{"title":"Comments on “A Presentation of a Mathematical Formula to Design of a Quasi-Uniform Leaky-Wave Antenna With Ultralow Sidelobe Level”","authors":"Jamal Kazazi;Mahmoud Kamarei","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3592927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3592927","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative method for designing a quasi-uniform leaky-wave antenna with transversely arranged periodic slots with varying length is presented in (Kiani et al., 2019). Although this design approach significantly reduces the sidelobe level, mathematical modeling errors appear to be present. These errors are corrected in this manuscript without compromising the generality of the method. Additionally, the accuracy of the modeling is determined by simulating an antenna with a single transverse slot and examining the relationship between its radiated power and the slot length. Finally, the validity of the simulation results in (Kiani et al., 2019) is critically evaluated.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3829-3831"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3-D-Printed Single-Feed 45°-Polarized Waveguide-Based Antenna With Designable Concave Depth","authors":"Siqi Liu;Yong Liu;Hongda Lu","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3606008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3606008","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents an X-band 45° polarization shaped beam antenna with designable concave depth implemented using metal 3-D printing. The key innovations include: A dual-waveguide antenna aperture enabling concave depth control via superposition of difference and sum patterns is proposed, and a compact waveguide power divider is designed to provide the desired amplitude ratio and phase difference between the two waveguide apertures, effectively adjusting the mode ratio between the difference and sum beam patterns. The radiating waveguides are twisted by 45° without changing phase centers to realize 45° polarization. Three prototypes with different pattern concave depths are fabricated using metal 3-D printing and experimentally verified. Within the operating band from 8.4 GHz to 9.4 GHz, the pattern concave depths of −5.6 dB to −6.9 dB, −7.9 dB to −9.1 dB, and −12.2 dB to −13 dB are realized, respectively, with corresponding gains higher than 6.2 dBi, reflection coefficients below −12 dB and cross-polarization levels below −15 dB. This work provides a promising solution of 45°-polarized antenna with a designable pattern concave required by customized beam coverage and corresponding array implementations.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3824-3828"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High-Isolation Wide-Angle Scanning L-/S-Band Shared-Aperture Phased Array Antenna Based on Self-Decoupling Technique","authors":"Ling-Long Gou;Yue Zhao;Bo-da Jing;Bin Shi;Jing Ma;Kun-Shan Mo;Lin Peng","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605863","url":null,"abstract":"Cross-band interferences could deteriorate the performance of a dual-band shared-aperture phased array antenna (SAPAA), especially in small frequency ratio SAPAAs. This letter proposes novel self-decoupling techniques in an L-/S-band SAPAA to achieve out-of-band suppressions as low as −27.4 and 20.3 dBi for the radiations of L and S bands, respectively, and the cross-band port isolations are both more than 30 dB, with peak values exceeding 60 dB, without the need for additional filter circuits or decoupling structures. In addition, new technique of capacitive coupling folded arm is proposed to realize wide-beam and wideband characteristics. The shared-aperture structure is formed by a staggered arrangement of 4 × 4 L-/S-band endfire dipole antennas. As a result, the scanning range of the SAPAA can achieve ±60°/±70° in the E-/H-plane at 1.5 GHz to 1.8 GHz with voltage standing-wave ratios (VSWRs) under 3.3, and it can achieve ±60° in both the E-/H-plane at 2.5 GHz to 2.9 GHz with VSWRs under 3.3. The consistency of the measurement and simulation validates the designs.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3814-3818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Full-Space Continuously Scanning SSPP Antenna With Stopband Suppression Enabled by Sinusoidal Odd-Mode Modulation","authors":"Xiangzhuang Song;Bian Wu;Yifeng Fan;Jiao Yin;Yu-Tong Zhao","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605866","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) based on an odd-mode spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) waveguide, offering full-space beam scanning capability and stopband suppression. The SSPPs waveguide comprises periodically arranged complementary T-shaped units and is excited by a microstrip-to-slot transition to generate an odd-mode E-field distribution. Sinusoidal modulation with a waveform shift creates an asymmetric radiation field, suppressing the open stopband and enabling continuous scanning. Additionally, stub branches are uniformly placed at the modulated E-field peaks, significantly enhancing radiation efficiency and gain, particularly at edge frequencies. Simulated and measured results demonstrate a 9.5 GHz to 16.75 GHz operating band (55.2%), with 93% average radiation efficiency and 11.3 dBi average realized gain. The combination of structural simplicity, stopband suppression, and high-efficiency full-space scanning makes the proposed design superior to conventional LWAs.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3819-3823"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tropospheric Refractivity Estimation Using DeepONet","authors":"Mikhail S. Lytaev","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605532","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of tropospheric tomography is considered. The task is formulated as finding an inverse operator that maps electromagnetic field measurement data to the spatial distribution of the refractive index. The DeepONet architecture and an automatically differentiable parabolic equation are used to construct the inverse operator. Training data is generated using the parabolic equation method. Unlike previous works, the proposed method does not require prior information about the spatial distribution of the refractive index profile. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated for typical profiles: evaporation duct, surface duct, and trilinear profiles. A comparison with the adjoint method and genetic algorithm was carried out. It is shown that the proposed method allows performing inversion with an accuracy of up to 1 M-unit in real time.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3794-3798"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circularly Polarized Cross-Helix Antenna With Quasi-Hemispherical 3 dB Axial Ratio Coverage","authors":"Zhuozhu Chen;Zhengyu Zhang;Hongbo Zhu;Zhenxin Hu","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605606","url":null,"abstract":"This letter presents a circularly polarized (CP) antenna based on cross-helix with a wide 3 dB axial ratio (AR) coverage. First, a twin-helix is utilized to attain a symmetrically omnidirectional radiation pattern with circular polarization while maintaining a compact size. Then, by employing cross-arranged helices and a 90° hybrid coupler, a Huygens source with a wide CP radiation beam is realized. Additionally, a balun based on coaxial-wire and a λ/4 conductor strip is utilized to provide the differential feed signal. Simulation results reveal that the proposed antenna achieves a −10 dB bandwidth from 2.35 GHz to 2.46 GHz. A very wide 3 dB AR beamwidth with ±90° in the two principal planes and at least ±75° in other cut-planes in the hemispherical space is obtained. The proposed antenna is fabricated and tested, and measured results are in good agreement with the simulated ones. Characterized by the wide 3 dB AR spatial coverage, the proposed antenna exhibits great potential in wireless communication applications.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3804-3808"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bingyi Qian;Aofang Zhang;Xiaoming Chen;Ahmed A. Kishk
{"title":"Ultralow-Profile Decoupling Patch Structure for E-Plane Microstrip Antenna Arrays","authors":"Bingyi Qian;Aofang Zhang;Xiaoming Chen;Ahmed A. Kishk","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605586","url":null,"abstract":"An ultralow-profile decoupling patch (DP) structure is proposed for E-plane microstrip antenna arrays. Without requiring ground modification or complex circuitry, the DP introduces a secondary coupling path that destructively interferes with surface wave coupling. Full-wave simulations and experimental results of a 1 × 4 array validate the design, showing isolation enhancement from −17 dB to −55 dB while preserving stable gain, high efficiency, and unaltered radiation patterns.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3799-3803"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tradeoffs in Avoiding Truncation in Hierarchical Time Delay Beamforming Networks","authors":"David W. K. Thomas;Kai Wu;Y. Jay Guo","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605713","url":null,"abstract":"This letter examines truncation errors in hierarchical beamforming networks using layered time delay units. While quantization errors are assumed to be bounded by half the least significant bit (LSB/2), this assumption breaks down at low resolution, leading to delay truncation and significant phase errors. A revised framework is proposed, which introduces a scaling factor to account for cumulative quantization error propagation and to derive the required delay range for each layer. Closed-form expressions and simulations illustrate how bit allocation affects truncation risk and phase error growth. The results provide design tools to balance resolution, scan range and phase performance.","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3809-3813"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiale Liu;Feng Liang;Xu Ni;Xiangru Wang;Deshuang Zhao;Bing-Zhong Wang
{"title":"Ka-Band Low-Profile Circularly Polarized Liquid Crystal Folded Reflectarray Antenna","authors":"Jiale Liu;Feng Liang;Xu Ni;Xiangru Wang;Deshuang Zhao;Bing-Zhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2025.3605393","url":null,"abstract":"A low-profile circularly polarized liquid crystal (LC) folded reflectarray antenna operating at 30 GHz is proposed. The antenna consists of a 16 × 16 LC reconfigurable main reflector, a multilayer metasurface subreflector, and an integrated linearly polarized feed at the center of the main reflector. To verify this design, the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured. It features a low profile height of only 2.5<italic>λ</i><sub>0</sub> with an H/D ratio of 0.31. Its beam can be continuously steered, covering ±45° in the elevation plane and 0° to 360° in the azimuth plane. The measured 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 9.3% (28.6 GHz to 31.4 GHz).","PeriodicalId":51059,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","volume":"24 10","pages":"3789-3793"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145236662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}