Coastal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Impact of climate change on tropical cyclone wind and wave hazards and structural reliability of offshore wind turbines along the southeast coast of China","authors":"C. Sheng ,&nbsp;Y.B. Zhang ,&nbsp;H. Cheng ,&nbsp;K.S. Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is expected to influence tropical cyclone (TC) activity, posing risks to offshore wind turbine (WT) structural reliability and codified design. However, few studies have assessed the joint TC wind and wave hazards along the southeast coast of mainland China under projected climate change, and their implications for reliability-based offshore WT design have not been explored. This study developed a computationally efficient, physics-based TC modelling framework and applied it to an ensemble of climate projections from six general circulation models (GCMs) under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5–8.5 scenario. Results indicate a robust statistically significant (95% confidence level) upward trend in the annual occurrence rate of strong TCs, although inter-model variability remains substantial. Spatial-temporal analyses of TC track density and 0.75-quantile maximum winds consistently show increasing trends. Regionally averaged 50- and 500-year return period values for both wind and wave are projected to rise by 6% and 5%, respectively, from the near future (2015–2044) to the long-term future (2073–2100). A Gaussian copula is identified as an appropriate model for modelling joint TC wind and wave annual maxima, and the obtained environmental contours reveal escalated multi-hazard risks——primarily driven by increased TC severity rather than changes in correlation strength. Reliability analysis demonstrates that neither current International Electrotechnical Commission-recommended TC design values nor historically derived 50-year site-specific return period values could adequately ensure target offshore WT structural safety. However, implementing long-term future wind and wave hazards for the design can achieve sufficient reliability. This study provides important insights into future TC multi-hazards for the southeast coast of mainland China and establishes a basis for improving reliability-based offshore WT design to mitigate climate change risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104810"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144523158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beach groundwater response to ocean processes and rain on a mild-sloping barrier island: Implications for sea turtle nest flooding","authors":"Jakob C. Christiaanse ,&nbsp;José A.A. Antolínez ,&nbsp;Christopher D. Marshall ,&nbsp;Jens Figlus ,&nbsp;Timothy M. Dellapenna ,&nbsp;Ad J.H.M. Reniers","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beach groundwater dynamics play a critical role in coastal ecosystem functions, particularly in low-lying beach habitats used for nesting by endangered species like sea turtles. Incubating nests are susceptible to prolonged inundation below the groundwater table (GWT), as flooding duration critically affects egg viability. Understanding how oceanic processes and rain drive GWT fluctuations in the nesting area is essential for evaluating nest relocation strategies and designing nature-based solutions that mitigate nest flooding. Here, we analyze how infragravity waves, tides, storm surge, and rainfall drive short-term fluctuations (hourly to weekly) in the beach GWT on Galveston Island, Texas—a dissipative, mild-sloping barrier island system along the northwestern Gulf of Mexico coast. Applying tailored spectral analyses to field observations collected in 2023, we show that surge and rainfall dominate short-term GWT response in the nesting area, while higher-frequency wave and tidal signals are increasingly damped landward. To facilitate this analysis, we classify observed water levels into <em>groundwater</em>, <em>mixed</em>, and <em>submerged</em> regimes based on estimated wave runup. A flooding threshold analysis reveals multiple, prolonged nest inundation events (exceeding 12 h) across the backshore, even for the shallowest nests. This strongly suggests that Galveston Island’s beaches are currently unsuitable for turtle nesting, underscoring the need to continue the ongoing nest relocation program and further research nature-based solutions that enable sea turtle nesting (e.g., turtle-friendly nourishments).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104795"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave hydrodynamics and attenuation in idealized mangrove forest: Large-scale physical and numerical modeling","authors":"Hai Van Dang ,&nbsp;Tori Tomiczek ,&nbsp;Hyoungsu Park ,&nbsp;Sungwon Shin ,&nbsp;Daniel T. Cox","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangroves play a crucial role in mitigating coastal flooding, protecting shorelines, and enhancing coastal hazard resilience. While numerous studies have investigated the protective performance of mangroves against tsunami-like waves, the effectiveness of <em>Rhizophora</em> mangrove forests, characterized by their complex prop-root systems, has not been thoroughly quantified. Thus, a series of prototype-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the protective performance of an idealized <em>Rhizophora</em> mangrove forest with a moderate cross-shore width against flooding scenarios. Additionally, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model using OpenFOAM was carried out and validated utilizing laboratory experiments to provide a detailed understanding of the hydrodynamic interactions between tsunami-like waves and mangrove elements. The study further examines the influence of wave parameters and mangrove properties on wave attenuation coefficients. The results indicate that increases in the water depths generally lead to a reduction in the wave attenuation coefficient. While increasing incident wave height resulted in an increase in the water attenuation coefficient in the shallow water depth, as the water depth increases, the impact of incident wave height on wave attenuation tends to be reduced. Moreover, mangrove configurations with higher stem density exhibit significantly greater wave attenuation, with higher stem density attenuation coefficients up to 3.5 times those found in lower density configurations. The study also investigates the relationship of dimensionless parameters derived from wave and mangrove parameters on wave attenuation coefficient, employing Multivariate Non-Linear Regression (MNLR) and prediction models based on machine learning, including Deep Neural Networks (DNN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). While an empirical equation developed using the MNLR method showed a strong correlation (R² = 0.86), the DNN model outperformed the other prediction algorithms, demonstrating superior accuracy in predicting wave attenuation coefficients (R² = 0.97). Furthermore, the DNN model was used to evaluate the relative importance of each influencing parameter, revealing that the density and cross-shore width of the mangrove forest are the dominant variables, contributing 47% and 30%, respectively, to the wave attenuation coefficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104809"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave impacts on vertical cliffs: Insights from laboratory experiments and field observations","authors":"Yaxiong Shen ,&nbsp;Colin N. Whittaker ,&nbsp;Catriona F. Thompson ,&nbsp;Alison C. Raby ,&nbsp;Adam P. Young ,&nbsp;Mark E. Dickson","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many engineered and natural coastal structures suffer frequent damage from wave impacts. Motivated by field observations of wave impacts on coastal cliffs, we undertake controlled physical experiments with synchronised measurements of wave properties and their impacts on a vertical structure representing a cliff. Laboratory experiments using focused wave groups show that, in the investigated scenarios, large impacts occur within a relatively narrow phase range (<span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span>30° to 35°), covering <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>20% of the full phase range. Our irregular wave experiments indicate that <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>30% of waves break onto or near the cliff face, although not all these breaking waves result in large impacts. Irregular wave tests can produce large impacts due to amplitude modulation. In contrast, lacking this modulation, regular wave tests did not generate similarly large impacts. Reanalysis of field data using the same methodology confirms that intermediate values of wave heights at a given water depth (and intermediate values of water depths at a given wave height) produce the most breaking wave impacts and the highest ground motions. Additionally, we analyse the average shapes of large vibrations and the waves generating the associated impacts in both laboratory and field settings. The findings show that, on average, the offshore wave profiles are nearly identical for large impacts. However, the resulting ground motions still exhibit substantial variability in magnitude. These findings underscore the complexity of wave impacts on coastal cliffs and suggest that sea-level rise can shift impact regimes, potentially either exacerbating or mitigating subsequent coastal erosion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104794"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory observations of continuous and intermittent subharmonic edge waves","authors":"Xuelin Ding ,&nbsp;Roland Garnier ,&nbsp;Colin Whittaker ,&nbsp;Pablo Blondeaux ,&nbsp;Giovanna Vittori ,&nbsp;Robert A. Dalrymple ,&nbsp;Pedro Lomonaco ,&nbsp;R.T. Guza ,&nbsp;Giovanni Coco","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The theoretical suggestion that subharmonic edge wave growth is inhibited by incident wave randomness is confirmed with observations in a large laboratory basin. Edge waves, gravity waves trapped near the shore by shoreline reflection and refraction, can be excited by an instability of waves normally incident from offshore. In the much-studied case of monochromatic, unidirectional incident waves, phase locking with incident waves allows continuous edge wave growth, culminating in edge waves with larger amplitudes than the incident waves. We present the first laboratory observations of edge wave excitation with random incident waves. Randomness associated with frequency and directional spread in incident waves disrupts phase locking between edge and incident waves, and subharmonic edge wave amplitudes never reach an equilibrium. Edge wave generation can be suppressed completely by relatively rapid variation of incident wave amplitude and (especially) phase. With moderate randomness, edge waves can be intermittent, with near zero amplitudes for many wave periods, followed by intervals with relatively energetic edge waves. Observed time-varying edge wave amplitudes and phases are broadly consistent with existing nonlinear perturbation theory but with significant disagreement. With both monochromatic and random incident waves, observed edge wave amplitudes are underpredicted by about a factor of ∼2, possibly owing to violation of the theoretical assumptions of weakly nonlinear and narrow-banded waves, simplified damping, and complete shoreline reflection. Intermittency will complicate detecting natural subharmonic edge waves.</div></div><div><h3>Plain language summary</h3><div>Edge waves travel parallel to the shoreline and are confined to shallow water. Subharmonic edge waves, with period twice that of waves incident on a beach, are studied in a large-scale wave basin with regular and (for the first time) random incident waves more representative of realistic ocean conditions. We confirm the recent theoretical finding that random incident waves can suppress edge wave excitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104808"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach for wave-turbulence decomposition","authors":"Jianliang Lin ,&nbsp;Chunyan Zhu ,&nbsp;Jianwei Sun ,&nbsp;Weiming Xie ,&nbsp;Bram van Prooijen ,&nbsp;Leicheng Guo ,&nbsp;Qing He ,&nbsp;Qingshu Yang ,&nbsp;Zheng Bing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decomposing turbulence from waves remains challenging due to frequency overlap and wave-turbulence interactions. Existing decomposition methods, e.g., moving average, energy spectrum analysis, and synchrosqueezed wavelet transform (SWT), produce inconsistent turbulence estimates. Here, we introduce a rotating-coordinate-based method (RoCoM), founded on two assumptions: (1) the energy spectrum in the cross-wave direction remains unaffected by wave orbital velocities, and (2) wave-wise and vertical turbulence spectra are linearly proportional to the cross-wave spectrum, with proportional constants derived from frequencies higher than the wave-dominated frequency range. Both assumptions were validated with observational data collected from the Changjiang Estuary. Comparative analyses using both in-situ observations and controlled laboratory experiments show RoCoM avoids the energy trough problem inherent in the moving average and SWT methods, yielding the most accurate power spectra and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) estimates. In-situ data reveal that the relative errors of RoCoM are approximately 16 % for total TKE and about 6 % for TKE within the wave-dominated frequency range. Laboratory experiments further confirm its superior accuracy, demonstrating relative errors of approximately 14 % for total TKE and about 7 % for wave-band TKE. RoCoM holds significant implications for marine material transport and coastal energy development by providing robust and precise turbulence and wave energy estimates. Nonetheless, its application is currently best suited for scenarios with predominant wave propagation from a single direction, while SWT remains advantageous in environments characterized by broader directional wave spreading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104807"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curved concrete crownwalls on vertical breakwaters under impulsive wave load: Finite Element Analysis","authors":"Lára M. Gísladóttir ,&nbsp;Myrta Castellino ,&nbsp;Dimitrios Dermentzoglou ,&nbsp;Max A.N. Hendriks ,&nbsp;Paolo de Girolamo ,&nbsp;Marcel R.A. van Gent ,&nbsp;Alessandro Antonini","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Curved concrete crownwalls are commonly installed on vertical breakwaters in deep water to mitigate wave overtopping. This study compares the hydraulic and structural performance of fully curved and recurved crownwalls under impulsive wave loads induced by non-breaking waves, known as Confined-Crest Impact. Using one-way coupled numerical simulations in OpenFOAM and structural analyses in DIANA FEA, we assess the pressure fields and structural responses of the two geometries. Results reveal that while the fully curved crownwall significantly reduces overtopping, it experiences wave forces up to 2.5 times greater than the recurved crownwall, along with longer pressure impulse durations, leading to amplified tensile stresses and higher risk of cracking. In contrast, the recurved crownwall, despite localized peak pressures, benefits from a broader cross-section and linear stress distribution, resulting in better structural performance. These findings underscore the importance of integrating dynamic structural analysis in crownwall design to balance hydraulic efficiency with structural resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104791"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of seasonal wind-wave responses to severe seagrass decline in a coastal lagoon","authors":"Arnaud Le Pevedic ,&nbsp;Paul Bayle ,&nbsp;Alexandre Nicolae Lerma ,&nbsp;Aldo Sottolichio ,&nbsp;Florian Ganthy","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The intensification of environmental stressors and anthropogenic pressures has resulted in significant seagrass loss worldwide, reducing the capacity of vegetation to damp hydrodynamic energy. While the broad-scale impact of seagrass decline on wind waves has been partially investigated in coastal lagoons, the role of seasonal variations in seagrass characteristics in influencing these responses remains not fully understood. We propose to explore the seagrass-wave interaction through the implementation of a novel coupled wave-flow-vegetation model, which considers deflected canopy height in WAVEWATCH-III, and applied to the Arcachon lagoon. We perform a scenario analysis using different wind conditions and various maps of seagrass coverage (from 1989 to 2016) to provide new insights into how seasonality affects wind wave responses to <em>Zostera noltei</em> decline. Our results reveal that during the summer, when seagrasses are fully developed, seagrass decline significantly reduces the ability of <em>Z. noltei</em> to dissipate wave energy, leading to a wave height increase (reaching 30 %, for H_m0 between 0.05 m and 0.35 m) in the areas where seagrass coverage is most reduced. However, during the winter, when canopy height and density are low, no significant changes in wave dissipation are observed due to <em>Z. noltei</em> decline. This study also shows that modifications of the ambient current within the canopy further decreases the capacity of <em>Z. noltei</em> to attenuate waves, as the intensification of flow conditions due to seagrass decline reduces canopy height.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104796"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the uncertainties in stone armor stability","authors":"Giulio Scaravaglione ,&nbsp;Jeffrey A. Melby ,&nbsp;Giuseppe R. Tomasicchio ,&nbsp;Marcel R.A. van Gent ,&nbsp;Alessandra Saponieri","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research aims to investigate the uncertainties in the evaluation of stone armor stability. Data synthesis was achieved by collecting and homogenizing data from 4 distinct studies, considering the inherent variability of the original data. Established stability equations are then applied to the synthetized database to assess both the strengths and limitations of different approaches across deep, shallow, and very shallow water. The results indicate that while nearly all formulations perform well in deep water, some inadequacies emerge in shallow and very shallow water. To address these limitations, the stability equations were recalibrated using the new database, with a focus on error and uncertainty quantification. The refitted Etemad-Shahidi et al. (ES, 2020) and Modified ES (Scaravaglione et al., 2025) equations consistently demonstrate better predictive capability across all water depths. However, damage assessment reveals persistent uncertainties across all formulations, rendering the selection of a single equation inconclusive, mainly due to the high uncertainty of the available laboratory data. Further synthesizing and homogenizing require additional modeling given the varying modeling approaches, the non-homogenous nature of the parametric data, and the limited understanding possible of the detailed laboratory techniques and data analysis carried out.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 104790"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind-wave forces on a smooth and rough horizontal submerged cylinder: A field experiment","authors":"Federico Casella ,&nbsp;Francesco Aristodemo ,&nbsp;Mariacarla Lugarà ,&nbsp;Pasquale G.F. Filianoti","doi":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small-scale tests conducted directly in the field, rather than in controlled environments such as flumes and wave tanks, provide a more accurate representation of natural conditions that help to understand performance and challenges in the real world. The present work addresses a field experiment conducted to investigate the influence of barnacles on wind-wave forces on a submerged horizontal cylinder. The experiment was carried out in a reserved marine area at the Marine Energy Laboratory (MEL) of the University of Reggio Calabria. The experimental setup consists of iron frames anchored to the seabed and supporting two identical and aligned cylinders. One is smooth and treated against fouling, while the other is given an artificial roughness by printing barnacles on it. The hydrodynamic force coefficients of the Morison equation and the transverse equation were derived from the experimental kinematics and the forces measured by pressure sensors along the cylinder circumference. The main results show that the total wave forces on the rough cylinder increase compared to the smooth cylinder, and the hydrodynamic force coefficients are generally higher. These findings can serve as a benchmark for detailed numerical studies which, once validated by the results of the present field tests, can investigate other configurations more economically and efficiently.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50996,"journal":{"name":"Coastal Engineering","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 104786"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}