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Das Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland 德国的创业环境
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0019
Sandra Gottschalk, Hanna Hottenrott
{"title":"Das Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland","authors":"Sandra Gottschalk, Hanna Hottenrott","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The number of start-ups in Germany has been at a historically low level for a decade. While there was an annual average of 240,000 new start-ups between 1995 and 2004, the number has fallen significantly in the following years to around 165,000. One explanation is demographic change, but another is the shortage of skilled workers and labour, which makes other forms of employment attractive for potential founders. However, the significant slump in 2022 has other causes. After the turbulence of the coronavirus pandemic, the war in Ukraine led to uncertainty, which resulted in a sharp decline in the number of start-ups in many sectors. The decline in the high-tech sector is particularly noticeable. The energy sector, on the other hand, stands out due to its increasing dynamism.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"9 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139631551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Deregulierung, Re-Regulierung – Auswirkungen der Rückvermeisterung im Handwerk 放松管制，重新管制--熟练技工部门重新管理的影响
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0017
P. Runst, Jörg Thomä
{"title":"Deregulierung, Re-Regulierung – Auswirkungen der Rückvermeisterung im Handwerk","authors":"P. Runst, Jörg Thomä","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The obligation to obtain a master craftsman’s certificate in order to set up a new business was suspended in 2004 for some trades in the German skilled crafts sector, but was reintroduced for some of them in 2020. This paper presents the first empirical results of this re-regulation and places them in the context of the policy discussion. The results so far indicate a reversal of the 2004 deregulation effects on German crafts after the re-regulation. Future in-depth studies will show whether these effects are robust.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"145 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139636680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Konsens und Dissens in der evidenzbasierten Politikberatung 循证政策建议中的共识与分歧
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0013
Niklas Garnadt
{"title":"Konsens und Dissens in der evidenzbasierten Politikberatung","authors":"Niklas Garnadt","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Economic policy advice often reveals conflicting objectives. Using the example of the German Council of Economic Experts’ evidence-based policy advice, this article presents institutionalised procedures for consensus and dissent in the preparation of its annual report. While consensus is sought in the first two stages of primary data and data analysis, dissent regularly occurs in the third stage of reaching policy conclusions. Dissent is institutionalised through the possibility of authoring minority votes.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"352 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139632364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Der Klimawandel als globales Problem und seine Folgen für Deutschland 作为全球问题的气候变化及其对德国的影响
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0016
R. Neubäumer
{"title":"Der Klimawandel als globales Problem und seine Folgen für Deutschland","authors":"R. Neubäumer","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The article focuses on the fact that climate change is a global phenomenon. Based on the latest IPCC Assessment Report and the climate policies of the major emitters, the earth’s temperature is expected to rise by 2.5 to 3°C by 2100. As a scenario analysis commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action shows, this will cause considerable damage, although it can be significantly reduced through increased adaptation measures. The article concludes that Germany (and the EU) should refrain from playing a pioneering role and work more towards further developing the Paris Agreement in accordance with the principle of reciprocity. Additionally, Germany should significantly strengthen its adaptation measures.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"266 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139636338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gestiegene finanzpolitische Unsicherheit – zur Finanzpolitik des Bundes nach dem Urteil zum zweiten Nachtragshaushalt 2021 财政政策的不确定性增加 - 联邦政府在对 2021 年第二次补充预算做出判决后的财政政策
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0007
T. Büttner
{"title":"Gestiegene finanzpolitische Unsicherheit – zur Finanzpolitik des Bundes nach dem Urteil zum zweiten Nachtragshaushalt 2021","authors":"T. Büttner","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper deals with the current budget crisis in Germany, which was triggered by an attempt to increase public debt beyond the limits of the German constitution. The rejection of the Supplementary Budget 2021 of the federal government by the Constitutional Court in November 2023 requires a substantial revision of budget plans. The paper first asks why fiscal policy has moved outside the rules of the constitution. The paper then addresses the question of whether the necessary turnaround in financial policy has now been initiated. To this end, the paper explores the recent supplementary budget 2023 and the proposals for the budget 2024.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"149 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139638252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inflation und Zinsen: Wirkungen auf die kommunale Finanzlage in Nordrhein-Westfalen 通货膨胀和利率：对北莱茵-威斯特法伦州市政财政状况的影响
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0018
Désirée I. Christofzik, Niklas Isaak, Robin Jessen, F. Kirsch
{"title":"Inflation und Zinsen: Wirkungen auf die kommunale Finanzlage in Nordrhein-Westfalen","authors":"Désirée I. Christofzik, Niklas Isaak, Robin Jessen, F. Kirsch","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Since 2022, inflation and interest rates in Germany have noticeably increased. We examine the impact of heightened inflation and interest rates on the financial balances of municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia. In our scenario analysis, we consider systematic differences between highly and less indebted municipalities. While there are positive effects on the revenue side that offset the higher costs on the expenditure side, such as some taxes being tied to nominal values, the analysis suggests that the overall effect on the financial balance is likely to be negative.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"361 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139632244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quo vadis, Schuldenbremse? Über Sinn und Unsinn detaillierter Defizit- und Schuldenregelungen im Grundgesetz 债务刹车，何去何从？论《基本法》中详细的赤字和债务规定的意义和无稽之谈
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0010
Dirk Ehnts
{"title":"Quo vadis, Schuldenbremse? Über Sinn und Unsinn detaillierter Defizit- und Schuldenregelungen im Grundgesetz","authors":"Dirk Ehnts","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The German debt brake forces the German government to target a very specific public deficit to GDP ratio. A ruling of the German constitutional court has drawn attention to the debt brake, as it is to be enforced more tightly than the federal German government previously thought. In this article, the author argues that the debt brake should be abolished. It does not do what it is supposed to do – the sustainability of public debt depends on the European Central Bank’s Dealer of Last Resort function and nothing else. As a side effect, the debt brake curtails government spending at a time of close to zero net public investment and huge requirements for more public spending.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"86 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139635233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ein gesamtstaatlicher „Transformations- und Infrastrukturfonds“ zur Stabilisierung der Schuldenbremse 设立政府 "转型和基础设施基金"，以稳定债务制动
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0008
M. Hüther
{"title":"Ein gesamtstaatlicher „Transformations- und Infrastrukturfonds“ zur Stabilisierung der Schuldenbremse","authors":"M. Hüther","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With its judgement on the federal budget, the German Federal Constitutional Court has thrown the government’s financial planning into disarray. Important public investments are at stake, as the debt brake sets tight limits for the treasury and debt-financed shadow budgets. But the green transition requires public investment as the time horizons are short and the investment risk for technologies and international competition is high. A transformation and infrastructure fund (TIF) anchored in the constitution, combined with planning accelerations should be established in order to finance government investments while at the same time leaving the debt brake in the core budget untouched.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"47 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139640196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rückläufige Einnahmen aus der Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer 遗产税和赠与税收入减少
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0015
J. Jirmann
{"title":"Rückläufige Einnahmen aus der Erbschaft- und Schenkungsteuer","authors":"J. Jirmann","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current German inheritance and gift tax statistics for 2022 suggest rising tax revenues. However, the statistics are misleading, particularly for large estates, because a large proportion of the taxes assessed are subsequently remitted. This is due to extensive tax exemptions for corporate assets. On the one hand, the findings are important for the assessment of the latest inheritance tax reform, which may not meet the requirements of the Federal Constitutional Court. On the other hand, they show that wealth-related taxes are currently declining despite very high wealth inequality in Germany.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"37 13‐14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139634692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Starke Stimmen mit Chorgeist: Wirtschaftspolitische Beratung im Rahmen der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose 具有合唱精神的强音：作为联合经济预测一部分的经济政策建议
Wirtschaftsdienst Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.2478/wd-2024-0014
Stefan Kooths
{"title":"Starke Stimmen mit Chorgeist: Wirtschaftspolitische Beratung im Rahmen der Gemeinschaftsdiagnose","authors":"Stefan Kooths","doi":"10.2478/wd-2024-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/wd-2024-0014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Twice a year, the Joint Economic Forecast (JEF, „Gemeinschaftsdiagnose“) brings together Germany’s leading economic research institutes to prepare a consensus view on the business cycle, potential growth perspectives and appropriate policy recommendations. This globally unique exercise, dating back to 1950, fruitfully amalgamates individual forecasts without hampering the scientific independence of the participating institutes. While the primary purpose is to give policymakers and the general public a better understanding of economic dynamics, the JEF also serves as an ongoing interactive peer-review-process among its members. Joining forces within the JEF has proven particularly useful in times of dramatic macro shocks, when quick and reliable policy advice is urgently needed.","PeriodicalId":510322,"journal":{"name":"Wirtschaftsdienst","volume":"24 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139634894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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