{"title":"Topological dimension of a Reeb graph and a Reeb space","authors":"Irina Gelbukh","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We give an upper bound for the topological dimension of a Reeb space and a Reeb graph for a wide class of topological spaces and maps. For example, for a compact manifold <em>M</em>, the Reeb graph <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of a continuous function <span><math><mi>f</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>:</mo><mspace></mspace><mi>M</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>R</mi></math></span> satisfies <span><math><mi>dim</mi><mo></mo><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn></math></span>. For the Reeb space <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> of a continuous map <span><math><mi>f</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>:</mo><mspace></mspace><mi>M</mi><mo>→</mo><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>, it holds <span><math><mi>dim</mi><mo></mo><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≤</mo><mi>n</mi></math></span>. We also show that without the compactness requirement for <em>M</em>, the topological dimension of the Reeb graph (Reeb space) can be arbitrarily large, even countably infinite.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 109462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New family of hyperbolic knots whose Upsilon invariants are convex","authors":"Keisuke Himeno","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Upsilon invariant of a knot is a concordance invariant derived from knot Floer homology theory. It is a piecewise linear continuous function defined on the interval <span><math><mo>[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>]</mo></math></span>. Borodzik and Hedden gave a question asking for which knots the Upsilon invariant is a convex function. It is known that the Upsilon invariant of any <em>L</em>-space knot, and a Floer thin knot after taking its mirror image, if necessary, as well, is convex. Also, we can make infinitely many knots whose Upsilon invariants are convex by the connected sum operation. In this paper, we construct hyperbolic knots with convex Upsilon invariants which are none of the above. To calculate the full knot Floer complex, we make use of a combinatorial method for <span><math><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></math></span>-knots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 109441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144196486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of the OU matrix of a braid diagram","authors":"Ayaka Shimizu , Yoshiro Yaguchi","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The OU matrix of a braid diagram is a square matrix that represents the number of over/under crossings of each pair of strands. In this paper, the OU matrix of a pure braid diagram is characterized for up to 5 strands. As an application, the crossing matrix of a positive pure braid is also characterized for up to 5 strands. Moreover, a standard form of the OU matrix is given and characterized for general braids of up to 5 strands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 109440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combinatorial structures of the space of Hamiltonian vector fields on compact surfaces","authors":"Tomoo Yokoyama","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the time evolution of fluids, the topologies of fluids can be changed by the creations and annihilations of singular points and by switching combinatorial structures of separatrices. In this paper, we construct foundations of descriptions of the time evaluations of fluid phenomena (e.g. Euler equations, Navier-Stokes equations). In particular, we study the combinatorial structure of the “moduli space” of Hamiltonian vector fields. In fact, under the conditions of the non-existence of creations and annihilations of singular points, the space of topological equivalence classes of such Hamiltonian vector fields on compact surfaces has non-contractible connected components and is a disjoint union of finite abstract cell complexes such that the codimension of a cell corresponds to the instability of a Hamiltonian vector field by using combinatorics and simple homotopy theory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"373 ","pages":"Article 109439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144189406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Hernández-Hernández, J.B. Ramírez-Chávez, R. Rojas-Hernández
{"title":"The space Cp(X) admits a dense exponentially separable subspace when X is metrizable","authors":"F. Hernández-Hernández, J.B. Ramírez-Chávez, R. Rojas-Hernández","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We prove that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> admits a dense exponentially separable for any metrizable space <em>X</em> and, answering a question in <span><span>[16]</span></span>, we give an example of a pseudocompact <em>ω</em>-monolithic space such that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> does not admit dense functionally countable subspaces. In a similar sense, solving consistently a problem in <span><span>[11]</span></span>, we prove that <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub><mo>(</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> may not always contain a dense subspace of countable functional tightness. In other direction, and answering a question posed in <span><span>[6]</span></span>, we characterize compact spaces for which their Alexandroff doubles have a Lindelöf <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>; we also give a short proof of a result in <span><span>[19]</span></span> about a consistent characterization of the Lindelöf property in <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>-spaces over Hattori spaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 109434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurability of stochastic processes on topological probability spaces","authors":"M.R. Burke , N.D. Macheras , W. Strauss","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A standard technique for converting a stochastic process <span><math><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> based on a probability space <span><math><mo>(</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>ν</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> into a separable process is to apply a lifting <em>ρ</em> for <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∞</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>ν</mi><mo>)</mo></math></span> to get the modified process <span><math><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>ρ</mi><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>. In general the modified process is not measurable even if the original process is. We identify the liftings for which the modification always remains measurable as those which are 2-marginals.</div><div>Our focus is on the topological probability spaces <em>Y</em> which are Stone spaces of measure algebras. These have a canonical lifting <em>σ</em> which selects the clopen representative from each measure class. We analyze the marginal properties of <em>σ</em> by showing that for any probability space <em>Ω</em>, there is a thick set <span><math><mi>Q</mi><mo>⊆</mo><mi>Y</mi></math></span> such that the restriction <span><math><mi>σ</mi><mo>↾</mo><mi>Q</mi></math></span> is a 2-marginal for the complete product space <span><math><mi>Ω</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>Q</mi></math></span>. It is known from a result of Musiał, Strauss, and Macheras that <em>σ</em> is not a 2-marginal for the usual product measure on <span><math><mi>Y</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>Y</mi></math></span> when <em>Y</em> is non-atomic (so we cannot take <span><math><mi>Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>Y</mi></math></span>). They asked whether this holds also for the Radon product measure. We show that it does under the Continuum Hypothesis, for some Stone spaces, building on work of Dudley and Cohn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 109438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hyperbolic horospheres in Teichmüller space and mapping class group","authors":"Xiaoke Lou , Weixu Su , Dong Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the geometry of horospheres defined by the hyperbolic length functions on Teichmüller space. Moreover, we establish a rigidity theorem stating that any <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>-diffeomorphism of Teichmüller space that preserves horospheres is an element of the extended mapping class group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 109424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equivalences in selective topological games on the class of dense subsets in the space of continuous functions Ck(X)","authors":"Juan F. Camasca Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We obtain an equivalence in variations of selective topological games for the case of the class of k-covers in regular spaces and the class of dense subsets of the space of continuous functions with the compact-open topology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 109435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On stability of ultrametrically injective hulls","authors":"Yi Shi , Xiaowei Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The injective hull, or known tight span, of its object of a concrete category usually has many nice geometric or algebraic properties. In this paper, we first investigate the stability of the injective hulls of ultrametric spaces by making use of isometric embeddings. To that end, we prove that there exists an isometric embedding between their two injective hulls of an ultrametric space and its subspace, and further present an extension result for rough nets via isometric embeddings. This result yields a sharp stability estimate: the Gromov-Hausdorff ultrametric of the injective hulls of two ultrametric spaces is at most twice the Gromov-Hausdorff ultrametric between themselves. As a direct consequence, we obtain that two injective hulls are strongly roughly isometric with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff ultrametric if so are the original spaces. In addition, we give a characterization of an ultrametric space that is a rough net in its injective hull.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 109437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Orientation preserving homeomorphisms of the plane having BP-chain recurrent points","authors":"Jiehua Mai , Kesong Yan , Fanping Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.topol.2025.109427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>More than a century ago, L. E. J. Brouwer proved a famous theorem, which says that any orientation preserving homeomorphism of the plane having a periodic point must have a fixed point. In recent years, there are still some authors giving various proofs of this fixed point theorem. In <span><span>[7]</span></span>, Fathi showed that the condition “having a periodic point” in this theorem can be weakened to “having a non-wandering point”. In this paper, we first give a new proof of Brouwer's theorem, which is relatively simpler and the statement is more compact. Further, we propose a notion of BP-chain recurrent points, which is a generalization of the concept of non-wandering points, and we prove that if an orientation preserving homeomorphism of the plane has a BP-chain recurrent point, then it has a fixed point. This further weakens the condition in the Brouwer's fixed point theorem on plane.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51201,"journal":{"name":"Topology and its Applications","volume":"370 ","pages":"Article 109427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}