Journal of Arid Environments最新文献

{"title":"Effect of type and extent of vegetative cover on terrestrial small mammals in the semi-arid Okanagan Valley, British Columbia","authors":"Walt Klenner ,&nbsp;Thomas P. Sullivan","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intermontane grasslands and shrub-steppe rangelands of the Okanagan Valley of southern British Columbia, Canada have a long history of anthropogenic disturbances. Livestock grazing, urbanization and agriculture have all played roles in altering the historic habitat mosaic. Less than 10% of semi-arid grasslands remain in a natural state and are occupied by several species of terrestrial small mammals. These species may provide useful insight into the effects of habitat alteration because they occur in sufficient abundance for sampling, select habitat at multiple scales, and are strongly influenced by habitat structures. We investigated a wide range of semi-arid habitats, most with a history of livestock grazing, and predicted that habitats with a high percentage cover of native grasses and forbs, and some degree of vertical structure, would support the highest overall abundance and species diversity of small mammals. We studied small mammal communities from 1994 to 1997 on 24 sites selected to represent a wide variety of habitat conditions that spanned a range of plant species assemblages. The 24 sites covered a range of levels of mineral soil exposure with no plant cover ranging from 1.4% to 27.2%. Mean cover of major shrubs were bitterbrush (<em>Purshia tridentata)</em> that ranged from 0% to 29.8% and sagebrush (<em>Artemisia tridentata)</em> that ranged from 0% to 16.2%. Mean cover of grass-forbs ranged from 21.6% to 69.5%. The Great Basin pocket mouse (<em>Perognathus parvus</em>) was the dominant species numerically (mean of 29–44 mice/ha in high density years) and showed a strong positive relationship to mean cover of total shrubs, at least above 20% ground cover. The deer mouse (<em>Peromyscus maniculatus</em>) was the second most abundant species (mean of 23–26/ha in high density years) with a negative correlation of mean cover of grasses and forbs. The western harvest mouse (<em>Reithrodontomys megalotis</em>) reached mean densities of 5–6/ha and was positively correlated with grass-forb sites but not <em>Artemisia</em>-dominated sites. The consistently low numbers of montane voles (<em>Microtus montanus</em>) (2–3/ha, up to 6–10/ha at high densities) and lack of any relationship with cover of grasses and forbs reflected the poor habitat conditions for this keystone species. Mean abundance and species diversity of total mammals were positively correlated with a measure of vegetation cover density, thereby suggesting that some degree of protection from predators was perceived.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The potential for using soil carbon, soil texture, and elevation as indicators of grass-cover response in Chihuahuan Desert grassland restoration practices","authors":"Kathleen E. Schaeffer ,&nbsp;Brandon T. Bestelmeyer ,&nbsp;Laura M. Burkett ,&nbsp;Jennie R. McLaren","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estimating how effective shrub removal treatments will be in desert grassland restoration is a significant challenge for land managers. We investigated whether soil and site-level properties could serve as indicator variables for grass response following shrub removal in the Chihuahuan Desert. Our study took place in southwest New Mexico, at shrub removal sites established by the Restore New Mexico (RNM) program 10 years before our sampling efforts. At each site, we sampled soils and analyzed them for organic carbon (SOC), texture (% sand, silt, and clay), and pH. Site-level grass % cover data from before and after shrub removal was used to calculate grass response (GGS) to shrub removal treatment relative to controls. GGS was positively related to SOC, with a stronger relationship for soils from under shrub canopies. GGS was also strongly related to soil texture (% sand and % silt), and positively correlated with site average annual rainfall and elevation. Elevation was also related to SOC, soil texture (% sand and silt), and average annual rainfall. Our study found that soil and site properties, such as soil carbon, soil texture, and elevation, could potentially serve as useful indicators of grass response to shrub removals and suggest further exploration of these possibilities in Chihuahuan Desert restoration practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics and interactions of soil moisture and temperature in semi-arid regions of northern China","authors":"Ziyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiao Chen ,&nbsp;Kang Jiang ,&nbsp;Zhihua Pan ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jialin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the hydrothermal coupling and the effects of land use changes in the semi-arid regions of northern China (SANC). Using the ERA5-Land dataset spanning from 1981 to 2020, we analyzed soil moisture (SM) and temperature (ST) patterns. Our analysis involved a comprehensive examination of these patterns and their interactions, along with the influence of land use alterations. The results indicate a spatial distribution of SM, characterized by diminished levels in the northeast and elevated levels in the southwest. Over a span of 40 years, SM diminished markedly (0.005 m³/(m³·10a), P &lt; 0.01), whereas ST escalated (0.26 °C/10a, P &lt; 0.01). Alterations in land use, especially the expansion of cropland at the detriment of forests and grasslands, have profoundly influenced soil hydrothermal dynamics. SM decreased more swiftly, and ST increased more rapidly in agricultural and urban regions. A negative correlation was observed between SM and ST, particularly in arid regions with positive heat budgets, underscoring the regulatory function of SM. In humid regions with negative heat budgets, there was a positive correlation, wherein SM affected heat fluxes and moderated temperatures. These findings are essential for enhancing climate models, water management, and adaptation strategies in these at-risk ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) diets reduce voluntary water intake, water footprint and enteric methane production improving ruminal fermentation in steers","authors":"Aghata E.M. da Silva ,&nbsp;Arturo Macias Franco ,&nbsp;Juan K.Q. Solomon ,&nbsp;Lucien B. da Freiria ,&nbsp;Felipe H. de Moura ,&nbsp;Pedro H.S. Mazza ,&nbsp;Bianca Birkenstock ,&nbsp;Leilson R. Bezerra ,&nbsp;Teshome Shenkoru ,&nbsp;Mozart A. Fonseca","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the viability of <em>Opuntia ficus indica</em> (or cactus), as nutritional substitute for alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em>) and orchardgrass (<em>Dactylis glomerata</em>) hays, assessing its effects on greenhouse gas emissions, water intake, and water footprint. Fermentation kinetics were assessed using <em>in vitro</em> gas production technique with two ruminally cannulated Angus steers as inoculum donors. Forage types were incubated in serum bottles over three runs for 48 h to analyze fermentation characteristics. In vitro digestion kinetics evaluated cactus forage inclusion at 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% on a dry matter basis. Computer simulations estimated the of cactus diets on water usage. Data were analyzed as completely randomized design, with diet as fixed and runs as random effects. Results showed cactus reduced CH₄ and increased CO₂ production higher with cactus compared to hay (P &lt; 0.05). Rumen pH, propionate, and digestibility increased with cactus inclusion, while acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate decreased in orchardgrass diets (P &lt; 0.05). Cactus also reduced water intake and footprint (P &lt; 0.001), offering a viable option to lower methane emissions without affecting cattle performance. Cactus fermentation enhances digestibility and propionate production and produces less methane compared to alfalfa and orchardgrass while still maintaining high dry matter digestibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105311"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal balance of whole plant non-structural carbohydrates in a deciduous species with green stem in a dry tropical forest","authors":"Adglecianne Melo,&nbsp;Joana Nicodemos,&nbsp;Rafaela F. Lopes,&nbsp;Mauro G. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in a deciduous species with a green stem, under semiarid seasonality. The predawn xylem water potential (Ψ_x) always remained high (≥−0.5 MPa). However, the NSC total concentration was reduced by approximately 75% when the plants were leafless. Stomatal conductance, leaf and stem photochemical activity, and mineral nutrition varied under the seasonality. Stomata had greater conductance when the soil water balance was positive. In the driest year, lower nutrient concentrations were found in the leaves, and higher concentrations were found in the stems than in the wettest year. <em>Commiphora leptophloeos</em> has a phenology that promotes leaf fall at the beginning of the dry season and regrowth of new leaves at the end of the dry season, following the photoperiod and not soil water availability. Due to deciduousness, the plants maintained a high Ψ_x, however, the green stem seems to have only contributed to maintaining the concentration of stored starch. Such behavior could increase the susceptibility of this species to prolonged drought season, as predicted for the semiarid regions. Thus, sprouting new leaves still during the dry season would deplete the NSC stock and increase water loss.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating pastoralism and tourism in Fafen Zone of Somali region, Ethiopia: opportunities and barriers","authors":"Mohammed Jemal Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The traditional pastoralist way of life and economy is threatened. However, this threat can be addressed and potentially reversed by integrating pastoralism with tourism. Leveraging the commercial opportunities between pastoralists and tourists can contribute to environmental preservation in rural regions while simultaneously boosting economic growth. This study seeks to assess the symbiotic relationship between tourism and pastoralism. The article discusses the primary methods for combining pastoralism and tourism, as well as the challenges that exist, with an emphasis on Ethiopia's Somali Region's Fafen Zone. In this study, a qualitative approach was used. Results indicate promising prospects for aligning pastoralism with tourism in the area. Examples include the development of modern hotels in Jigjiga city, potential eastern tourism routes, and the relative stability and infrastructure improvements in the Fafen zone, all of which offer economic and social advantages. However, progress may be hindered by challenges such as negative perceptions of the region, limited tourism industry expertise, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient promotional efforts. Policymakers should consider the link between pastoralism and tourism, encouraging greater involvement from pastoralists and stakeholders, and establishing multi-stakeholder analyses to tackle policy shortcomings and foster collaboration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of conspecific and congeneric soils and litters on the nodulation and growth of non-native invasive and native Prosopis species in arid deserts","authors":"Ali El-Keblawy ,&nbsp;Elsiddig A.E. Elsheikh ,&nbsp;Ana Novoa ,&nbsp;Ross T. Shackleton ,&nbsp;Mohamed Sheteiwy ,&nbsp;Salma K. Shaltout","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Allelochemical production is a plausible mechanism promoting the invasion of <em>Prosopis</em> species in their introduced ranges. This study assessed how allelopathy affects the nodulation and growth of non-native <em>Prosopis</em> species (<em>P. juliflora</em> and <em>P. pallida</em>) and native <em>P. cineraria</em> congeners in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In two experiments, seeds of the three <em>Prosopis</em> species were grown in conspecific and congeneric soils, and litter was collected from underneath their canopies. <em>Prosopis juliflora</em> and <em>P. pallida</em> seedlings, on average, formed a higher number of nodules than native <em>P. cineraria</em> seedlings. <em>Prosopis juliflora</em> seedlings had the heaviest dry shoots and nodules, whereas <em>P. pallida</em> had the heaviest dry roots. The soil source played an important role in the nodule production of each species, with <em>P. pallida</em> and <em>P. cineraria</em> seedlings producing more nodules when growing in conspecific soils. Nodulation and growth were generally reduced across all species when conspecific litters were added, with <em>P. juliflora</em> being the least affected. The success of non-native invasive <em>Prosopis</em> trees in their introduced ranges could be attributed to their capacity to nodulate profusely and to use the biologically fixed nitrogen to enhance aboveground growth in soils with low nitrogen content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden biodiversity: Dryland soil seed banks across ecological sites and states","authors":"Kirsten B. Romig ,&nbsp;Darren K. James ,&nbsp;Connie J. Maxwell ,&nbsp;Brandon T. Bestelmeyer ,&nbsp;Joel R. Brown ,&nbsp;Shawn W. Salley ,&nbsp;Akasha M. Faist","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2024.105307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Grassland degradation can hinder global dryland ecosystems with aboveground vegetation a key indicator of transitions from a healthy reference state to undesirable, or degraded states. The soil seed bank may either mirror, or diverge, from its associated aboveground vegetation. To better understand this relationship, we examined vegetation and seed banks across soil types (ecological sites) and vegetation/soil states (ecological states). To assess the soil seed bank, we sampled replicate soil seed bank collections across 67 individual ecological site and state combinations in the northern Chihuahuan Desert U.S.A. We found low species overlap between aboveground vegetation and the soil seed bank ranging from 0% to 30%. Sand dominated ecological sites contained the highest seed densities, yet densities and richness did not differ markedly across most vegetation states within an ecological site. The soil seed bank was dominated by perennial native grasses (&gt;69%) with a low proportion (3%) of shrub seeds. Results indicate that irrespective of degradation levels, functional groups characteristic of historical native grasslands persist in the seed bank. Understanding soil seed bank biodiversity and how it relates to edaphic gradients and degrees of land degradation provides insight into the restoration potential of degraded arid ecosystems in a changing climate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cattle effects on seed dispersal, germination, and seedling recruitment of a threatened brazilian dry forest palm tree (Syagrus coronata)","authors":"Uriel de Jesus Araújo Pinto ,&nbsp;Bianca Santana Dias Nascimento ,&nbsp;Jhonathan de Oliveira Silva ,&nbsp;Priscyla Maria Silva Rodrigues","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Syagrus coronata</em> (Arecaceae) is a palm widely distributed throughout the Brazilian semi-arid region presenting high sociocultural, economic, and ecological importance. Anthropogenic disturbances have led to a defaunation of wild birds and mammal dispersers, compromising the seedling recruitment. Herein, we verified the livestock effects on <em>S. coronata</em> dispersal, germination, and establishment of regenerant stages in dry forest vegetation and pasture. Seed dispersal was assessed using 72 experimental arenas for measuring dung beetles’ functions facilitated by cattle. We applied a completely randomized design for the germination experiment with 400 seeds divided into four groups: 1) control, 2) mechanically scarified seeds, 3) seeds ingested by cattle and recovered from feces, and 4) seeds both ingested by cattle and mechanically scarified. We assessed the survival rates of regenerating <em>S. coronata</em> individuals (seedlings, saplings, and juveniles) in 40 plots (20 × 20 m) over a year. We found cattle as a potential disperser and facilitator of secondary dispersal for 43% of seeds, mainly in pastures. Mechanical scarification treatment reached the greatest germination percentage. Seed passage through the digestive tract of cattle treatment increased germination compared with the control. In contrast, combining mechanical and digestive bovine tract scarification damages the seeds. There was a negative cattle effect on survival of regenerants, in which their establishment is a crucial stage in the life cycle of palms. This study provides information for farming practices in areas of extractive use, contributing to <em>S. coronata</em> population conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitat distribution modelling to identify areas of high conservation value under climate change for an endangered arid land tree Tecomella undulata","authors":"Jereem Thampan ,&nbsp;Jyoti Srivastava ,&nbsp;Pooja Nitin Saraf ,&nbsp;Pujarini Samal","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2025.105317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dryland ecosystems are fragile and have recently been subjected to paradigm shifts by climate change. To analyse this, we selected <em>Tecomella undulata,</em> an endangered arid land tree that adapts to the harsh climates of drylands. We collected 111 extant occurrence records of the species and utilised 16 environmental variables. The study identified that bio12, bio8, altitude, total nitrogen, CEC, and bio15 are the factors that significantly influence the distribution range and modelled species distribution ranges from LGM to 2100 using the Species Distribution Model. The model showed a decreased distribution from the past and predicts an increased distribution for the future. The reduced temperature and increased bio12 acted as limiting factors in the past, while the increase in bio15 and bio8 will act as enhancing factors for the future because of the warming effect due to climate change. The results predict that future climatic conditions will favour the species’ distribution. Therefore, the factors which might limit the species distribution will be anthropogenic, genetic, or pest-related, which was beyond the scope of our study and needs to be identified urgently to conserve the species. The study identified priority conservation areas where environmental factors suit the species. Still, most fall outside the current conservation sites, necessitating more regional conservation sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Arid Environments","volume":"227 ","pages":"Article 105317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}