeting virologic failure (VF) criteria over 48 weeks following treatment with unboosted fosamprenavir or fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens in studies APV20002 and APV29005. Both antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve and ART-experienced patients were enrolled. Patients met VF criteria by either failing to suppress HIV-RNA to <400 copies/mL through week 24 or after confirmed viral rebound (≥400 copies/mL) anytime through week 48. Viral isolates were analyzed for treatment-emergent mutations or reduced drug susceptibility. Through week 48, 25/109 (23%) of APV29005 and 9/54 (17%) APV20002 study patients met VF. VF was more common in ART-experienced patients (68% and 78%, respectively). Major or minor treatment-emergent mutations were detected at VF in virus from 3 patients receiving unboosted fosamprenavir-containing regimens and in virus from 10 patients receiving fosamprenavir/ritonavir-containing regimens across the two studies. Major protease inhibitor mutations and the reverse transcriptase mutation M184V were detected at VF in virus from 4 and 5 patients, respectively, across both studies. Reduced drug susceptibility to any drug emerged in virus from 9 patients at VF, although reduced fosamprenavir susceptibility emerged in virus from only 4 patients (2 ART-naïve and 2 ART-experienced). No cross-resistance to the protease inhibitor darunavir was observed. In conclusion, given the high proportion of ART-experienced children (71%) in these two studies, the overall incidence of children meeting VF criteria through 48 weeks was relatively low (21%) and development of fosamprenavir reduced drug susceptibility at VF was uncommon, further supporting the use of fosamprenavir-containing ART regimens in HIV-infected children. </p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"9 ","pages":"38-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/96/a2/TOAIDJ-9-38.PMC4484231.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33992118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology and management of antiretroviral-associated cardiovascular disease.","authors":"Daniel B Chastain,&nbsp;Harold Henderson,&nbsp;Kayla R Stover","doi":"10.2174/1874613601509010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601509010023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Risk and manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will continue to evolve as improved treatments and life expectancy of these patients increases. Although initiation of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has been shown to reduce this risk, some ARV medications may induce metabolic abnormalities, further compounding the risk of CVD. In this patient population, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies should be employed to treat and reduce further risk of CVD. This review summarizes epidemiology data of the risk factors and development of CVD in HIV and provides recommendations to manage CVD in HIV-infected patients. </p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"9 ","pages":"23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/96/TOAIDJ-9-23.PMC4391206.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33210002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LETTER TO THE EDITOR Performance of the ViroSeq® HIV-1 Genotyping System v2.0 in Central Africa.","authors":"Linda Chapdeleine Mekue Mouafo,&nbsp;Hélène Péré,&nbsp;Angélique Ndjoyi-Mbiguino,&nbsp;Donato Koyalta,&nbsp;Jean De Dieu Longo,&nbsp;François-Xavier Mbopi-Kéou,&nbsp;Coumba Toure Kane,&nbsp;Laurent Bélec","doi":"10.2174/1874613601509010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601509010009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistance genotypes in pol gene of HIV-1 were obtained by the ViroSeq(®) HIV-1 Genotyping System v2.0 (Celera Diagnostics, Alameda, CA, USA) in 138 of 145 (95%) antiretroviral treatment-experienced adults in virological failure living in Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon). HIV-1 group M exhibited broad genetic diversity. Performance of the 7 ViroSeq(®) sequencing primers showed high failure rate, from 3% to 76% (D: 76%; F: 17%; A and H: 15%; G and B: 4%; C: 3%). These findings emphasize the need of updating the ViroSeq(®) HIV-1 genotyping system for non-B subtypes HIV-1. </p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"9 ","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6d/93/TOAIDJ-9-9.PMC4353127.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33002828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-Demographic and Behavioral Factors Associated with the Desire to Procreate Among Patients Living with HIV in Gabon.","authors":"Madeleine Okome-Nkoumou,&nbsp;Vincent Guiyedi,&nbsp;Arnaud Dzeing-Ella,&nbsp;Yvonne Komba-Boussaga,&nbsp;Nora Efire-Emagha,&nbsp;Mireille Patricia Menguet-Abessolo,&nbsp;Brice Ongali,&nbsp;Marie-Yvonne Akoume,&nbsp;Emmanuel Bissagnene","doi":"10.2174/1874613601509010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601509010001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The desire to procreate in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) has been seldom investigated in Africa, particularly in Gabon. The aim of this transversal and descriptive study was to analyze the socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with a desire to have children in a cohort of PLHIV. The study included 442 patients, predominantly females [79.9% (337/422)], and those with a secondary school education [64.2% 271/422)]. The highest prevalence of HIV was found in patients aged 30-39 years old (44.3%), of which 59% (249/422) were unemployed. The desire to have children was noted in 78% (329/422) of patients, of which 82.4% (271/329) were treated with antiretroviral drugs; this was significantly higher in subjects under 40 years versus those over 40 years old [81% (268/329) versus 19% (61/329), p<0.001]. Sero-discordant couples represented 33.4% (110/329) of patients. The frequency of patients with the desire to have a child was significantly higher when patients wanted to hold the status of parent of a child [77% (255/329) versus 23% (74/329), p<0.001]; this was influenced by the partner's desire [60% 197/329 versus 40% (132/329), p< 0.001], as well as by the absence of weight loss [56% (185/329) versus 44% (144/329), p<0.001]. The average number of children was significantly lower in patients with the desire to procreate compared to those with no desire to have children [1.7 versus 3.2, p<0.001]. These first observations in Gabon highlight the importance of the desire to have children in PLHIV and sero-discordant couples, and they show the level of interest in developing assistance methods for procreation and family planning programs to help this population, as well as to reduce the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission. </p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"9 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/03/3d/TOAIDJ-9-1.PMC4311383.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33023824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune Suppression by Myeloid Cells in HIV Infection: New Targets for Immunotherapy.","authors":"Vikram Mehraj,&nbsp;Mohammad-Ali Jenabian,&nbsp;Kishanda Vyboh,&nbsp;Jean-Pierre Routy","doi":"10.2174/1874613601408010066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601408010066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over thirty years of extensive research has not yet solved the complexity of HIV pathogenesis leading to a continued need for a successful cure. Recent immunotherapy-based approaches are aimed at controlling the infection by reverting immune dysfunction. Comparatively less appreciated than the role of T cells in the context of HIV infection, the myeloid cells including macrophages monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils contribute significantly to immune dysfunction. Host restriction factors are cellular proteins expressed in these cells which are circumvented by HIV. Guided by the recent literature, the role of myeloid cells in HIV infection will be discussed highlighting potential targets for immunotherapy. HIV infection, which is mainly characterized by CD4 T cell dysfunction, also manifests in a vicious cycle of events comprising of inflammation and immune activation. Targeting the interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1), an important regulator of T cell function; with PD-L1 expressed mainly on myeloid cells could bring promising results. Macrophage functional polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 and vice versa has significant implications in viral pathogenesis. Neutrophils, recently discovered low density granular cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and yolk sac macrophages provide new avenues of research on HIV pathogenesis and persistence. Recent evidence has also shown significant implications of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), antimicrobial peptides and opsonizing antibodies. Further studies aimed to understand and modify myeloid cell restriction mechanisms have the potential to contribute in the future development of more effective anti-HIV interventions that may pave the way to viral eradication. </p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"8 ","pages":"66-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/99/99/TOAIDJ-8-66.PMC4302459.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33006217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recruitment of HIV-Positive Women in Research: Discussing Barriers, Facilitators, and Research Personnel's Knowledge.","authors":"Mona R Loutfy,&nbsp;Logan Kennedy V,&nbsp;Saira Mohammed,&nbsp;Wei Wu,&nbsp;Marvelous Muchenje,&nbsp;Khatundi Masinde,&nbsp;Khaled Salam,&nbsp;Lena Soje,&nbsp;Sandra Gregorovich,&nbsp;Wangari Tharao","doi":"10.2174/1874613601408010058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601408010058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women have historically been under-represented in HIV research, partly due to ineffective recruitment strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To improve the existing understanding of recruitment for HIV-positive women based on a province-wide cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A survey was emailed to all site coordinators who recruited participants in a study involving 490 HIV-positive women living in Ontario, Canada. The survey consisted of questions regarding the important recruitment barriers and successes. Quantitative data were then contextualized within extensive knowledge from research personnel and team members.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Completed surveys were received from (89%) site coordinators (34/38) and 98% (31/34) were women. The highest ranked recruitment barriers identified were: sensitivity of the research topic (59%), time/availability constraints (59%), language barriers (53%), HIV disclosure/stigma issues (47%), lack of trust of research personnel (41%), fear of research (41%) and inaccessibility to child care and transportation (41%). The respondents felt that the most important personal attributes for recruitment were research personnel who were respectful (97%), skilled (91%), flexible (88%) and empathetic (88%) and had good communication skills (88%). The most successful recruitment strategies identified were: developing a strong rapport (88%) that was facilitated by an empathetic relationship (100%), acknowledging the sensitive nature of the research topic (94%), providing cash financial compensation (88%), and developing recruitment strategies unique to women (88%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There are differences in the approaches needed for the recruitment of HIV-positive women in research. For successful recruitment of HIV-positive women, a strong rapport between the research personnel and study participants is important. This rapport is facilitated by having study personnel who are respectful, trustworthy, empathetic, and flexible. Population-specific recruitment strategies are important to ensure adequate recruitment of minority groups in research with greater gender consideration for women requiring specific attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"8 ","pages":"58-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4e/d3/TOAIDJ-8-58.PMC4302460.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33006212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating New Definitions of Acute and Early HIV Infection from HIV Surveillance Data.","authors":"Susan E Buskin,&nbsp;Neway G Fida,&nbsp;Amy B Bennett,&nbsp;Matthew R Golden,&nbsp;Joanne D Stekler","doi":"10.2174/1874613601408010045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601408010045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The U.S. HIV staging system is being revised to more comprehensively track early and acute HIV infection (AHI). We evaluated our ability to identify known cases of AHI using King County (KC) HIV surveillance data.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>AHI cases were men who have sex with men (MSM) with negative antibody and positive pooled nucleic acid amplification (NAAT) tests identified through KC testing sites. We used KC surveillance data to calculate inter-test intervals (ITI, time from last negative to first positive test) and the serologic algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS). For surveillance data, AHI was defined as an ITI of ≤ 30 days and early infection as an ITI ≤ 180 days or STARHS recent result. Dates of last negative HIV tests were obtained from lab reports in the HIV surveillance system or data collected for HIV Incidence Surveillance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2005 and 2011, 47 MSM with AHI were identified by pooled NAAT. Of the 47 cases, 36% had ITI < 1 day, 60% had an ITI < 30 days, and 70% (95% CI=55-82%) had an ITI ≤ 6 months and would have been identified as early HIV infection. Of the 47, 38% had STARHS testing and 94% were STARHS recent.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MSM with known AHI were not identified by proposed definitions of AHI and early infection. These known AHI cases were frequently missed by HIV surveillance because concurrent negative antibody tests were not reported. Successful implementation of the revisions to the HIV staging system will require more comprehensive reporting.</p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"8 ","pages":"45-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/08/74/TOAIDJ-8-45.PMC4192836.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32748828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Anogenital Warts in Men with HIV/AIDS and Associated Factors.","authors":"Caio Cavassan de Camargo,&nbsp;Karen Ingrid Tasca,&nbsp;Monica Banwart Mendes,&nbsp;Hélio Amante Miot,&nbsp;Lenice do Rosário de Souza","doi":"10.2174/1874613601408010025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601408010025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. Among the 630 million new cases of HPV that occur each year, 30 million develop anogenital warts. Although subclinical infection with HPV is the most common cause, genital warts are also associated with immunosuppression caused by HIV. In view of the high prevalence of HPV/HIV co-infection particularly among men who have sex with men, the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of anogenital warts in men with HIV/AIDS and to identify associated factors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 159 men with HIV/AIDS consecutively selected at a referral service in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil, in which the association between sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical variables and the presence of anogenital warts was evaluated. After hierarchical analysis of the data, variables presenting a p value ≤ 0.2 were entered into an unconditional multivariate logistic regression model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-nine (31%) of the HIV-positive patients had anogenital warts. The mean age was 44.6 ± 9.6 years. The main factors associated with the presence of anogenital warts were irregular antiretroviral treatment and genital herpes(HSV).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study demonstrate that anogenital warts occur in almost one-third of the male population infected with HIV and factors associated with a higher risk of being diagnosed with anogenital warts were irregular cART use and co-infection with HSV, other variables could not be associated.</p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"8 ","pages":"25-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/68/78/TOAIDJ-8-25.PMC4195172.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32748826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Male Circumcision and HIV Transmission; What Do We Know?","authors":"Parana H M Jayathunge,&nbsp;William J H McBride,&nbsp;David MacLaren,&nbsp;John Kaldor,&nbsp;Andrew Vallely,&nbsp;Stuart Turville","doi":"10.2174/1874613601408010031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601408010031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Male circumcision (MC) has been shown to be protective against heterosexual HIV transmission and is being explored in some parts of the world as a means of combating the epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that MC be considered as an important component of HIV prevention in high prevalence settings. We review evidence that demonstrates that the inner foreskin is likely to be the main portal of entry for the HIV virus in males. Whether removal of the inner foreskin accounts for all the protection afforded by circumcision is yet to be established. The proposed mechanisms of protection range from inherent immunohistological factors of foreskin such as difference in thickness of keratin layer and density of target cells for HIV between inner and outer foreskin to physiological mechanisms that follow male circumcision such as drying of secretions underneath foreskin after sexual intercourse, loss of microbiome that attract target cells to the genital mucosa and lack of priming the genital mucosa with less abundant sexual transmitted infections among circumcised men. The aim of this review is to give an updated account on the mechanisms proposed so far on the demonstrated 50-70% protection from HIV transmission through heterosexual intercourse, by male circumcision. </p>","PeriodicalId":515834,"journal":{"name":"The Open AIDS Journal","volume":"8 ","pages":"31-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d7/ca/TOAIDJ-8-31.PMC4192839.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32748827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}