Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Antibiotic resistance and molecular typing of duck-derived Escherichia coli isolates","authors":"Hongyan Dong ,&nbsp;Shanyuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Dongyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Caoyu Fei ,&nbsp;Zhi Wu ,&nbsp;Shuang Wu ,&nbsp;Anping Wang ,&nbsp;Shengqing Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Avian pathogenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> (APEC) causes severe economic losses in duck farms through complex, frequent infections and secondary infections<em>.</em> In this study, 73 suspected <em>E. coli</em> strains were isolated from diseased ducks of three provinces in China during 2019–2020, and identified using polymerase chain reaction. The O serotypes, drug susceptibility and molecular subtyping of the strains were also analyzed. The results showed that 9 of the 73 strains belong to classical APEC serotypes, including 1 serotype O1 strain, 2 serotype O2 strains, 2 serotype O18 strains, and 4 serotype O78 strains. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that 69/73 (94.52 %) strains were sensitive to polymyxin B, but less than 6/73 (8.22 %) strains were sensitive to clindamycin, kanamycin, amoxicillin and tetracycline. All strains were multidrug-resistant. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis clustering analysis revealed that these strains shared over 50 % similarity of the band patterns, with seven groups showing 100 % similarity among themselves. Notably, strains from Jiangsu and Jiangxi provinces in 2019 had 100 % similarity in certain groups, with some strains showing identical resistance profiles. Additionally, isolates from Anhui and Jiangsu provinces across different years also exhibited 100 % similarity, suggesting potential cross-province transmission. In summary, the 73 duck-derived <em>E. coli</em> isolates exhibited strong antibiotic resistance and a broad resistance profile, with genotypes showing polymorphic distribution and epidemiological relevance. The 100 % similarity among some strains within and between provinces underscores the need for epidemiological investigation to inform effective prevention and control measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primarily molecular detection and phylogenetic analyses of spotted fever group Rickettsia species in cats in Türkiye: With new host reports of Rickettsia aeschlimannii, Rickettsia slovaca, and Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae","authors":"Ufuk Erol ,&nbsp;Omer Faruk Sahin ,&nbsp;Osman Furkan Urhan ,&nbsp;Melih Gazi Genc ,&nbsp;Kursat Altay","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Domestic cats are companion animals that live with people in their households or outdoors, and strong relationships exist between cats and humans. However, this animal is also a host/reservoir of zoonotic pathogens, including <em>Rickettsia</em> species. In Türkiye, cat ownership has increased over the years, but there is a lack of data on the pathogens in cats. In this study, 396 cat blood samples were collected from different parts of Türkiye, and these samples were investigated for <em>Rickettsia</em> species with PCR assay. In addition, DNA sequences were performed for species identification and phylogenetic analyses of detected <em>Rickettsia</em> species. 24 out of 396 cat blood samples (6.06 %) were found to be infected with <em>Rickettsia</em> species. The DNA sequence analyses of all PCR-positive samples were done, and <em>Ri. aeschlimannii</em> was identified in 17 samples, <em>Ri. slovaca</em> in four, <em>Candidatus</em> Rickettsia barbariae in two, and <em>Ri. raoultii</em> in one sample. The phylogenetic analyses of obtained DNA from the above-mentioned species were performed. The sequence data belonging to the species were uploaded to the GenBank, and accession numbers for <em>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</em> (PP998242-PP998258), <em>Ri. slovaca</em> (PP998259-PP998262), <em>Candidatus Rickettsia</em> barbariae (PP998263-PP998264), and <em>Ri. raoultii</em> (PP998265) were taken. This result provides the first molecular detection of <em>Ri. aeschlimannii, Ri. slovaca, Candidatus</em> Rickettsia barbariae, and <em>Ri. raoultii</em> in Türkiye. Moreover, the DNA of <em>Ri. aeschlimannii, Ri. slovaca,</em> and <em>Candidatus</em> Rickettsia barbariae were identified in cat blood samples for the first time in the world, and the cats were a new host for these <em>Rickettsia</em> species. Detailed studies are, however, needed to determine the pathogenicity, biological characteristics, and vectors of these <em>Rickettsia</em> species in this new host.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102319"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of Giardia duodenalis in New and Old World Camelids: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Mina Mamizadeh ,&nbsp;Ali Pouryousef ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Mohammadreza Hafezi Ahmadi ,&nbsp;Hassan Nourmohammadi ,&nbsp;Ali Asghari","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to review and analyze the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of <em>Giardia duodenalis</em> in New World Camelids (NWCs) and Old World Camelids (OWCs), highlighting geographic and host-related variations. The statistical analyses were conducted using CMA software to estimate pooled prevalence rates. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I² statistic, and sensitivity analysis tested pooled prevalence after removing certain studies. Meta-regression examined the association between <em>G. duodenalis</em> prevalence in camelids and factors like publication year and sample size. Subgroup analyses investigated prevalence variations based on countries, continents, WHO regions, publication years, diagnostic methods, and sample sizes. A total of 22 studies/23 datasets were included, with eight on NWCs and 15 on OWCs, covering 5008 camelids across nine countries. The weighted <em>G. duodenalis</em> prevalence in camelids was 8.7 % (95 % CI: 5.6–13.3), with NWCs at 10.3 % (95 % CI: 3–29.7) and OWCs at 9.1 % (95 % CI: 6.7–12.2). Geographical analyses revealed the highest prevalence of <em>G. duodenalis</em> in South America (40.4 %) and the AMR WHO region (10.8 %), with notable rates in Peru (40.4 %) and Iraq (11.9 %). Sensitivity analysis showed that prevalence rates remain robust, unaffected by study exclusions. Neither the year of study nor sample size influenced infection rates in camelids. The identification of zoonotic assemblages A and E, and zoonotic sub-assemblage AI in camelids, is of public health significance. These insights enhance our understanding of <em>G. duodenalis</em> epidemiology in camelids, underscoring the need for ongoing surveillance and research regarding their effects on human and animal health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report on the seroprevalence of Egg Drop Syndrome Virus-76 in laying hen flocks in Algeria","authors":"Omar Salhi ,&nbsp;Samia Ameziane ,&nbsp;Mohamed Rahal ,&nbsp;Mustapha Nabi ,&nbsp;Meriem Tahraoui ,&nbsp;Chafik Redha Messaï ,&nbsp;Aziz Lounas ,&nbsp;Nassim Ouchene ,&nbsp;Nadjet Amina Khelifi Touhami","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Egg Drop Syndrome (EDS-76), caused by an avian hemagglutinating adenovirus, results in economic losses by reducing egg production and eggshell quality. This study investigated EDS-76 occurrence in 35 Algerian commercial laying hen flocks (10,000–150,000 birds, aged 24–62 weeks), identified risk factors, and assessed diagnostic methods. A total of 1400 birds were sampled, and their serum was analyzed using indirect ELISA to evaluate seroprevalence and contributing factors. Out of 35 tested flocks, 19 (54.28 %) were seropositive. Highest prevalence (48.57 %, p &lt; 0.01) was observed in summer. Significant strain differences were observed (p &lt; 0.01), with ISA Brown showing the highest prevalence (42.85 %) and Hy-line the lowest (14.28 %). Higher bird density per cage (&gt;5 birds) was associated with increased prevalence (85.71 %, p &lt; 0.0001), as was inadequate hygiene (65.71 %, p &lt; 0.001). Vaccination had a protective effect, reducing prevalence (40 % vs. 73.33 %, p &lt; 0.0001). High mortality rates (&gt;5 %) and severe (&gt;40 %) or prolonged (&gt;3 weeks) egg-laying drops significantly increased risk (p &lt; 0.03). Abnormal eggshell quality was strongly linked to high prevalence (80 %, p &lt; 0.0001). Timing of egg-laying drops also mattered, with the peak laying period showing the highest prevalence (57.14 %, p &lt; 0.04). To prevent and manage EDS-76, it is crucial to enhance biosecurity and hygiene, reduce bird density, implement tailored vaccination programs, and conduct regular serological surveillance. Optimized management during summer, farmer awareness, and targeted national policies will help minimize economic losses and improve productivity in commercial laying hen flocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143336175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Listeria monocytogenes from different sources: The serotyping, genotyping, virulotyping, and antibiotic susceptibilities of the recovered isolates","authors":"Emre Karakaya ,&nbsp;Fuat Aydin ,&nbsp;Kadir Semih Gümüşsoy ,&nbsp;Tuba Kayman ,&nbsp;Özgür Güran ,&nbsp;Cansu Güran ,&nbsp;Doğancan Yarim ,&nbsp;Enes Said Gündüz ,&nbsp;Seçil Abay","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It was aimed at serotyping, genotyping, determining various virulence genes, and investigating antibiotic susceptibilities of <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> isolates recovered from different sources in the current study. For this purpose, a total of 70 <em>L. monocytogenes</em> isolates including 22 chicken, 20 fish, 18 sheep, and 10 cattle origin were used. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed for serotyping and analysis of virulence genes of the isolates, and also Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR was performed for the genotyping. In addition, it was determined the susceptibilities of the isolates against nine different antibiotics via the disk diffusion method. As a result of serotyping, the most detected serogroup in analyzed <em>L. monocytogenes</em> isolates was 1/2a-3a (44.3 %), and but the least detected serogroup 1/2b-3b-7 (11.4 %). ERIC-PCR results revealed a total of 18 different patterns. All isolates were positive for the presence of <em>inl</em>A, <em>inl</em>B, <em>inl</em>C, <em>iap</em>, <em>prf</em>A, <em>act</em>A, <em>hly</em>, <em>plc</em>A, <em>plc</em>B and <em>mpl</em> virulence genes tested. The prevalence of the <em>act</em>A gene in isolates was determined as 70 %. Antibiotic resistance was detected against six antibiotics, and high resistance to oxacillin (80 %) and ciprofloxacin (65.7 %) in the isolates. Furthermore, the rate of multi-drug resistance in <em>L. monocytogenes</em> isolates was 28.5 % (20/70). In conclusion, the present study showed that the sources may pose a potential health risk, according to obtained data on the virulence gene prevalence, serogroup distribution, high genetic heterogeneity, and antibiotic resistance profiles of <em>L. monocytogenes</em> isolates from different sources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 102314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143336174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First identification of Brucella melitensis and Rickettsia monacensis in a red fox, Vulpes vulpes","authors":"Rachid Selmi ,&nbsp;Hanène Belkahia ,&nbsp;Mariem Ben Abdallah ,&nbsp;Aymen Mamlouk ,&nbsp;Monia Daaloul-Jedidi ,&nbsp;Mourad Ben Said ,&nbsp;Lilia Messadi","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wild canids, in particular red foxes, serve as potential carriers of zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the presence of somepathogenic bacteria relevant to veterinary public health concern. On November 15, 2023, we collected spleen and blood samples from a corpse of a red fox found randomly during a field trip in the El-Jouza district, Beja governorate, northern Tunisia. PCR amplification assays were conducted using specific primers to detect <em>Brucella</em> spp. and major vector-borne bacteria, including <em>Rickettsia</em>, <em>Anaplasma</em>, <em>Borrelia</em>, <em>Bartonella</em>, <em>Coxiella</em>, and hemotropic <em>Mycoplasma</em>. Species identification and genetic characterization were performed through BLAST analysis and phylogenetic studies following the sequencing of the obtained PCR products. DNA of both <em>Brucella melitensis</em> and <em>Rickettsia monacensis</em> was detected in the blood sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the identified <em>B. melitensis</em> isolate was clustered with two strains isolated from humans in Mediterranean countries. The <em>R. monacensis</em> isolate was found to be genetically close to a human strain from a South Korea and several isolates infecting<em>Ixodes</em> ticks primarily in Europe. This study revealed for the first time the potential infection of red foxes by <em>B. melitensis</em> and <em>R. monacensis</em>. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to comprehensively understand the range of zoonotic bacteria in wildlife and to develop effective monitoring and control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102315"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey on the prevalence of trypanosomosis in small ruminants and on tsetse distribution in Dedesa and Bedele districts, Buno Bedele Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Tsegaye Wolde Oche ,&nbsp;Yigremachew Kasahun","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is one of the most serious diseases with ongoing detrimental effects on animal health and food production.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bedele and Dedesa districts of Buno Bedele Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis and its vector distributions in small ruminants. Blood samples collected from a total of 384 small ruminants were examined for trypanosomosis via hematological analysis. For the tsetse distribution survey, 72 traps were deployed in the designated districts.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the small ruminants examined with hematological techniques (n = 384), 16 (8 sheep and 8 goats) were infected with trypanosomes. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 4.17 %. Only two species of trypanosomes, namely, <em>T. vivax</em> and <em>T. congolense,</em> were observed in this study, with equal prevalence rates (2.08 %). The mean PCV ± SD of the parasitemic small ruminants (24.37 ± 5.66) was significantly lower than that of the aparasitemic (27.48 ± 4.38) small ruminants. A total of 369 flies were caught (<em>Glossina tachinoides</em> (74.5 %) and <em>G. morsitans</em> (25.5 %)), with an overall mean apparent density of 2.56 flies per trap per day.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Overall, these results indicate that this disease is prevalent in these animals, and maintaining their health may play a significant role in defending the disease's spread. Greater emphasis needs to be given to controlling this disease in these ruminants, and the role of these animals as carriers of the disease needs to be considered in future planning and strategies of African animal trypanosomosis control activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of a high dose of isometamidium chloride treatment in single and mixed experimental infections with T. congolense and T. brucei brucei in dogs","authors":"Romanus C. Ezeokonkwo ,&nbsp;Chukwunonso F. Obi ,&nbsp;Michael I. Okpala ,&nbsp;Chijioke N. Iheagwam ,&nbsp;Ikenna O. Ezeh","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine African trypanosomosis is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemotherapy remains the commonly employed approach to trypanosomosis control. However, it is beleaguered by the absence of new drugs, treatment failures, relapse infection and resistance. The efficacy of a high dose of isometamidium chloride (ISM) in single and mixed infections of <em>T. congolense</em> and <em>T. brucei brucei</em> therapy was assessed in dogs. Fifteen dogs employed in this study were allocated into four groups at random, each with four dogs except group I which had three dogs. Group I dogs were not infected while groups II and III dogs received 10⁶ <em>T. congolense</em> and <em>T. brucei brucei</em> respectively. Group IV dogs received both (5 × 10⁵) <em>T. congolense</em> and <em>T. brucei brucei</em>. Groups II-IV dogs were dosed with 1 mg/kg ISM (Trypamidium-Samorin®) intraperitoneally on day 14 post-infection (PI). Parasitaemia levels, live body weight changes (LBWC), clinical signs, rectal temperature (RT), some haematological and serum biochemical parameters were used to evaluate the efficacy of high dose of ISM. Following infection, all the infected dogs became parasitaemic by the 14th day PI, with obvious clinical signs. Treatment with ISM cleared parasitaemia within 72 hours post-treatment, caused the reversal of the clinical signs, and enhanced the RT, LBWC, haematological and serum biochemical parameters of the dogs. Relapse infection was not recorded throughout the study duration (84 days post-infection). In conclusion, 1 mg/kg of ISM is effective in treating African trypanosomosis in dogs and should be adopted as a first-line treatment for the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143054191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reptile trade and chelonians-associated Salmonellosis in humans: A public health concern","authors":"Randa Benabdallah ,&nbsp;Hani Saoudi ,&nbsp;Faouzi Matallah ,&nbsp;Valentina Virginia Ebani ,&nbsp;Ammar Ayachi ,&nbsp;Leila Aoun","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2025.102305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Animal trade has become a serious criminal practice in the world. Every day thousands of exotic wild animals, including reptiles, are farmed and sold worldwide. The illegal collection of turtles and tortoises remains completely unsupervised and represents a big challenge for responsible authorities<strong>.</strong> This has consequences for animals and public health because it can contribute to the spread of multiple zoonotic pathogens by introducing exotic species into new geographical areas like wet markets, pet shops, and houses. Non-typhoidal <em>Salmonella</em> are bacteria that can commonly cause self-limiting gastroenteritis but can also cause more serious symptoms, especially in more vulnerable people with impaired immune systems. There is growing evidence linking <em>Salmonella</em> to reptiles, especially chelonians, and its prevalence has increased recently as turtles and tortoises have become popular as new pets. These animals can potentially transmit antimicrobial resistant strains of <em>Salmonella</em> to humans, which puts people in danger, especially young children. Pet owners should be aware and take all the control measures to prevent the infection. This updated review investigates the reptile trade situations worldwide, including chelonians, explaining their relationship with the spread of <em>Salmonella</em> and the risk of infections for humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic and molecular analysis of hemagglutinin gene and Fsp-coding region of canine distemper virus: Insight into novel vaccine development","authors":"Mojtaba Khosravi ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Zahra Gharib ,&nbsp;Alireza bakhshi","doi":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a highly contagious and lethal disease in a vast range of carnivorous and non-carnivorous species. The study aimed to genetically investigate the hemagglutinin (H) gene and Fsp-coding region of CDV isolates from vaccinated dogs. Phylogenetic analysis of the H gene and Fsp-coding region showed that our viruses belonged to the Arctic-like lineage which was distinct from two commonly used vaccine strains (America-1 lineage strains) in Iran. Our data presented a high similarity between the H gene sequences of studied viruses. The multiple sequence alignment of the H gene of our viruses against vaccine strains revealed 91.3–95.6 % and 89.9–94.4 % in the level of nucleotide and amino acid identity, respectively. Our finding identified a potential recombination breakpoint occurring between codons 520–607, along with three positive selection sites including residues 415,547, and 549 among the H gene using the Data Monkey platform. A significant variation of B cell epitopes was found in Hemagglutinating and noose epitope (HNE), with respect to America-1 vaccine strains. Moreover, the H genes of studied viruses had 8 N-glycosylation sites, which is more than the America-1 vaccine strains. Our results confirmed that the circulation of Arctic-like lineage may be a prevalent lineage. Despite widespread vaccination, it does not provide full protection against CDV infection. Due to antigenic differences between our viruses and commonly used vaccine strains, it seems a novel vaccine strain is needed to prevent and prepare full protection against Arctic-like CDV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50999,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 102292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143015804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}