Minglin Xu;Gangquan Si;Detao Fan;Wenhan Tong;Xin Wang
{"title":"Predefined-Time Distributed Secondary Control with Average-Voltage Observer for Frequency and Voltage Recovery and Power Sharing in AC Microgrids","authors":"Minglin Xu;Gangquan Si;Detao Fan;Wenhan Tong;Xin Wang","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000738","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources, alternating current (AC) microgrids face persistent challenges in maintaining frequency and voltagestability, as well as achieving active and reactive power sharing under renewable intermittency and load variations. To address these issues, this paper proposes a predefined-time distributed secondary control (PTDSC) strategy that ensures fast and accurate frequency and voltage recovery as well as active and reactive power sharing within a user-specified convergence time, independent of the initial conditions and complex tuning of gain. A key component of the proposed strategy is a predefined-time distributed average-voltage observer (PTDAVO), which enables fully distributed observation of the global average voltage. By incorporating the observed average voltage into the secondary control, the proposed strategy achieves coordinated voltage recovery and reactive power sharing within a distributed predefined-time framework. Stability results are rigorously established by the Lyapunov stability theory. Extensive simulation validates the effectiveness, flexibility, and plug-and-play capability of the proposed strategy, along with its adaptability to time-varying communication topologies and superiority over existing strategies.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 3","pages":"1052-1063"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling and Mechanism Analysis for New High-Frequency Oscillation Phenomenon in MMC-HVDC Connected to AC Networks","authors":"Jieyi Xu;Hui Qin;Wenkai Dong;Juan Chen;Xiaorong Xie","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000449","url":null,"abstract":"High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in modular multilevel converter based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) connected to AC networks have aroused concern in recent years. This paper reveals a new HFO phenomenon, where modular multilevel converter (MMC) exhibits impedance characteristics different from those in conventional HFO studies. To investigate this issue, a high-frequency dynamic model of MMC incorporating delay compensation is developed under different outer-loop control strategies. In addition, an AC line modeling method accounting for frequency-dependent parameters is proposed. Mechanism analysis demonstrates that the new HFO phenomenon arises from the adverse interaction between capacitive impedance of MMC and inductive impedance of AC network. Further, the causes of two types of capacitive regions in the high-frequency impedance of MMC are theoretically explained, which are linked to the relatively high proportional gains of current and power controls, as well as delay compensation. The effects of the frequency dependence of AC line parameters on HFO analysis are also demonstrated. Finally, the potential multiple HFOs and possible mitigation approaches are discussed for further study.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 3","pages":"810-820"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11184715","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhinong Wei;Peng Liu;Sheng Chen;Jingtao Zhao;Shu Zheng;Guoqiang Sun
{"title":"Coordinated Dispatch of Distribution Network and Microgrid via Microgrid Flexible Operation Region Under Aggregated Regulation Cost Constraints","authors":"Zhinong Wei;Peng Liu;Sheng Chen;Jingtao Zhao;Shu Zheng;Guoqiang Sun","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000427","url":null,"abstract":"To address the limited adjustable capacity of distribution networks (DNs) under the large-scale integration of flexible resources into microgrid (MG), an MG flexible operation region (MGFOR) model is proposed to quantify the adjustability of MG under aggregated regulation cost constraints. A coordinated dispatch framework of DN and MG is then developed based on MGFOR to enable cooperative flexibility allocation. The original boundary of MGFOR is determined through a radial iterative linear search, and its construction is completed using a convex-hull fitting approach. The simulation is conducted on the modified IEEE 33-node test system. It is demonstrated that MGFOR explicitly quantifies adjustable power boundaries, yielding 2.2% lower total operation cost for the proposed coordinated dispatch framework of DN and MG compared with hierarchical dispatch framework of DN and MG. The voltage safety margins at noon are enhanced by up to 56.46% at distribution feeder terminals. Furthermore, the impact of operation modes of distributed photovoltaic units on node voltage in DN is comparatively analyzed.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 3","pages":"1027-1038"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11370566","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148513502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Large Language Model Applications in Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review and Outlook","authors":"Xiyuan Zhou;Yan Xu;Junhua Zhao;Rui Zhang","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000760","url":null,"abstract":"Modern power systems are evolving due to increasing penetration of renewable energy sources, deeper participation of the demand side, and widespread deployment of advanced information and digital technologies. As a result, system operation and control are becoming increasingly challenging. Large language models (LLMs), with their advanced capabilities in semantic understanding and knowledge reasoning, offer a promising tool to support the operation, control, analysis, and decision-making of power systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of LLM applications in power systems, encompassing four representative application domains: power grid, power equipment, demand side, and electricity market and policy-making. Based on the functional roles and implementations of LLMs, four major application strategies are identified: model adaptation, capability enhancement, multimodality integration, and multi-agent coordination. In addition, the core functions, representative methods, and evolving trends of LLM applications are reviewed across different domains. Finally, key challenges in applying LLMs to power systems are discussed, and future research directions are outlined with regard to ensuring physical feasibility, enhancing data efficiency and privacy, and improving interpretability and rationality.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 3","pages":"773-790"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11417457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148514088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bad Data Detection and Identification Based on Graph Neural Network for Power System State Estimation","authors":"Ronald Kfouri;Rabih A. Jabr;Izudin Džafić","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000178","url":null,"abstract":"Despite recent progress in solving the state estimation problem, its real-time performance remains challenged by the presence of bad data, increasing computational demands for detection and identification. A state estimator uses neighboring measurements to estimate the system states, similar to how a graph neural network (GNN) refines node embeddings (bus states) based on messages from neighboring nodes. This paper proposes a GNN-based framework that detects and identifies bad data before providing measurements to the state estimator. The framework incorporates grid topology, employs node and edge features, and exploits correlations of measurement data to enhance identification accuracy. Specifically, an edge-conditioned GNN is developed to transform graph-based features into categories that detect bad measurements and identify their sources. The generated dataset uses historical load profiles and includes conventional and synchrophasor measurements to emulate real-life applications. The proposed framework is tested on MATPOWER 6-bus and IEEE 14-, 30-, 118-, and 300-bus systems. The results demonstrate high accuracy and illustrate graph-learning patterns. Thus, operators can take preventive actions before the bad measurements propagate through the state estimator.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 2","pages":"760-772"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11244249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammadmahdi Asghari;Amir Ameli;Mohsen Ghafouri;Mohammad N. Uddin
{"title":"Vulnerability Assessment of Power System to Multi-Step Stealthy False Data Injection Attacks","authors":"Mohammadmahdi Asghari;Amir Ameli;Mohsen Ghafouri;Mohammad N. Uddin","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.001332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.001332","url":null,"abstract":"Stealthy false data injection attacks (SFDIAs) targeting state estimation can bypass the bad data detection module, mislead operators with false system states, and potentially result in erroneous decisions and physical damages. While most existing studies focus on single-step SFDIAs, multi-step SFDIAs pose a greater threat due to their forward-looking nature, where each step is strategically planned to amplify the cumulative impact. Therefore, this paper focuses on multi-step SFDIAs and presents a vulnerability assessment framework that leverages a Markov decision process (MDP) and bi-level optimization to quantify the system vulnerability to this type of attack. The MDP models the sequential and strategic nature of these attacks, with states reflecting evolving system conditions influenced by prior actions. At each state, actions derived through bi-level optimization identify attack vectors that maximize line overloads, potentially triggering the tripping of transmission lines. The MDP is solved using <tex>$Q$</tex>-learning, enabling the calculation of a vulnerability index that assists operators in assessing the impact of multi-step SFDIAs and identifying the attacker's most critical action at each step of multi-step SFDIAs. The effectiveness of the proposed vulnerability assessment framework is validated through simulations on the IEEE 39-bus test system.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 2","pages":"748-759"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11131569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heshi Wang;Wenxia Liu;Rui Cheng;Fuxin Wang;Tianlong Wang
{"title":"Online Hierarchical Volt/var Control for Unbalanced Distribution Networks Using Diagonal-Scaling Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers","authors":"Heshi Wang;Wenxia Liu;Rui Cheng;Fuxin Wang;Tianlong Wang","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000070","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an online hierarchical volt/var control (VVC) for unbalanced distribution networks using diagonal-scaling alternating direction method of multipliers (DS-ADMM). Under the hierarchical VVC strategy, local photovoltaic (PV) agents only exchange limited information with the center agent and adjust reactive power outputs in real time, with the goal of minimizing the voltage deviations and reactive power regulation costs in the time-varying environment. A diagonalized auxiliary matrix is constructed and developed from the Hessian matrix using preconditioning methods, which is then combined with alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to design the DS-ADMM with improved convergence speed. The DS-ADMM is applied to the hierarchical VVC strategy, further improving the tracking capability and performance for time-varying environmental changes. Simulation studies on a modified IEEE 123-bus unbalanced distribution network are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the hierarchical VVC strategy using DS-ADMM and its robustness under non-ideal communication conditions, and its scalability is further validated on the modified IEEE 8500-node test feeder.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 2","pages":"602-614"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11173248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147557961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collaborative Active and Reactive Power Optimization for Distribution Networks and Microgrids with Privacy-Preserving Feasible Operation Regions Based on Non-Iterative Projection Method","authors":"Rufeng Zhang;Haodong Liu;Lizhong Lu;Yunjing Liu;Linbo Fu;Xiaozhuo Guan","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000221","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of numerous distributed energy resources into distribution networks (DNs) can induce large voltage fluctuations and network loss. We introduce a collaborative active and reactive power optimization (CARPO) method for DNs and microgrids (MGs) to efficiently improve the voltage quality and mitigate network loss. First, the CARPO method and models for the DNs and MGs (DMs) are intended to reduce voltage deviations, minimize network loss, and improve the operation efficiency of the entire system. Second, to protect MGs, we aggregate privacy-preserving feasible operation regions of the active and reactive power outputs from distributed energy resources in MGs. A scaled-down MG equivalent model, which ensures high accuracy, is derived for optimal DN operation. Third, based on the equivalent projection theory, the optimal operation flow of DMs with non-iterative projection method is achieved to reduce the computational complexity. The DM model is decomposed into sub-models for the DM levels. The optimal solutions of the coordination variables are obtained for MG power scheduling. Finally, the proposed CARPO method is evaluated through simulation in a modified IEEE 33-bus DN. The results demonstrate that the proposed CARPO method can optimize the system operation and improve the economy of DMs.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 2","pages":"629-641"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11269007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147558003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian Xu;Zhonghao He;Longwen Jia;Siyang Liao;Yaokun Zou
{"title":"Tree-Partitioning Based Emergency Control for Mitigating Cascading Failures in Power Systems","authors":"Jian Xu;Zhonghao He;Longwen Jia;Siyang Liao;Yaokun Zou","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000486","url":null,"abstract":"The emergency control strategy for mitigating cascading failures plays an important role in the safe and stable operation of power systems with high integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). To mitigate the high control costs associated with active splitting, this paper proposes a novel tree-partitioning based emergency control strategy. Initially, a coherency grouping model for power system integrated with wind turbines is established, incorporating an improved phase motion equation to facilitate the identification of unit homology. Furthermore, a modified fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm is proposed to achieve the grouping of the generators. Then, the cluster partitioning issue is converted into an eigenvalue solution problem. This allows for a rapid and accurate cluster partitioning of the power system, taking into account both the random fluctuations of renewable energy output and the unit homology constraints. Based on the modified Prim's algorithm, the tree-partitioning method is used to select the optimal bridge, whereby other bridges are disconnected and the intercluster power imbalances remain stable. A power adjustment measure is proposed to determine the power adjustment amount within each cluster based on the power flow tracing. Simulations on the IEEE 118-bus system and the actual case system demonstrate that the proposed strategy reduces control costs by 55.60% and 43.26% compared with active splitting, while also accelerating the post-fault recovery. These results highlight the potential of the proposed strategy for mitigating cascading failures in real-world applications.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 3","pages":"858-870"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11268943","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148512782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Two-Stage Distributionally Robust Capacity Configuration Method for Shared Energy Storage Considering Flexibility and Uncertainty of Distributed Resources","authors":"Ning Zhang;Yanbo Chen;Zhi Zhang;Haoxin Tian","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2025.000508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2025.000508","url":null,"abstract":"Energy storage and generalized energy storage (GES) such as electric vehicles (EVs) and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems play a critical role in enhancing the flexibility of power systems. The shared system architecture can improve utilization rates of energy storage and reduce configuration costs. However, the heterogeneity and inherent uncertainty of GES pose significant challenges to the rational configuration and operation of energy storage. To address this, we employ a two-stage distributionally robust capacity configuration method for shared energy storage considering the flexibility and uncertainty of distributed resources. First, by integrating the operational characteristics of both physical and virtual energy storage, a shared system architecture is proposed for the GES. Second, to overcome the limitation of existing EV aggregation models, which are typically tailored for ideal battery behaviors, a more accurate aggregation model is introduced based on the parameter planning, termed the GES model. An uncertainty probability set modeling approach for demand-side resources is derived based on this model. Finally, considering the flexibility and uncertainty associated with EVs and HVAC systems, a distributionally robust optimization model for shared energy storage capacity configuration is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method increases the revenue of operators and the utilization of energy storage resources, while also reducing the configuration capacity.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 3","pages":"956-967"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11313729","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148511315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}