Stochastic Processes and their Applications最新文献

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Hole radii for the Kac polynomials and derivatives Kac 多项式和导数的孔半径
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104386
Hoi H. Nguyen , Oanh Nguyen
{"title":"Hole radii for the Kac polynomials and derivatives","authors":"Hoi H. Nguyen ,&nbsp;Oanh Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Kac polynomial <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><munderover><mrow><mo>∑</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow></munderover><msub><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> with independent coefficients of variance 1 is one of the most studied models of random polynomials.</p><p>It is well-known that the empirical measure of the roots converges to the uniform measure on the unit disk. On the other hand, at any point on the unit disk, there is a hole in which there are no roots, with high probability. In a beautiful work (Michelen, 2020), Michelen showed that the holes at <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span> are of order <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></math></span>. We show that in fact, all the hole radii are of the same order. The same phenomenon is established for the derivatives of the Kac polynomial as well.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 104386"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141192521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos for singular measures 奇异度量的临界高斯乘法混沌
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104388
Hubert Lacoin
{"title":"Critical Gaussian multiplicative chaos for singular measures","authors":"Hubert Lacoin","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2024.104388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Given <span><math><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, we provide a construction of the random measure – the critical Gaussian Multiplicative Chaos – formally defined as <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>d</mi></mrow></msqrt><mi>X</mi></mrow></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>μ</mi></mrow></math></span> where <span><math><mi>X</mi></math></span> is a <span><math><mo>log</mo></math></span>-correlated Gaussian field and <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> is a locally finite measure on <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup></math></span>. Our construction generalizes the one performed in the case where <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> is the Lebesgue measure. It requires that the measure <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> is sufficiently spread out, namely that for <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> almost every <span><math><mi>x</mi></math></span> we have <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>∫</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>B</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></msub><mfrac><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mfenced><mrow><mo>log</mo><mfrac><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></mrow></mfenced></mrow></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>∞</mi><mo>,</mo></mrow></math></span> where <span><math><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mo>:</mo><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msub><mo>→</mo><msub><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> can be chosen to be any lower envelope function for the 3-Bessel process (this includes <span><math><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> with <span><math><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>∈</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>). We prove that three distinct random objects converge to a common limit which defines the critical GMC: the derivative martingale, the critical martingale, and the exponential of the mollified field. We also show that the above criterion for the measure <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> is in a sense optimal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 104388"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141249975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measure-valued affine and polynomial diffusions 量值仿射和多项式扩散
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104392
Christa Cuchiero , Luca Di Persio , Francesco Guida , Sara Svaluto-Ferro
{"title":"Measure-valued affine and polynomial diffusions","authors":"Christa Cuchiero ,&nbsp;Luca Di Persio ,&nbsp;Francesco Guida ,&nbsp;Sara Svaluto-Ferro","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We introduce a class of measure-valued processes, which – in analogy to their finite dimensional counterparts – will be called measure-valued polynomial diffusions. We show the so-called moment formula, i.e. a representation of the conditional marginal moments via a system of finite dimensional linear PDEs. Furthermore, we characterize the corresponding infinitesimal generators obtaining a representation analogous to polynomial diffusions on <span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msubsup></math></span>, in cases where their domain is large enough. In general the infinite dimensional setting allows for richer specifications strictly beyond this representation. As a special case, we recover measure-valued affine diffusions, sometimes also called Dawson–Watanabe superprocesses. From a mathematical finance point of view, the polynomial framework is especially attractive since it allows to transfer many famous finite dimensional models and their tractability properties to an infinite dimensional measure-valued setting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 104392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030441492400098X/pdfft?md5=95b1e3d27661758cbdcb509b968b0392&pid=1-s2.0-S030441492400098X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141192518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deviation inequality for Banach-valued orthomartingales 巴拿赫值正交模型的偏差不等式
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104391
Davide Giraudo
{"title":"Deviation inequality for Banach-valued orthomartingales","authors":"Davide Giraudo","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2024.104391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We show a deviation inequality inequalities for multi-indexed martingale We then provide applications to kernel regression for random fields and rates in the law of large numbers for orthomartingale difference random fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 104391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304414924000978/pdfft?md5=a0bf3937d893b48c3aa8bb47e30a0427&pid=1-s2.0-S0304414924000978-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141239063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Asymptotic expansion of the quadratic variation of fractional stochastic differential equation 分数随机微分方程二次变化的渐近展开
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104389
Hayate Yamagishi, Nakahiro Yoshida
{"title":"Asymptotic expansion of the quadratic variation of fractional stochastic differential equation","authors":"Hayate Yamagishi,&nbsp;Nakahiro Yoshida","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We derive an asymptotic expansion for the quadratic variation of a stochastic process satisfying a stochastic differential equation driven by a fractional Brownian motion, based on the theory of asymptotic expansion of Skorohod integrals converging to a mixed normal limit. In order to apply the general theory, it is necessary to estimate functionals that are a randomly weighted sum of products of multiple integrals of the fractional Brownian motion, in expanding the quadratic variation and identifying the limit random symbols. To overcome the difficulty, we utilized the theory of exponents of functionals, which was introduced by the authors in Yamagishi and Yoshida (2023).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 104389"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304414924000954/pdfft?md5=310eab5d5d78f093c4fe4c9cea6a910f&pid=1-s2.0-S0304414924000954-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141132836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Scaling limits of nonlinear functions of random grain model, with application to Burgers’ equation 随机晶粒模型非线性函数的缩放极限,在布尔格斯方程中的应用
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104390
Donatas Surgailis
{"title":"Scaling limits of nonlinear functions of random grain model, with application to Burgers’ equation","authors":"Donatas Surgailis","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2024.104390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study scaling limits of nonlinear functions <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span> of random grain model <span><math><mi>X</mi></math></span> on <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> with long-range dependence and marginal Poisson distribution. Following Kaj et al. (2007) we assume that the intensity <span><math><mi>M</mi></math></span> of the underlying Poisson process of grains increases together with the scaling parameter <span><math><mi>λ</mi></math></span> as <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><msup><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, for some <span><math><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></math></span>. The results are applicable to the Boolean model and exponential <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span> and rely on an expansion of <span><math><mi>G</mi></math></span> in Charlier polynomials and a generalization of Mehler’s formula. Application to solution of Burgers’ equation with initial aggregated random grain data is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 104390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141156246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parameter inference for degenerate diffusion processes 退化扩散过程的参数推断
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104384
Yuga Iguchi , Alexandros Beskos , Matthew M. Graham
{"title":"Parameter inference for degenerate diffusion processes","authors":"Yuga Iguchi ,&nbsp;Alexandros Beskos ,&nbsp;Matthew M. Graham","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2024.104384","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study parametric inference for ergodic diffusion processes with a degenerate diffusion matrix. Existing research focuses on a particular class of hypo-elliptic Stochastic Differential Equations (SDEs), with components split into ‘rough’/‘smooth’ and noise from rough components propagating directly onto smooth ones, but some critical model classes arising in applications have yet to be explored. We aim to cover this gap, thus analyse the <em>highly degenerate</em> class of SDEs, where components split into further sub-groups. Such models include e.g. the notable case of generalised Langevin equations. We propose a tailored time-discretisation scheme and provide asymptotic results supporting our scheme in the context of high-frequency, full observations. The proposed discretisation scheme is applicable in much more general data regimes and is shown to overcome biases via simulation studies also in the practical case when only a smooth component is observed. Joint consideration of our study for highly degenerate SDEs and existing research provides a general ‘recipe’ for the development of time-discretisation schemes to be used within statistical methods for general classes of hypo-elliptic SDEs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 104384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304414924000905/pdfft?md5=89cc3606fec53926f51d3f981aa8013d&pid=1-s2.0-S0304414924000905-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141090210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parameter estimation for the stochastic heat equation with multiplicative noise from local measurements 根据局部测量结果对带有乘法噪声的随机热方程进行参数估计
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104385
Josef Janák , Markus Reiß
{"title":"Parameter estimation for the stochastic heat equation with multiplicative noise from local measurements","authors":"Josef Janák ,&nbsp;Markus Reiß","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2024.104385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For the stochastic heat equation with multiplicative noise we consider the problem of estimating the diffusivity parameter in front of the Laplace operator. Based on local observations in space, we first study an estimator, derived in Altmeyer and Reiß (2021) for additive noise. A stable central limit theorem shows that this estimator is consistent and asymptotically mixed normal. By taking into account the quadratic variation, we propose two new estimators. Their limiting distributions exhibit a smaller (conditional) variance and the last estimator also works for vanishing noise levels. The proofs are based on local approximation results to overcome the intricate nonlinearities and on a stable central limit theorem for stochastic integrals with respect to cylindrical Brownian motion. Simulation results illustrate the theoretical findings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 104385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304414924000917/pdfft?md5=e30a3d4bb5bf98f143d7018ebba94816&pid=1-s2.0-S0304414924000917-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141307861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On moments of integrals with respect to Markov additive processes and of Markov modulated generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes 关于马尔可夫可加过程和马尔可夫调制广义奥恩斯坦-乌伦贝克过程的积分矩
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104382
Anita Behme, Paolo Di Tella, Apostolos Sideris
{"title":"On moments of integrals with respect to Markov additive processes and of Markov modulated generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes","authors":"Anita Behme,&nbsp;Paolo Di Tella,&nbsp;Apostolos Sideris","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2024.104382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We establish sufficient conditions for the existence, and derive explicit formulas for the <span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>’th moments, <span><math><mrow><mi>κ</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, of Markov modulated generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes as well as their stationary distributions. In particular, the running mean, the autocovariance function, and integer moments of the stationary distribution are derived in terms of the characteristics of the driving Markov additive process.</p><p>Our derivations rely on new general results on moments of Markov additive processes and (multidimensional) integrals with respect to Markov additive processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 104382"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304414924000887/pdfft?md5=a4aad3e554a4842b41e2a355c4134f09&pid=1-s2.0-S0304414924000887-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140948127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The d-dimensional bootstrap percolation models with axial neighbourhoods 具有轴向邻域的 d 维引导渗流模型
IF 1.4 2区 数学
Stochastic Processes and their Applications Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.spa.2024.104383
Daniel Blanquicett
{"title":"The d-dimensional bootstrap percolation models with axial neighbourhoods","authors":"Daniel Blanquicett","doi":"10.1016/j.spa.2024.104383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2024.104383","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fix positive integers &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; and &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⋯&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. For large &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, each site of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;⊂&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;Z&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; can be at state 0 or 1 (infected), and its neighbourhood consists of the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; nearest neighbours in the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-directions for each &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;k&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The state will evolve in discrete time as follows: At time 0, vertices are independently 1 with some probability &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. We infect any vertex &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;v&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; at state 0 already having &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; infected neighbours, and infected sites remain infected forever.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this paper we study the critical length for percolation, defined by &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;min&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;∈&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;:&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;{&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msup&gt;&lt;mtext&gt;is eventually infected&lt;/mtext&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≥&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;}&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. We determine the &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;-times iterated logarithm of &lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msubsup&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;N&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;…&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;a&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/msubsup&gt;&lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;p&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; u","PeriodicalId":51160,"journal":{"name":"Stochastic Processes and their Applications","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 104383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140948125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"数学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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