Advances in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"2D dike deformation monitoring using an optimized InSAR spatial unwrapping network","authors":"Jiacheng Xiong,&nbsp;Ling Chang,&nbsp;Xiufeng He,&nbsp;Zhuge Xia,&nbsp;Zhuang Gao,&nbsp;Guanming Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) scatterers on dikes are typically distributed in narrow linear patterns, which makes reliable phase unwrapping challenging for multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR). This limitation restricts accurate retrieval of two-dimensional (2D) deformation, particularly the decomposition of slope and normal components. To address this, a 2D dike deformation monitoring based on an optimized spatial unwrapping network (SUN) is proposed. A weighted shortest-path algorithm incorporating temporal coherence is applied to remove unreliable arcs in the initial SUN. A sliding-window strategy is further introduced to densify the network with high-quality connections. The optimized SUN is then directly integrated into the three-dimensional phase unwrapping framework. Additionally, a 2D deformation decomposition model tailored to dike geomorphology is developed. The method is applied to the Houtribdijk in the Netherlands using ascending and descending Sentinel-1A datasets from 2018 to 2022. Results show that the optimized SUN significantly reduces unwrapping errors, decreasing the standard deviation of residuals by up to 49%. Most dike segments remained stable during the monitoring period, while the reinforced segment exhibited notable subsidence, with maximum deformation rates of −5.07 cm/year in the slope direction and −4.35 cm/year in the normal direction. Cross-validation with ground measurement and EGMS products confirms the reliability of the results. Combined analysis reveals that sand compaction associated with the reinforcement project is the primary driver of surface deformation, while water level variations contribute to displacement and seasonal deformation in certain segments. The proposed approach enhances phase unwrapping reliability and enables reliable 2D deformation characterization for dike monitoring applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 464-482"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-layer laser-based powder bed fusion of lunar regolith simulants under the boundary conditions of an actively driven drop tower for hypogravity experiments","authors":"Tjorben Griemsmann,&nbsp;Joel Patzwald,&nbsp;Juan-Carlos Ginés-Palomares,&nbsp;Tim Eismann,&nbsp;Simon Stapperfend,&nbsp;Marvin Raupert,&nbsp;Christoph Lotz,&nbsp;Nick Schwarz,&nbsp;Stefan Kaierle,&nbsp;Enrico Stoll,&nbsp;Ludger Overmeyer","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lunar regolith is considered a locally available construction material for a permanently inhabited base on the Moon. One promising processing method is laser-based powder bed fusion. Due to the significantly different environmental conditions on the Moon compared to Earth, these conditions must be replicated on Earth for process validation. This study focuses on preliminary work which will enable to determine the influence of reduced gravity, which will be simulated using an actively driven drop tower, the Einstein-Elevator. A dedicated experimental setup is presented, specifically designed to meet the constraints of the drop tower environment. Furthermore, process parameters are developed and optimized in a laboratory environment (1 <em>g</em>) with respect to the limited processing time during each vertical parabolic flight. The process parameter settings are evaluated based on the porosity, thickness, and homogeneity of the fabricated specimens, and the final parameter set is defined. The investigations are supplemented by reflectance measurements of the regolith simulant to gain insight into the material’s laser energy absorption, as well as heating microscopy measurements to assess its sintering and melting behavior. The findings will serve as a foundation for a large-scale campaign of laser-based powder bed fusion processes during parabolic flights in the Einstein-Elevator.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1724-1739"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open superclusters II. Discovery of an inactive supercluster including a new star cluster in the solar neighborhood","authors":"Juan Casado,&nbsp;Yasser Hendy,&nbsp;Nikola Faltov,&nbsp;Dana Kovaleva","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The number of known star clusters, associations, and moving groups in the vicinity of the Sun has increased significantly due to the use of Gaia data. We investigated the existence and properties of open superclusters (OSC) within 500 pc of the Sun, with a particular focus on a newly identified OSC, designated HC8. Using advanced Gaia-derived astrometric data and star cluster catalogs, we identify and analyze member stars of various clusters, deriving key parameters such as ages, distances, extinctions, and kinematic properties. Our findings reveal that HC8, a previously unrecognized OSC, encompasses several young clusters, including the newly discovered cluster Duvia 1. We provide a detailed examination of HC8’s star formation history and its spatial and kinematic characteristics. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the existence of highly populated primordial groups and enhances our understanding of the formation and evolution of star clusters in the Galaxy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1740-1752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband Alfvén-type emissions near Earth and Jupiter observed in spacecraft’s data","authors":"Peter A. Bespalov,&nbsp;Olga N. Savina,&nbsp;Polina D. Shkareva","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper properties of broadband Alfvén-type emissions, which have a fine periodic structure from the Juno and Van Allen Probe A spacecraft data, near Jupiter and Earth are compared. Based on Van Allen Probe A multicomponent wave measurements, the connection between periodic bursts in the frequency-time spectrum and the spacecraft spinning has been confirmed. It was concluded that magnetic emissions have linear polarization in the azimuthal direction along to <span><math><mrow><mi>L</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>const</mi></mrow></math></span> shell (toroidal polarization).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1475-1484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Tunnel to the past: Generative AI as an approach for visualizing ancient Chinese auroral records","authors":"Jia Wang,&nbsp;Libo Fu,&nbsp;Zhengkang Duan,&nbsp;Yi Li,&nbsp;Linfeng Wang,&nbsp;Boyi Wang,&nbsp;Ding Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The extreme magnetic storm of September 1770 stands as a landmark event in space weather history, with auroral displays recorded across East Asia that rival the Carrington Event in magnitude. However, the visual reality of this phenomenon remains locked within the abstract, metaphorical descriptions of ancient chronicles. This study introduces a comprehensive <em>omni-modal reconstruction framework</em> that leverages Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) to “revive” these lost celestial scenes. We propose a systematic pipeline integrating Text-to-Image, Image-to-Image, and Text-to-Video generation to transform the textual records of the <em>Wenxian Tongkao</em> into high-fidelity visual assets. Unlike purely artistic renditions, our methodology incorporates a physical constraint layer—derived from ionospheric physics—to guide the AI, ensuring that the reconstructed “red light spanning the sky” over Dongting Lake is both aesthetically evocative and scientifically plausible. This work demonstrates that Generative AI can serve as a “Time Tunnel,” bridging the gap between historical text and modern visualization, and offering a novel tool for digital heritage preservation and public science communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1526-1539"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying drought impacts on wetlands in arid regions using a change-based drought severity index (WCDI) and Sentinel-1/2 data fusion within Google Earth Engine: evidence from two wetlands in central Iran","authors":"Ziba Sarvari,&nbsp;Iman Khosravi,&nbsp;Hossein Bagheri","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive analysis of land use and land cover (LULC) changes in Gavkhouni and Mighan wetlands––two critical Ramsar sites in central Iran–during the period 2017 to 2023. By leveraging the cloud-computing capabilities of Google Earth Engine (GEE), we developed a robust classification workflow that integrates multi-source remote sensing data, including Sentinel-1 SAR, Sentinel-2 optical imagery, key spectral indices (NDVI, MNDWI, SAVI, BSI, WRI), and a digital elevation model (SRTM DEM). A comparative evaluation of three machine learning algorithms—support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF)—identified RF as the most accurate classifier, achieving exceptional overall accuracies exceeding 91% and Kappa coefficients above 0.89 for both wetlands. A key innovation of this research is the introduction of a novel index—the wetland change-based drought severity index (<em>WCDI</em>)—derived from the land cover change matrix. The <em>WCDI</em> quantifies drought severity by analyzing transitions between moisture-related (e.g., water, vegetation) and aridity-related classes (e.g., barren land, salt flats). Independent validation against the 12-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-12) demonstrated moderate to strong correlations for both <em>WCDI</em> formulations across the two wetlands. For Gavkhouni, correlation coefficients were r = 0.81 (<em>WCDI</em>1) and r = 0.79 (<em>WCDI</em>2) (p &lt; 0.05); for Mighan, they were r = 0.74 (<em>WCDI</em>1) and r = 0.71 (<em>WCDI</em>2) (p &lt; 0.05). These results confirm that both indices respond predictably to climatic water deficits. Drought severity thresholds were empirically derived using a percentile-based approach applied separately to each wetland’s historical <em>WCDI</em> time series and are therefore site-specific rather than universally transferable. The change detection results reveal an alarming ecological crisis, marked by a drastic decline in water bodies and vegetation cover, alongside a significant expansion of barren land and salt flats. The application of the <em>WCDI</em> revealed persistent “Very Severe Drought” conditions during 2017–2021, with a slight improvement in 2021–2023 that does not indicate full recovery. These transformations are primarily attributed to prolonged drought, unsustainable water management practices, and increasing anthropogenic pressures. This research underscores the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies and offers a scalable, semi-automated framework—enhanced by the novel <em>WCDI</em>—for high-precision wetland monitoring (requiring site-specific calibration) and drought assessment in arid and semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 973-999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic landslide susceptibility assessment in Zhouqu County, China, based on SBAS-InSAR and a Stacking ensemble learning model","authors":"Xingyao Guan,&nbsp;Peng Chen,&nbsp;Hang Liu,&nbsp;Zheng Li,&nbsp;Liangcai Qiu,&nbsp;Chengchang Zhu,&nbsp;Yang Hong,&nbsp;Yibin Yao,&nbsp;Zufeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslide susceptibility assessment is an important basis for regional landslide risk management. Zhouqu County is located in a landslide-prone region along the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau; however, existing susceptibility studies in this area still suffer from limitations in negative sample selection, dynamic information integration, and model interpretability. This study proposes a dynamic landslide susceptibility assessment framework based on a Stacking ensemble learning model that incorporates SBAS-InSAR–derived deformation information. Using 74 descending Sentinel-1 SAR images, line-of-sight (LOS) deformation rates ranging from −78.6 to 96.5 mm/yr were retrieved. Negative samples were selected from extremely low-velocity deformation zones and further constrained by spatial exclusion from documented landslides to reduce label noise, and a deformation-driven dynamic correction matrix was introduced to revise the static susceptibility results. The results show that the Stacking model achieves an AUC of 0.986 and an overall accuracy of 95.0%, outperforming the individual base learners. Dynamic correction reduced the very low susceptibility zone from 48.4% to 30.4% and the very high susceptibility zone from 10.5% to 1.7%, effectively identifying actively deforming areas overlooked by the static model while reasonably downgrading stabilized historical landslides. The multi-temporal comparison between 2023 and 2024 further demonstrates that InSAR deformation information can significantly enhance the temporal sensitivity of susceptibility maps. Moreover, feature importance rankings exhibit notable variations across different assessment periods, highlighting the necessity of periodic susceptibility reassessment in tectonically active regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 809-829"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148557341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-frequency and multi-GNSS PPP based on BDS PPP-B2b and Galileo high accuracy service","authors":"Guorui Xiao,&nbsp;Jixiang Zhang,&nbsp;Haopeng Wei,&nbsp;Zhengyang Xiao,&nbsp;Lingxuan Wang,&nbsp;Jianhang Guo,&nbsp;Peigong Li,&nbsp;Jialin Liu,&nbsp;Bing Wang,&nbsp;Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the recent deployment of real-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) services such as PPP-B2b from BeiDou and HAS from Galileo, users now have multiple options for satellite-based PPP augmentation. However, these services operate independently and differ in supported constellations, limiting the full exploitation of multi-GNSS potential. This study proposes an integrated processing strategy for orbit and clock combination of HAS and PPP-B2b to improve multi-GNSS positioning performance. Specifically, Helmert coordinate transformation method is employed for orbit combination to reconcile coordinate frame discrepancies between different satellite-based services, while a constrained least-squares estimation is used for clock combination to resolve the time datum differences between different satellite-based services. In addition to the usage of multi-GNSS, a multi-frequency uncombined PPP model is further developed to leverage multi-frequency observations. To validate the proposed algorithm, HAS and PPP-B2b products from DOY 309–315, 2023, were collected at a Zhengzhou, China. After the evaluation of the availability, orbit, and clock quality of both services, static and kinematic PPP tests are conducted to validated the integrated product. Using data from 20 GNSS stations across China and adjacent regions, results demonstrated that individual HAS and PPP-B2b solutions achieved average horizontal/vertical accuracies of (3.99, 3.33 cm) and (3.06, 2.37 cm), respectively. The integrated strategy significantly improved performance, reaching 2.57 cm (horizontal) and 2.17 cm (vertical), corresponding to 8–35% enhancement over standalone products. Additionally, it exhibits significantly faster convergence in all directions (E, N, U, and 3D). In a kinematic vehicle test under typical urban conditions, GNSS data was processed using the standard dual-frequency ionosphere-free (IF) combination and the multi-frequency uncombined (UC) approach. The integrated product with IF processing achieved accuracies of 0.52 m (horizontal) and 1.06 m (vertical), improved by 81.5% and 84.5% over HAS, and by 56.3% and 60.7% over PPP-B2b. Compared to the IF solution, the UC-based solution further improved positioning accuracy by 12.1–26.5% in the horizontal direction and 23.4–36.6% in the vertical direction. These results demonstrate that the integrated strategy substantially improves PPP performance over any single product. Moreover, the UC solution more effectively utilizes multi-frequency and multi-system observations from the integrated product, particularly in challenging urban environments. The proposed method significantly enhances their applicability for global high-precision positioning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 547-564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing landslide susceptibility mapping through optimized non-landslide data selection and SHAP-based interpretation","authors":"Shuai Ren,&nbsp;Kamarul Hawari Ghazali,&nbsp;Yuanfa Ji,&nbsp;Fan Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoming Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) is a critical component of disaster prevention and mitigation. However, the quality of non-landslide samples remains a decisive factor constraining model performance. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel Hybrid Prior-Buffer Sampling Framework (HPBSF) for optimized negative sample selection. Taking Wuzhou City, Guangxi, as the study area, we evaluated the performance of four machine learning models—Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost—under different sampling strategies. Furthermore, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was employed to interpret the optimal model, enabling a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the nonlinear contributions and spatial heterogeneity of driving factors at both global and local scales. The results demonstrate that the HPBSF effectively mitigates sample uncertainty and enhances data quality. Improvements were achieved in all different models. The XGBoost model coupled with HPBSF achieved the best performance, successfully capturing 76.6% of historical landslides within only 26.1% of the study area, demonstrating superior efficiency for practical hazard zoning. The SHAP analysis also accurately identified the dominant environmental controlling factors. This study provides a robust, high-precision, and interpretable framework for LSM, offering valuable scientific support for regional disaster reduction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 599-620"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revealing the source mechanism of the August 10, 2025 Sındırgı Earthquake (Mw 6.3) with geological and geodetic evidence","authors":"İbrahim Tiryakioğlu,&nbsp;Cemil Gezgin,&nbsp;Bahadır Aktuğ,&nbsp;Halil İbrahim Solak,&nbsp;Çağlar Özkaymak,&nbsp;Şeyma Şafak Yaşar,&nbsp;Furkan Şahiner,&nbsp;Muhiddin Can Yıldırım,&nbsp;Kayhan Aladoğan,&nbsp;Ece Bengünaz Çakanşimek Ünlükaya,&nbsp;Doğukan Mert Özcan,&nbsp;Mert Bezcioglu,&nbsp;Murat Doruk Şentürk,&nbsp;Mevlüt Furkan Akgül","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On August 10, 2025, a moderate normal faulting earthquake (Mw 6.3) struck near Sındırgı (Balıkesir, Western Anatolia), attracting significant scientific interest due to its epicentral location where two major strike-slip dominated active fault zones in western Anatolia, the NNE-SSW trending İzmir-Balıkesir Transfer Zone and WNW-ESE trending Simav Fault Zone intersect. Moreover, the southward propagation of aftershocks, further south than known faults, suggested complex fault kinematics and interactions between the Sındırgı–Simav and Gelenbe Fault Zones. The focal mechanism solutions of the main shock indicate mainly dip-slip motion with NE-SW extension. The ∼25 km-long Çaygören normal fault, which strikes NW–SE and dips to the southwest, is one of them. Maximum predicted magnitudes are calculated as 6.7 based on fault length. Structural field data in the region also reveal that the youngest stage shows an NE-SW-trending extension with a NE–SW trending σ₃ and a vertical σ₁. GNSS campaign was initiated to quantify the coseismic surface deformation using both continuous and campaign-style observations. The inversion of the GNSS-derived displacements yielded a geodetic moment of 2.78 × 10¹⁸ dyne·cm, corresponding to a moment magnitude of Mw 6.3. Uniform slip model indicated that a buried patch approximately 10.5 km long and 4 km wide ruptured, exhibiting 2.20 m of normal and 0.20 m of right-lateral slip. The analysis of a combination of geologic, geodetic and seismological data confirm that the earthquake originated along the SW dipping and NW-SE trending normal fault, most probably occurred in the 7.4 km deep part of the ÇF and ruptures do not reach the surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 580-598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}