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The Goddesses of Metal and Fire: Artisanal Knowledge, Embodied Experience, and the Reframing of Smelters' Cult in China, Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries. 《金属与火的女神：14至19世纪中国的手工知识、具体经验和熔炼崇拜的重构》。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2572853
Yijun Wang
{"title":"The Goddesses of Metal and Fire: Artisanal Knowledge, Embodied Experience, and the Reframing of Smelters' Cult in China, Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries.","authors":"Yijun Wang","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2572853","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2572853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The goddesses of metal and fire were the patron deities of Chinese smelters. This article examines this artisans' cult through historical texts, ethnographic reports, and historical reconstruction of the smelting processes. It demonstrates that the cult was initially tied to the state-managed iron industry under Mongol rule (1271-1368), and later spread across geographical regions, encompassing diverse fire-related industries, including casting, bell making, tin smelting, and pottery. I argue that the cult constituted an integral part of artisans' material imaginary - a worldview that helped them comprehend the material transformation through fire, their bodily experience of extreme heat and danger, and the anxieties that were inherent to fire-related crafts. However, this widespread religious practice appears differently in historical texts, where Confucian scholars and state officials reframed the narratives about the goddesses, contributing to the cult's gradual disappearance in textual records. This study emphasises the limitations of conventional historical sources and advocates for combining historical reconstruction and folklore with archival research to recover marginalised forms of artisanal knowledge. Moreover, it argues that artisans' religious practices should not be separated from technological processes but rather treated as important components of artisanal knowledge systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"472-497"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fire Technologies of the Low-Heat Artisan in Early Modern Europe. 近代早期欧洲低热量工匠的火技术。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2574791
Tianna Helena Uchacz
{"title":"Fire Technologies of the Low-Heat Artisan in Early Modern Europe.","authors":"Tianna Helena Uchacz","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2574791","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2574791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While fire played an obvious role in the work of early modern European metalworkers, glassworkers, earthenware potters, and other \"high-heat artisans,\" this article examines how \"low-heat artisans\" engaged with fire in their workshop practice. It focuses on painters, bleachers, launderers, and dyers, and it looks for traces of their fire-related practices in manuscript and printed how-to texts, particularly craft manuals and books of artisanal recipes and secrets. By examining not only the various fire technologies and tools these artisans used but what they could do with fire, this article shows what we gain when we read for procedural and performative language rather than merely people, places, and concrete things. This study concludes that the use of low-heat fire among artisans was extensive and subtly varied; there are reasons to consider the sun a critical low-heat fire technology; and light, as a byproduct of fire, was just as carefully exploited or mitigated in low-heat artisanal work as was heat.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"288-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145394987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Historical Furnace as Assemblage: Space, Circulation, and Early Modern Fire Management. 作为组合的历史熔炉：空间、循环与早期现代火灾管理。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2572854
Hannah Elmer, Thijs Hagendijk
{"title":"The Historical Furnace as Assemblage: Space, Circulation, and Early Modern Fire Management.","authors":"Hannah Elmer, Thijs Hagendijk","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2572854","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2572854","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When Rudolph Glauber (1604-1670) announced a new chymical furnace in the late 1640s, he emphasised its ability to reach very high temperatures - without the aid of bellows - thanks to a cleverly engineered structure. This pyrotechnically innovative furnace marks a clear shift in early modern furnace design. In this article, we argue that Glauber's furnace was more than an isolated technological advance. Rather, his structural approach to furnace design emerged from a complex history of heat engineering, pressures of fuel scarcity, and ideas about the circulation of wind, air, heat, and smoke. By looking at his apparatus alongside pyrotechnical developments in the domestic sphere, we argue that the furnace was never merely a fire in a box, but rather forms an assemblage with the surrounding architecture and beyond. This broader view of the furnace allows us to further probe and historicise the early modern <i>pyroscape</i> and to reassess the role of chymistry within it.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"356-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145394980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fire Management in Practice: Building and Managing Charcoal-Fired Assay Furnaces as Experimental Reconstructions. 实践中的火灾管理：建设和管理实验性重建的燃煤实验炉。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2576973
Peter Oakley
{"title":"Fire Management in Practice: Building and Managing Charcoal-Fired Assay Furnaces as Experimental Reconstructions.","authors":"Peter Oakley","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2576973","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2576973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes a programme of experimental reconstruction, involving the building and firing of a series of charcoal-fired assay furnaces, and the findings generated by this activity. The furnace builds drew from designs described and illustrated in nineteenth-century technical manuals for assayers and two sixteenth-century texts: <i>De Re Metallica</i> by Georgius Agricola and <i>A Treatise on Ores and Assaying</i> by Lazarus Ercker. Comparing the resulting \"chimeric\" structures' performance generated insights into how such solid-fuel assay furnaces behaved in practice, what roles specific structural elements described in different primary sources played in their overall function, and the fire management skills needed to operate them. Consequently, it was possible to identify how the designs materialised technological choices that prioritised either responsiveness or long-term operation. The experimental reconstructions also led to a reappraisal of the nature and wider relevance of a selection of the primary sources used in the project.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"389-414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145446421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Powder, Fire, Glass: The Reproduction of Blue Enamels and the Role of Fire in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Instructions. 粉末，火，玻璃：蓝珐琅的再现和火在17和18世纪说明书中的作用。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2576368
Márcia Vilarigues, Thijs Hagendijk, Andreia Ruivo, Alexandra Rodrigues, Carla Machado
{"title":"Powder, Fire, Glass: The Reproduction of Blue Enamels and the Role of Fire in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Instructions.","authors":"Márcia Vilarigues, Thijs Hagendijk, Andreia Ruivo, Alexandra Rodrigues, Carla Machado","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2576368","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2576368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the study of early modern glassmaking, scholarship has traditionally focused on the production of raw glass and the transmission of glassmaking recipes and knowledge. This article extends that focus by examining the subsequent transformation of raw glass into finished objects, using enamelling as a central case study. We argue that enamelling was a distinct, skill-intensive practice requiring specialised knowledge separate from that of glass production. Combining historical source analysis with experimental reconstructions, the study investigates how fire management critically influenced enamel quality. By applying a range of firing techniques to reconstructed seventeenth- and eighteenth-century enamels, we demonstrate that variability in heat application significantly affected the final outcome. Our experiments suggest that historical enamellers developed a deep, practice-based understanding of several key factors: (i) controlling heat for optimal adhesion and colour development; (ii) manipulating flame intensity and furnace atmosphere to enhance bonding; and (iii) employing layering techniques to improve durability. These findings invite a rethinking of fire not merely as a tool, but as an active and variable ingredient in the enamelling process.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"443-471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145454001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Blowing Fire: Exploring Ancient Amerindian Metallurgy Through a Furnace Model. 吹火：通过熔炉模型探索古代美洲印第安人的冶金。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2572851
Andrés Vélez-Posada, Ana María Jiménez
{"title":"Blowing Fire: Exploring Ancient Amerindian Metallurgy Through a Furnace Model.","authors":"Andrés Vélez-Posada, Ana María Jiménez","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2572851","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2572851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article we reflect on the reconstruction and operation of a lung-powered, portable melting furnace used by ancient Amerindian goldsmiths. Variations of this kind of furnace were operated by different metallurgical traditions in the northern Andes and Mesoamerica to transform refined metals and alloys like <i>tumbaga</i> (copper and gold) into metalworks such as ornamental artefacts. The social and technological shifts that began in the sixteenth century, particularly following European contact, led to a progressive decline of the ancient Amerindian melting procedures associated with these metallurgical furnaces. Our research utilises performative and reconstructive methods to offer a reparative approach to this lost fire-and-wind technology, taking the Quimbaya furnace as a working model. By assessing the historical and archaeological evidence as well as more intangible experiential insights from our reconstruction, we intend to understand the functioning of such furnaces, and to suggest embodied and social meanings of the arts of fire among ancient communities in the tropical valleys of the Andes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"318-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Goldilocks Moment: Fire, Material Change, and Critical Time in Medieval Metallic Transmutation. 《金发姑娘时刻：火、物质变化和中世纪金属嬗变的关键时刻》。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-29 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2574788
Carmen Schmechel
{"title":"The Goldilocks Moment: Fire, Material Change, and Critical Time in Medieval Metallic Transmutation.","authors":"Carmen Schmechel","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2574788","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2574788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In medieval Latin alchemy, \"the work\" (<i>magisterium</i>) in the laboratory paralleled the work of nature - yet while nature took over \"a thousand years\" in the mine, the artifex in the laboratory would only need \"a month, or a shorter, or longer time.\" The amount of time needed was dependent on the degree of heat of the fire. A higher degree of heat (<i>calor ignis forti</i>) would speed up the process, while baking the given preparation over a slow, gentle fire (<i>suaviter</i>) prolonged it. This paper argues that for medieval Latin alchemists, the accomplishment of the magisterium depended on finding the precise moment to take away the product from the fire, by regulating the intensity of fire and observing natural signs. While ancient alchemy saw success linked to an astrological \"favourable moment\" chosen for the <i>beginning</i> of the work, medieval Latin alchemy brings a more naturalistic focus on figuring out what I call the \"Goldilocks moment\": the exact moment of ripeness at the end of the work, beyond which the action of fire would naturally become destructive. The paper examines this practical philosophy of fire and its relationship with time in material transformation in Petrus Bonus' <i>Pretiosa margarita novella</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"268-287"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145395044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brock Award for 2025. 2025年布洛克奖。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-05 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2579418
{"title":"Brock Award for 2025.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2579418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2025.2579418","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":"72 3-4","pages":"510"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146127273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Rounding Up: Undertaking Experiential Research on Granulation Techniques in a Charcoal-Fired Furnace. 总结性研究：开展煤粉炉制粒技术的经验研究。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2578057
Katharina Vones, Peter Oakley
{"title":"Rounding Up: Undertaking Experiential Research on Granulation Techniques in a Charcoal-Fired Furnace.","authors":"Katharina Vones, Peter Oakley","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2578057","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2578057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper describes a programme of practice research that combines historical technology (small charcoal-fired furnaces) with contemporary digital making methodologies (digital CNC milling). The intention was to create small spherical granules of precious metal suitable for granulation, an ancient metalworking technique. The authors begin by providing an overview of granulation's historical background and the different traditional methods used to create granules. They give an account of the equipment used in the physical experiments and describe the rationale behind specific design decisions. In particular, they reflect on the nature and properties of producing a reducing atmosphere inside the firing chamber of the furnace, and the relevance of this to the granulation process. They detail the digital making methodologies that were used to create setters made from graphite to encourage the formation of perfectly spherical granules, and how these relate to recent developments of the technique by contemporary makers. The project is a case study that demonstrates how practical reflexive experimentation can broaden our understanding of unrecorded but crucial skills such as fire management and that practising such skills in conjunction with digital methods of making can offer new insights into past technologies and processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"415-442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Working Fire: Cosmologies, Agencies, and Methods. 工作之火：宇宙论、代理和方法。
IF 0.6 3区 哲学
Ambix Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1080/00026980.2025.2578052
Hannah Elmer, Tillmann Taape
{"title":"Working Fire: Cosmologies, Agencies, and Methods.","authors":"Hannah Elmer, Tillmann Taape","doi":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2578052","DOIUrl":"10.1080/00026980.2025.2578052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The introduction to this double special issue lays out our core questions: how was fire understood within premodern cultures of knowledge and practice? What could fire do, and what could humans do with fire? The introduction details our hands-on exploration of these issues through a range of fire technologies at an interdisciplinary workshop on \"Fire Arts, Pasts and Futures\" at Texas A&M University. It outlines the issues and new questions raised by this practical work, and shows how these are addressed in the contributions to this issue. These case studies explore the practices of premodern artisans, alchemists, metalworkers, natural philosophers, and chemical practitioners, ranging from low-heat technologies such as distillation to high-heat smelting furnaces, and from ancient metallurgy to modern-day jewellery practice. Collectively, we argue, the articles contribute to three main areas of historical scholarship: the place of fire in changing cosmologies and matter theories, debates about the agencies of art vs. nature, and methodological reflections on using performative methods as part of an interdisciplinary exploration of past material worlds.</p>","PeriodicalId":50963,"journal":{"name":"Ambix","volume":" ","pages":"223-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145439956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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