Archive for History of Exact Sciences最新文献_第3页

Ibn al-Zarqālluh’s discovery of the annual equation of the Moon 伊本-扎尔卡鲁赫发现月球的年度方程

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00323-z

S. Mohammad Mozaffari

{"title":"Ibn al-Zarqālluh’s discovery of the annual equation of the Moon","authors":"S. Mohammad Mozaffari","doi":"10.1007/s00407-023-00323-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-023-00323-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>Ibn al-Zarqālluh (al-Andalus, d. 1100) introduced a new inequality in the longitudinal motion of the Moon into Ptolemy’s lunar model with the amplitude of 24′, which periodically changes in terms of a sine function with the distance in longitude between the mean Moon and the solar apogee as the variable. It can be shown that the discovery had its roots in his examination of the discrepancies between the times of the lunar eclipses he obtained from the data of his eclipse observations over a 37-year period in the latter part of the eleventh century and the predictions made on the basis of the lunar theories in the Mumta(textit{d{h}})an zīj (Baghdad, ca. 830) and al-Battānī’s zīj (Raqqa, d. 929), which were available to him at the time. What Ibn al-Zarqālluh found is, in fact, a special case of the annual equation of the Moon, which is applicable in the oppositions and, thus, in the lunar eclipses. The inequality was discovered independently by Tycho Brahe (d. 1601) and Johannes Kepler (d. 1630). As Ibn Yūnus (d. 1009) reports in his (textit{d{H}})ākimī zīj, Ibn al-Zarqālluh’s medieval Middle Eastern predecessors, the Persian astronomers Māhānī (d. ca. 880) and Nayrīzī (d. 922) as well as ‘Alī b. Amājūr (fl. ca. 920), were already acquainted with the problem of the eclipse timing errors, but it had remained unresolved until Ibn Yūnus provided a provisional, and incorrect, solution by reducing the size of the lunar epicycle. As we argue, the diverse ways to tackle the same problem stem from two different methodologies in astronomical reasoning in the traditions developed separately in the Eastern and Western regions of the medieval Islamic domain.</div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 3","pages":"271 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139677584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The new moon interval NA and the beginning of the Babylonian month 新月间隔 NA 和巴比伦月的开始

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-28 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00325-x

John Steele

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Lewis Caerleon and the equation of time: tabular astronomical practices in late fifteenth-century England 刘易斯-凯尔隆与时间等式：十五世纪末英格兰的制表天文学实践

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00324-y

Laure Miolo, Stefan Zieme

{"title":"Lewis Caerleon and the equation of time: tabular astronomical practices in late fifteenth-century England","authors":"Laure Miolo, Stefan Zieme","doi":"10.1007/s00407-023-00324-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-023-00324-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>The manuscripts and writings of the fifteenth-century astronomer and physician Lewis Caerleon (d. c. 1495) have been largely overlooked. To fill this gap, this article focuses on his writings and working methods through a case study of his canons and table for the equation of time. In the first part, an account of his life and writings is given on the basis of new evidence. The context in which his work on the equation of time was produced is explored in detail by reviewing the three key periods of his scientific production. His heavy reliance on Simon Bredon’s Commentum super Almagesti is also analyzed. The article also provides editions of Lewis Caerleon’s canons for calculating his table for the equation of time and a critical edition of Simon Bredon’s Commentum super Almagesti, III, 22–24. In the second part of this article, we analyze the table for the equation of time derived by Lewis around 1485. In addition to the final table, there is a unique table with intermediate results that records every step of his derivation. By following and discussing the details of this derivation, we shed a new light on tabular practices in mathematical astronomy. Following Lewis in his historical mathematical procedure, we argue, offers a novel historiographical approach that allows us to identify different sources and practices used by historical actors. Therefore, beyond the exchange of parameters residing in modern mathematical analysis, this novel approach offers a promising refinement for the analysis of the transmission of knowledge across space, time, and culture.</div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 2","pages":"183 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-023-00324-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139590399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Francesco Fontana (1580–1656) from practice to rules of calculation of lens systems 弗朗切斯科-丰塔纳（1580-1656 年）从透镜系统的实践到计算规则

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00321-1

Yaakov Zik, Giora Hon

{"title":"Francesco Fontana (1580–1656) from practice to rules of calculation of lens systems","authors":"Yaakov Zik, Giora Hon","doi":"10.1007/s00407-023-00321-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-023-00321-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>In 1646, Francesco Fontana (1580–1656) published his Novae Coelestium Terresriumque Rerum Observationes which includes discussions of optical properties of systems of lenses, e.g., telescope and microscope. Our study of the Novae Coelestium shows that the advance Fontana made in optics could not have been accomplished on the basis of the traditional spectacle optics which was the dominant practice at his time. Though spectacle and telescope making share the same optical elements, improving eyesight and constructing telescope are different practices based on different principles. The production of powerful astronomical telescopes demanded objective lenses with much longer focal length and eyepiece lenses with much shorter focal length than the range of focal length of lenses used for spectacles, respectively. Moreover, higher standard of precision and purity of the glass was required. The transition from the practice by which optical components were chosen from ready-made spectacle lenses to lenses which were produced according to predetermined specifications (e.g., calculation of focal length) was anything but straight forward. We argue that Fontana developed the optical knowledge necessary for improving the performance of optical systems. Essentially, he formulated—based on rich practical experience—a set of rules of calculation by which optical properties of a lens system could be determined and adjusted as required.</div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"78 2","pages":"153 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134953415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The efflux problem: how hydraulics became divorced from hydrodynamics 流出问题：水力学如何脱离流体力学

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00320-2

Michael Eckert

引用次数: 0

Levi-Civita simplifies Einstein. The Ricci rotation coefficients and unified field theories 列维-奇维塔简化了爱因斯坦利玛窦旋转系数与统一场论

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00322-0

Franco Cardin, Rossana Tazzioli

引用次数: 0

Tables for the radii of the Sun, the Moon, and the shadow from John of Gmunden to Longomontanus 从格蒙登的约翰到朗格蒙塔努斯的太阳、月亮和影子半径表

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00318-w

Bernard R. Goldstein, José Chabás

引用次数: 0

Geographic longitude in Latin Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 十二和十三世纪拉丁欧洲的地理经度

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-13 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00316-y

C. Philipp E. Nothaft

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Galois and the simple group of order 60 伽罗瓦与60阶简单群

IF 0.7 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00319-9

Ian Stewart

引用次数: 0

The Helmholtz legacy in color metrics: Schrödinger’s color theory 亥姆霍兹在颜色度量中的遗产:Schrödinger的颜色理论

IF 0.5 2区哲学

Archive for History of Exact Sciences Pub Date : 2023-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00407-023-00317-x

Valentina Roberti, Giulio Peruzzi

{"title":"The Helmholtz legacy in color metrics: Schrödinger’s color theory","authors":"Valentina Roberti, Giulio Peruzzi","doi":"10.1007/s00407-023-00317-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00407-023-00317-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>This study is a continuation of the authors’ previous work entitled “Helmholtz and the geometry of color space: gestation and development of Helmholtz’s line element” (Peruzzi and Roberti in Arch Hist Exact Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00407-023-00304-2, 2023), which provides an account of the first metrically significant model of color space proposed by the German polymath Hermann von Helmholtz in 1891–1892. Helmholtz’s Riemannian line element for three-dimensional color space laid the foundation for all subsequent studies in the field of color metrics, although it was largely forgotten for almost three decades from the time of its first publication. The rediscovery of Helmholtz’s masterful work was due to one of the founders of quantum mechanics, Erwin Schrödinger. He established his color metric in three extended papers submitted in 1920 to the Annalen der Physik. Two memoirs were devoted to the so-called lower color metric, which laid the basis for the development of his higher color metric, exposed in the last paper. Schrödinger’s approach to the geometry of color space has been taken as a starting point for future elaborations of color metrics and allows a close examination of the current assumptions about the analysis of color-matching data. This paper presents an overall picture of Schrödinger’s works on color. His color theory developed a tradition first inaugurated by Newton and Young, and which acquired strong scientific ground with Grassmann’s, Maxwell’s, and Helmholtz’s contributions in the 1850s. Special focus will be given to Schrödinger’s account of color metric, which responded directly to Helmholtz’s hypothesis of a Riemannian line element for color space.</div>","PeriodicalId":50982,"journal":{"name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","volume":"77 6","pages":"615 - 635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00407-023-00317-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44325982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0