Advances in Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Microbiome based diagnostic approaches.","authors":"Manosha L Perera, Irosha R Perera","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancers of the Head and Neck (HNC) ranks seventh most abundant cancer category according to global incidence. thus posing a pertinent health hallenge. Shift in the homeostatic relationship of head and neck microbiome, causes microbial metabolic dysbiosis. Consequently, there is an increase in the pathobiome and pathogenic functions potentiating initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. Infection, inflammation and immune mediation trigger the pathogenic mechanisms. Accordingly, periodontitis perpetrated by unsatisfactory oral hygiene is connected to initiation and progression of HNC supported by substantial evidence. Further, mechanistic evidence is emerging on pathogenesis of bacteria-mediated carcinogenesis via toxins, carcinogenic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines with a view to possible treatments to halt progression of cancers. Advancements in surgical management techniques and adjuvant radiotherapy treatment, chemotherapy and emerging therapies such as immunotherapy, have not significantly increased overall disease free survival rates of most of HNCs. Early detection of cancers therefore, facilitates favorable outcomes such as better survival rates. Nevertheless, traditional invasive diagnostic approaches such as tissue biopsy gives rise to pain and discomfort to the patient In contrast, microbiome based diagnostic approaches, underpinned by salivary and mouth rinse microbiome analyses offers promising non-invasive, screening tools for early detection of HNC. This is augmented by advances in next generation sequencing, third generation sequencing, bioinformatics and machine learning technologies. Current developments in metagenomics, transcriptomics along with metabolomics enhanced harnessing the immense potential saliva possesses as a valuable screening and diagnostic tool, not only for cancer detection but for a range of diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases, autoimmune and metabolic disorders. Microbiome signatures in risk assessment of HNC is emerging as a new dimension in personalized risk assessment, risk stratification and care based pathways. Salivary microbiome analyses provides a promising approach for risk stratification, early stratification, through to assessment of prognosis, treatment success and survival of HNC patients suggested by accumulating evidence. Against this backdrop, we aim to provide an overview of microbiome based diagnostic approaches exploring new dimensions of detection and identification of HNC specific microbial biomarkers, microbial signatures, screening tools, primary diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic markers and interpersonal microbiome in the arena of personalized medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"93-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148563455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): An overview.","authors":"Bishwa Prakash Bhattarai, Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Michalis Mastrogeorgiou, Dipak Sapkota","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral cavity cancer comprises malignancies arising from anatomical sites within the oral cavity, including the gingiva, buccal mucosa, anterior two-thirds of the tongue (oral or mobile tongue), hard palate, floor of the mouth, retromolar area, and mucosal surface of the lip. More than 90% of oral cavity cancers are histologically squamous cell carcinomas (oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC). Combined with mucosal lip cancer, oral cavity cancer ranks as the 19^th most common cancer globally, with approximately 390000 new cases and 190000 deaths annually. However, the burden of OSCC varies geographically, with Melanesia and South-Central Asia showing a much higher disease incidence. Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches over recent decades, OSCC mortality has remained largely unchanged, with only approximately 55-60% of patients surviving 5 years after diagnosis. Tobacco use (both smoking and smokeless forms) and alcohol consumption are among the most important risk factors for OSCC. This book chapter aims to provide a general introduction to OSCC, including its epidemiology, associated etiological factors, a proposed model of molecular pathogenesis, the diagnostic pathway, common treatment modalities, and prognostic factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"3-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148563477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome as prognostic indicator in oral cancer.","authors":"Sherin James, Kalyana Ponangi","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>OSCC affects over 377,000 patients annually with poor prognosis. While conventional prognostic indicators like TNM staging provide structural information, they inadequately explain clinical outcome variability. The oral microbiome has emerged as a dynamic prognostic factor offering functional insights through non-invasive sampling and longitudinal monitoring. Specific microbial signatures strongly associate with clinical outcomes. Pathogens including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Eubacterium, and Lactobacillus correlate with increased recurrence and reduced survival, while commensals like Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus predict favorable outcomes. Microbiome-based models outperform traditional parameters in recurrence stratification, with beta diversity distinguishing recurrent from non-recurrent cases. Functional pathways involving PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and immunomodulation demonstrate prognostic relevance. High-risk patterns promote immune evasion through CD8+ T-cell depletion, while favorable patterns maintain anti-tumor immunity. The microbiome influences treatment response, with dysbiosis reducing therapy effectiveness and increasing mucositis. Probiotic interventions show promise in restoring diversity and improving outcomes. Despite standardization challenges, the oral microbiome represents a promising non-invasive prognostic indicator for refining risk stratification and personalizing OSCC management.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"75-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148563514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic pathways of dysbiosis in oral cancer development.","authors":"Luhan Niu, Ali Al-Ahmad, Konstantin Scholz, Fabian Cieplik, Marietta Wolf","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Head and neck cancers develop within a complex microenvironment shaped by both host genetic alterations and microbial communities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that microbial dysbiosis actively contributes to carcinogenesis by modulating immune responses, inducing chronic inflammation, and promoting immune evasion. Specific microbes can trigger oncogenic signaling pathways-including JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB-that drive cell proliferation, survival, and invasiveness. Microbiome-derived metabolites and co-carcinogens further promote DNA damage, epigenetic reprogramming, and metabolic shifts, reinforcing tumor progression and therapy resistance. This chapter reviews the molecular and cellular mechanisms linking the microbiome to tumor initiation and progression, emphasizing interactions between microbes, immune modulation, intracellular signaling, metabolic dysregulation, as well as induced DNA damages.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"127-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148413523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles of resident tissue macrophages revealed by the eye.","authors":"Eden M Jacob, Seth D Fortmann, Nobuhiko Shiraki, Kyoung Woo Kim, Andrew P Voigt, Maria B Grant, W Daniel Stamer, Katy C Liu, Jeremy A Lavine, Peter Wieghofer, Daniel R Saban","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Macrophages are no longer viewed as transient immune passersby but as integral tissue components that regulate physiological homeostasis. Many resident macrophage populations are seeded prenatally and maintained locally, whereas others are progressively replaced by monocytes, yet the rules governing this divergence remain unclear. The eye provides a natural experiment because anatomically distinct compartments harbor macrophages that perform essential functions but differ sharply in persistence under shared systemic conditions. We synthesize evidence that ocular macrophages regulate matrix homeostasis, lipid metabolism, neuroimmune signaling, vascular support, and barrier control. Despite their physiological importance, macrophage populations with divergent persistence concentrate within millimeters, revealing that local tissue context constrains their self-maintenance durability. We introduce establishment kinetics-an organizing framework defined by when and whether populations acquire durable self-maintenance. Four kinetic classes emerge: permanent (lifelong persistence), juvenile-established (stabilized post-early replacement), adult-established (stabilized post-prolonged replacement), and time-limited (never stabilizing). Across ocular and non-ocular tissues, three principles follow: establishment timing does not predict equilibrium density, resident identity does not ensure durability, and kinetic class is independent of anatomical proximity or immune privilege. This framework shifts focus from origin and replacement to establishment kinetics, providing a predictive structure for understanding resident tissue macrophage behavior across homeostasis, aging, and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"168 ","pages":"105-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13519944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148007360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing the head and neck microbiome.","authors":"Rasika Ekanayaka, Akhilanand Chaurasia","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The head and neck microbiome comprises a diverse and complex community of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. It contributes to oral homeostasis by maintaining a harmonious balance within the oral environment. Disruptions in the balance of the oral microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can lead to the development of various oral health conditions and may extend their effect beyond the oral cavity and influence the initiation or worsening of systemic diseases. Changes in the head and neck microbiome are attributed to interactions between the host, the environment, and the resident microbial ecology. Host-related factors, including genetic background, immune competence, age and physiological status interact closely to mould the microbial colonization across different anatomical sites within the head and neck region. Anatomical and local environmental factors create discrete ecological niches that further support site-specific microbial populations. Microbial communities interact with one another through cooperative and competitive mechanisms. In healthy conditions, the oral microbiome maintains a favorable commensal relationship with its environment. However, in certain circumstances, opportunistic microorganisms within the oral microbiome may undergo a shift and become pathogenic, thereby influencing the stability, resilience, and pathogenic potential of microbiome. Microbial changes within the head and neck region are highly dynamic and respond to both short term, transient influences such as dietary intake and oral hygiene practices, as well as long term, chronic exposures, systemic disease, and sustained immune dysregulation Host related, environmental, and microbial influencing factors therefore exhibit a complex interplay in both health and disease, such that alterations in one component are capable of inducing shifts across the entire microbial ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"169 ","pages":"111-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148413463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human-induced pluripotent stem cells in psychiatric disorders: An inflammatory perspective.","authors":"Varsha Vishnu, Ashitha Siddappa Niranjana Murthy, Biju Viswanath","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.04.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychiatric disorders have long been associated with inflammation- either as prolonged mental illnesses leading to immune dysregulations or as psychiatric conditions arising from systemic inflammation. Physiologically, inflammation is one of the responses to bodily stress, however, the degree of inflammation depends on the type and duration of the stressor. Here, we focus on understanding both- inflammation-induced brain cellular response alterations and neuroinflammation caused by an underlying psychiatric condition. Apart from post-mortem brains, the closest approach by which one can recreate both these phenomena are by using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), as the brain tissue is inaccessible. Therefore, we focus on studies using IPSC-derived brain cells from patients to model inflammation across psychiatric conditions. Unlike any other available model system, IPSCs hold a major advantage of carrying patients' genetic background that is crucial to understand disorders as complex and enigmatic as psychiatric disorders. When knowledge on patients' genetic risks and environmental exposures are integrated into patient iPSC-derived brain cellular models, it holds enormous potential to delineate psychiatry related pathophysiology from other comorbidities. Therefore, understanding the cellular responses to inflammation and treatment helps us refine the existing therapeutic strategies and initiate early interventions to better manage psychiatric disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"109-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148800753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: Insights into disease progression and therapy.","authors":"Vaishali Saini, Srija Mukherjee, Chaitali Vora, Himanshi Jindal, Hem Chandra Jha","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.06.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of microglia, once seen as bystanders, has recently shifted to that of central regulators in disease pathology. The shift has been observed in M1/M2-polarized microglia to multiple configurations, including disease-associated microglia (DAM), lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia (LDAM), senescent microglia, and interferon-responsive microglia. This chapter provides a comprehensive synthesis of microglial biology across multiple interfaces, including transcriptomic, lipid-associated metabolic, cell senescence, and metabolic reprogramming. Metabolic disharmony in microglia occurs when lipid dysregulation and inflammasome activation occurs, leading to chronic inflammation beyond the basic phagocytic repair function of microglia. The TREM2-associated therapeutic trajectory also shows a translational gap with mechanistic and clinical benefits. We also identify the need for critical disease-associated microglial biomarkers and intervention strategies. Moreover, advanced iPSC-derived microglia and chimeric models often yield specialized organoid co-cultures, accelerating microglia-mediated therapeutic studies. Collectively, this chapter entails microglia as a central player in AD. This positions microglia biology as a metabolically plastic, spatially organized immune-regulated microenvironment that can efficiently aid in reprogramming and AD therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"171 ","pages":"283-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148800911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond suppression: Treg specialization in infection and tissue repair.","authors":"Morgane Hilaire, Nicole Joller","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.ai.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and tolerance. While their suppressive function is beneficial in autoimmunity and detrimental in cancer, Tregs also exert essential roles during infections where their functions are nuanced and depend on the context, making their overall role more complex to understand. During infections, Tregs classically dampen excessive immune activation, but this suppression may also allow pathogen persistence. In addition to suppressing excessive inflammation, Tregs can directly promote tissue repair and protection. Recent findings demonstrate that these regenerative properties are also important during infections, where limiting immunopathology and promoting repair are both critical to recovery. Moreover, immune checkpoint molecules such as TIM-3 and TIGIT, classically associated with Treg-mediated suppression, have recently also been suggested to contribute to tissue protection or active repair. Their expression on Tregs raises the possibility that these molecules may support functions beyond immune regulation, potentially participating in the orchestration of tissue repair. This review will focus on how Tregs balance immune suppression and tissue repair during infections, highlighting the importance of these functions for recovery and their potential in developing new therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"168 ","pages":"1-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148007375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome-targeted therapeutics in head & neck cancer.","authors":"Minati Choudhury, Mahvash Tavassoli","doi":"10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ai.2026.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The oral microbiome is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in the development, progression, and response to therapy of head and neck cancer. Microbial dysbiosis has been associated with chronic inflammation, immune modulation, altered cellular proliferation and apoptosis, and the production of carcinogenic metabolites which collectively shape the tumor microenvironment. Various bacterial species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Treponema denticola, as well as fungal species such as Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida, have been implicated in oral carcinogenesis. These microorganisms promote tumorigenic processes through the generation of carcinogens such as nitrosamines and acetaldehyde, which activate innate immune pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B and Wnt/β-catenin. Conversely, several commensal species, including Neisseriaceae, Kingella, Corynebacterium, Prevotella nanceiensis, Capnocytophaga leadbetteri, and Selenomonas sputigena, have been associated with a reduced prevalence of head and neck cancer, suggesting a potential association between microbial homeostasis and reduced cancer risk. Advances in microbiome research have led to the exploration of microbiome-targeted therapeutic strategies as adjuncts to conventional head and neck cancer treatment. Approaches including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, dietary modulation, and fecal microbiota transplantation aim to restore microbial balance, enhance antitumor immune responses, mitigate therapy-induced toxicities, and improve treatment efficacy. Probiotic formulations containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species have shown promise in reducing adverse effects and improving patient quality of life and treatment adherence. This chapter summarizes current evidence on microbiome dysbiosis in head and neck cancer and reviews emerging microbiome-targeted interventions with potential clinical relevance.</p>","PeriodicalId":50862,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Immunology","volume":"170 ","pages":"141-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148563430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}