{"title":"Exploring the Effect of Plasticity on the Phase Imaging of TM-AFM Through Molecular Dynamics Simulations","authors":"Guolin Liu, Yu Zeng, Yaxin Chen, Zheng Wei","doi":"10.1007/s10338-024-00468-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-024-00468-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the tapping-mode atomic force microscope (TM-AFM), the probe tip continuously taps the sample surface, which may cause plastic deformation of the sample and result in energy dissipation. The energy dissipation of the probe is closely related to the scanned phase image. To quantify the energy dissipation due to plastic indentations of the sample, this study utilized a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments on single-crystal copper samples, including multiple nano-indentation tests. The energy dissipation of the probe due to the plastic deformation of the sample was calculated by integrating the hysteresis curve of the indentation depth versus the force applied to the indenter. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. Both sets of results have demonstrated that the plastic energy dissipation decreases as the number of indentations increases, and eventually the energy of the probe tends to stabilize. This equilibrium energy dissipation is associated with other dissipation mechanisms. Furthermore, it was observed that, after hundreds of taps, the dissipated energy of plastic deformation could be ignored, implying that the scanned image may not reflect the plasticity information of the sample after multiple taps of the probe on the sample surface for scanning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 2","pages":"297 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adhesion Performances Between Two Orthotropic Solids Influenced by Temperature Increment","authors":"Qing-Hui Luo, Yue-Ting Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s10338-024-00465-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-024-00465-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The classical adhesive contact models belong to isothermal adhesion theories, where the effect of temperature on adhesion was neglected. However, a number of experimental results indicated that the adhesion behaviors can be significantly affected by temperature. In this paper, the two-dimensional non-slipping anisothermal adhesion behaviors between two orthotropic elastic cylinders are investigated within the framework of the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts theory. The stated problem is reduced to the coupled singular integral equations by virtue of the Fourier integral transform, which are solved analytically with the analytical function theory. The closed-form solutions for the stress fields in the presence of thermoelastic effect are obtained. The stable equilibrium state of contact system is determined by virtue of the Griffith energy balance. The effect of temperature difference on adhesion behaviors between orthotropic solids is discussed. It is found that the difference between the oscillatory and non-oscillatory solutions increases with increasing the degree of anisotropy of orthotropic materials. The oscillatory solution cannot be well approximated by the non-oscillatory solution for the orthotropic materials with relatively high anisotropy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 3","pages":"430 - 443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139981531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on the Mullins Effect in Tough Elastomers and Gels","authors":"Lin Zhan, Shaoxing Qu, Rui Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s10338-023-00460-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-023-00460-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tough elastomers and gels have garnered broad research interest due to their wide-ranging potential applications. However, during the loading and unloading cycles, a clear stress softening behavior can be observed in many material systems, which is also named as the Mullins effect. In this work, we aim to provide a complete review of the Mullins effect in soft yet tough materials, specifically focusing on nanocomposite gels, double-network hydrogels, and multi-network elastomers. We first revisit the experimental observations for these soft materials. We then discuss the recent developments of constitutive models, emphasizing novel developments in the damage mechanisms or network representations. Some phenomenological models will also be briefly introduced. Particular attention is then placed on the anisotropic and multiaxial modeling aspects. It is demonstrated that most of the existing models fail to accurately predict the multiaxial data, posing a significant challenge for developing future anisotropic models tailored for tough gels and elastomers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 2","pages":"181 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10338-023-00460-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139968745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weiyang Huang, Kaijuan Chen, Pengyu Ma, Guozheng Kang
{"title":"A Visco-hyperelastic Constitutive Model for Temperature-Dependent Cyclic Deformation of Dielectric Elastomer","authors":"Weiyang Huang, Kaijuan Chen, Pengyu Ma, Guozheng Kang","doi":"10.1007/s10338-024-00463-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-024-00463-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since dielectric elastomers (DEs) exhibit obvious nonlinear visco-hyperelasticity, and remarkable temperature dependence, it is difficult to accurately predict the cyclic deformation of DEs at various temperatures. To address this issue, an improved visco-hyperelastic constitutive model is proposed here to reproduce the complex temperature-dependent cyclic deformation of DEs. In the improved model, the Ogden model is chosen to provide the strain energy density representing the hyper-elastic response, a nonlinear viscosity evolution equation is used to depict the strong viscosity of DEs, and specific temperature-dependent parameters are incorporated to describe the cyclic deformation of DEs at various temperatures. Finally, the prediction capability of the proposed visco-hyperelastic model is validated by reproducing the cyclic deformation of VHB 4910 DE observed in experiments at different temperatures. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational design of DE devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 5","pages":"736 - 749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10338-024-00463-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139968588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lei Zhang, Jianping Lin, Jiaqing Jiang, Guannan Wang
{"title":"A Multiscale Model of Mass-Functionally Graded Beam-Fluid System Under Bending and Vibration Responses","authors":"Lei Zhang, Jianping Lin, Jiaqing Jiang, Guannan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10338-023-00450-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-023-00450-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, a multiscale model is developed for the mass functionally graded (FG) beam-fluid system to investigate its static and dynamic responses based on 3D printed porous beam free vibration tests, which are determined by two aspects. At the microstructural level, the gradient variation is realized by arbitrary distribution of matrix pores, and the effective moduli under specific distribution are obtained using the micromechanics homogenization theory. In the meantime, at the structural level, the mechanical responses of FG porous beams subjected to mass loading are considered in a static fluid environment. Then, the explicit expressions of local finite-element (FE) expressions corresponding to the static and dynamic responses are given in the appendices. The present results are validated against numerical and experimental results from the literature and mechanical tests of 3D printed structures, with good agreement generally obtained, giving credence to the present model. On this basis, a comprehensive parametric study is carried out, with a particular focus on the effects of boundary conditions, fluid density, and slenderness ratio on the bending and vibration of FG beams with several different gradations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 2","pages":"327 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Study on Mixed-Mode (I–II) Fracture Toughness of Freshwater Ice","authors":"Yaozhong Xu, Mao Zhou, Xian Yi, Wen Hua, Jiuzhou Huang, Wenyu Zhang, Shiming Dong","doi":"10.1007/s10338-023-00458-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-023-00458-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, the issue of aircraft icing has gained widespread recognition. The breaking and detachment of dynamic ice can pose a threat to flight safety. However, the shedding and fracture mechanisms of dynamic ice are unclear and cannot meet the engineering needs of ice-shedding hazard assessment. Therefore, studying the fracture toughness of ice bodies has extremely important practical significance. To address this issue, this article uses a centrally cracked Brazilian disk (CCBD) specimen to measure the pure mode I toughness and pure mode II fracture toughness of freshwater ice at different loading rates. The mixed-mode (I–II) fracture characteristics of ice are discussed, and the experimental results are compared and analyzed with the theoretical values of the generalized maximum tangential stress (GMTS) criterion considering the influence of <i>T</i>-stress. The results indicated that as the loading rate increases, the pure mode I toughness and pure mode II fracture toughness of freshwater ice decrease, and the fracture toughness of freshwater ice is more sensitive to the loading rate. In terms of fracture criteria, the theoretical value of the ratio of pure mode II fracture toughness to pure mode I fracture toughness based on the GMTS criterion is in good agreement with the experimental value, while the theoretical value based on the maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion deviates significantly from the experimental value, indicating that the GMTS criterion considering the influence of <i>T</i>-stress can better predict the experimental results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 2","pages":"252 - 264"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10338-023-00458-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theoretical Analysis of the Buckling Behaviors of Inhomogeneous Shape Memory Polymer Composite Laminates Considering Prestrains","authors":"Hanxing Zhao, Pengyu Cao, Fengfeng Li, Xin Lan, Liwu Liu, Yanju Liu, Jinsong Leng","doi":"10.1007/s10338-023-00454-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-023-00454-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the fiber-rich and resin-rich regions of a shape memory polymer composite (SMPC) laminate, along with the residual strain during SMPC fabrication, results in buckling deformation of the inhomogeneous laminate. This paper presents a macroscopic model for buckling of an inhomogeneous SMPC laminate under initial biaxial prestrains. Both linear and nonlinear buckling analyses are carried out using the energy method. The influences of prestrain biaxiality, temperature, and ply angle on the buckling wavelength, critical buckling prestrain, and buckling amplitude are calculated. The results demonstrate that the critical buckling wavelength of the SMPC laminate is independent of the prestrain, while the amplitude is almost independent of temperature. In addition, the optimal fiber stacking configuration with the maximum critical buckling prestrains of inhomogeneous SMPC laminates is determined by a genetic algorithm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 2","pages":"271 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Strange Nonchaotic Attractors in a Quasiperiodically Excited Slender Rigid Rocking Block with Two Frequencies","authors":"Jinkai Jiang, Zhengdong Du","doi":"10.1007/s10338-024-00464-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-024-00464-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we investigate the existence of strange nonchaotic attractors (SNAs) in a slender rigid rocking block under quasi-periodic forcing with two frequencies. We find that an SNA can exist between a quasi-periodic attractor and a chaotic attractor, or between two chaotic attractors. In particular, we demonstrate that a torus doubling bifurcation of a quasi-periodic attractor can result in SNAs via the fractal route before transforming into chaotic attractors. This phenomenon is rarely reported in quasiperiodically forced discontinuous differential equations and vibro-impact systems. The properties of SNAs are verified by the Lyapunov exponent, rational approximation, phase sensitivity, power spectrum, and separation of nearby trajectories.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 5","pages":"750 - 761"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface Elastic Effects on Electromechanical Responses of a Piezoelectric Semiconducting Nanobeam","authors":"Aowen Bao, Xiaobao Li, Yuxue Pu, Chunxiao Zhan","doi":"10.1007/s10338-023-00459-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-023-00459-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Piezoelectric semiconductors (PSCs) find extensive applications in modern smart electronic devices because of their dual properties of being piezoelectric and semiconductive. With the increasing demand for miniaturization of these devices, the performance of their components needs to be carefully designed and optimized, especially when reduced to nanosize. It has been shown that surface elastic properties play a substantial role in the mechanical performance of nanoscale materials and structures. Building on this understanding, the surface elastic effects, encompassing surface residual stress, surface membrane stiffness, and surface bending stiffness, are comprehensively taken into account to explore the electromechanical responses of a PSC nanobeam. Additionally, the flexoelectric effect on their responses is also systematically studied. The results of this work reveal that surface elastic properties predominantly influence mechanical performance, while the flexoelectric effect plays a more dominant role in electric-related quantities at the nanoscale. Notably, the significance of surface bending rigidity, which was often underestimated in the earlier literature, is demonstrated. Furthermore, owing to the flexoelectric effect, the linear distribution of electric potential and charge carriers along the length transforms into a nonlinear pattern. The distributions of electric potential and charge carriers across the cross section are also evidently impacted. Moreover, the size-dependent responses are evaluated. Our findings may provide valuable insights for optimizing electronic devices based on nanoscale PSCs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 4","pages":"598 - 612"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qinyuan Yao, Feilong Zhang, Pan Dong, Ziyuan Zhao, Yi He, Weiguo Li, Liming Chen
{"title":"Temperature-Dependent Tearing Behavior of Rubber Materials: Characterization and Modeling","authors":"Qinyuan Yao, Feilong Zhang, Pan Dong, Ziyuan Zhao, Yi He, Weiguo Li, Liming Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10338-023-00462-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10338-023-00462-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increasingly widespread application of rubber in many fields, there is a growing demand for quantitative characterization of temperature-dependent mechanical properties in high-temperature service environments. The critical tearing energy is an important criterion for determining whether rubber materials will experience tearing instability, while tear strength is a key parameter for rubber materials to resist tearing. It is necessary to quantitatively characterize their evolution with temperature. Current theoretical research mainly relies on fitting a large amount of experimental data, which is not convenient for engineering applications. Therefore, in this work, a temperature-dependent critical tearing energy model is firstly developed based on the force-heat equivalence energy density principle. This model considers the equivalent relationship between the critical tearing energy required for crack instability propagation and the thermal energy stored in the rubber material. It is demonstrated that our model has higher prediction accuracy when compared to other models. Furthermore, combining with the Griffith fracture theory, temperature-dependent tear strength models applicable to three different crack modes are separately established. These models are validated using experimental data for Mode I opening cracks and Mode III tearing cracks, and good consistency is achieved. Additionally, a quantitative analysis of the influence of elastic modulus on tear strength at different temperatures is conducted. This work provides a reliable way for predicting temperature-dependent tearing instability behavior and offers beneficial suggestions for improving the tear strength of rubber materials at different temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":50892,"journal":{"name":"Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica","volume":"37 2","pages":"316 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139765551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}