{"title":"A GNSS fault detection method combining observation, position, and time domain information for slowly growing error","authors":"Yi Li, Li Wang, Bao Shu, Lihong Fan, Qin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global navigation satellite system (GNSS) application scenarios become more complex, the probability of slowly growing error (SGE) increases dramatically due to factors such as multipath effects and atmospheric disturbances. Given the slow change in SGE over time, it takes some time to trigger the detection threshold, which causes a special challenge for fault detection methods. To address this issue, this study proposes a fault detection method combining observation, position, and time-domain information for the SGE. This method includes three parts. First, a new detection statistic is derived based on the equivalence of the multiple hypothesis solution separation (MHSS) method’s detection statistic across three coordinate components. Second, a sliding window in the time domain is introduced to ensure the detection statistic fully reflects the change characteristics of SGE, enabling rapid detection of SGE. Finally, residuals in the observation domain are utilized to calculate a check factor, ensuring consistency of information within the sliding window and enabling accurate detection of the end time of the SGE. To validate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method, we conducted experiments using static simulations and urban kinematic data. The results demonstrate that the proposed method enables rapid and accurate detection of SGE, effectively mitigating the threat posed by various outlier observations to positioning solutions in urban applications. The maximum positioning error of ENU was reduced by 32.7%, 38.4%, and 18.1%, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 452-463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Latitudinal and longitudinal variation in ionospheric response to geomagnetic storm of May 2017: multi-instrument observations","authors":"Teshome Dugassa Feyissa","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the response of ionosphere to the 26–31 May 2017 geomagnetic storm, during which the Dst index reached a minimum value of approximately −125 nT on 28 May 2017, over the American, European-African, and Asian-Australian sectors using space-based (Swarm, GUVI/TIMED) and ground-based (GPS, Madrigal, magnetometer) observations. Quiet mean total electron content (TEC) and plasma density (Ne) values were used as a baseline to quantify storm-time perturbations.The ionospheric response is classified as significant when the the magnitude of the relative TEC perturbation (<span><math><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi>Δ</mi><mi>TEC</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow></math></span>) exceeds 45%. Magnetometer observations were analyzed to characterize storm-time ionospheric current systems, with a high-pass and band-pass filtering techniques were applied to D<sub><em>iono</em></sub> to extract Dp<sub>2</sub> and D<sub><em>dyn</em></sub> currents. During the storm main phase, a pronounced daytime positive ionospheric storm was observed at low and mid-latitudes in the Asian-Australian sector, while positive responses emerged in the American and European-African sectors predominantly during the recovery phase. The positive storm phases were frequent and intense than negative phases. Space-based Ne and ground-based TEC variations during the storm event exhibited consistent response. Hemispheric asymmetries in ionospheric response were also identified. The observed positive ionospheric responses are mainly attributed to prompt penetration electric fields (PPEF) and storm-time thermospheric winds, whereas the negative phase that developed over the Asian-Australian sector during the late recovery phase is likely associated with storm-induced reductions in the thermospheric [O]/[N<sub>2</sub>] ratio. Analysis of magnetic field variations revealed the presence of a diurnal component, characterized by a reversal in the typical diurnal pattern of the geomagnetic field. The largest D<sub><em>dyn</em></sub> amplitudes occurred at HUA in the American sector, followed by MBO in the West African sector. While diurnal oscillations persisted over longer durations, the semi-diurnal components attained comparatively higher amplitudes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1452-1474"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bohan Shen, Yusen Niu, Yi Jiang, Xinyu Wang, Lina Yang
{"title":"A new single-domain multi-launch offshore launch method based on the semi-submersible ship","authors":"Bohan Shen, Yusen Niu, Yi Jiang, Xinyu Wang, Lina Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work proposes a new offshore launch method using a semi‑submersible ship for single‑domain multi‑launch operations, improving launch efficiency and protecting the platform from gas‑jet damage. Rockets and equipment are mounted on the ship, which is submerged to a predetermined depth so that the launch platform is covered by seawater. Results show that the water layer significantly delays impingement of the gas‑jet core on the platform surface, thereby reducing ablation. A theoretical model is derived to predict the time required for an overexpanded jet to penetrate the water layer, considering added mass and momentum dissipation. Through dimensionless analysis using the Buckingham π theorem, a linear empirical correlation for the dimensionless penetration time is obtained. These findings provide a valuable reference for designing effective offshore launch methods and point toward a new integrated direction for ocean engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1653-1668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Stachiotti, Z.Y. Marchetti, S.E. Torrusio, C.G. Ramonell, L.A. Espínola
{"title":"Remote sensing-based models for monitoring suspended sediments in the Middle Paraná River floodplain, Argentina","authors":"L. Stachiotti, Z.Y. Marchetti, S.E. Torrusio, C.G. Ramonell, L.A. Espínola","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The estimation of suspended sediment concentration in large rivers through remote sensing constitutes a key tool for water and environmental management. The objective of this study was to obtain locally calibrated models for monitoring suspended sediments in the Middle Paraná River (MPR) floodplain. To this end, four empirical exponential equation base models were developed from the Normalized Difference Suspended Sediment Index (NDSSI) derived from Landsat 7 and Sentinel-2 imagery, using surface reflectance and top-of-atmosphere collections in Google Earth Engine (GEE), based on their correlation with multi-temporal measurements of suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). Model validation was carried out using two approaches: (1) comparison with 10 <em>in-situ</em> measurements in the same sector for the four models, and (2) a hydro-sedimentological contrast of the Landsat 7 top-of-atmosphere model with stations from the Middle and Upper Paraná rivers and the Bermejo River. The indices were consistent with historical records, the models proved statistically significant (all with R<sup>2</sup> > 0.7; p < 0.001), and the validations also confirmed the relationship with the natural environment, demonstrating their potential as a reliable and scalable tool for estimating suspended sediments to be used in water resource management in the Middle Paraná River area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1037-1060"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Barbara Suesser-Rechberger, Torsten Mayer-Guerr, Sandro Krauss, Cornelia Tieber-Hubmann, Sebastian Schneider, Michael Steindorfer
{"title":"Precise dynamic orbit determination based on SLR for geodetic and upper atmosphere applications","authors":"Barbara Suesser-Rechberger, Torsten Mayer-Guerr, Sandro Krauss, Cornelia Tieber-Hubmann, Sebastian Schneider, Michael Steindorfer","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of precise dynamic orbits in the domains of gravity field recovery and thermosphere modeling, is a common practice today. An important consideration when parameters are derived from measurement data is that this data must not contain any prior information about the quantities to be determined. For instance, dynamic and reduced-dynamic orbits (RDOs) are not suitable to be used as observations for gravity field recovery, since they rely on a priori information in the form of force models that include e.g., the gravity field. Therefore, geodetic observation techniques such as Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is utilized since the range measurements fulfill this requirement. As the accuracy of precise orbits is reflected in the accuracy of their applications, it is of utmost importance that these orbits are determined as precisely as possible. For this reason, we extended our in–house software package Gravity Recovery Object Oriented Programming System (GROOPS) by the SLR functionality. The utilization of the same algorithms and models within the software tool ensures consistent SLR processing, which has a positive effect on performance. In this paper, we discuss the SLR processing approach and describe the individual steps in detail. In addition to the validation results of our published kinematic and reduced-dynamic orbits, we demonstrate that the low-degree gravity field coefficient solutions derived in this study using the new implemented SLR functionality can compete to those of other institutions. Furthermore, we present the results of an analysis of a derived density scale factor to improve empirical thermospheric models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 483-492"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanene Guesmi, Ojo Olusola Samuel, Nadjem Bailek, Haifa Harrouch, Kada Bouchouicha, Maher Jebali, Alban Kuriqi, Rabab Triki, Ilyes Abidi
{"title":"Performance enhancement of empirical solar radiation models using optimized satellite parameters for effective solar energy project planning","authors":"Hanene Guesmi, Ojo Olusola Samuel, Nadjem Bailek, Haifa Harrouch, Kada Bouchouicha, Maher Jebali, Alban Kuriqi, Rabab Triki, Ilyes Abidi","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate modeling of solar irradiance is critical for enhancing the performance of renewable energy systems. Satellite-derived parameters offer a valuable resource for these models; however, identifying the most influential variables across diverse geographic and climatic regions remains a challenge. This study aimed to determine the key satellite-based parameters for predicting daily global solar irradiance and evaluate advanced validation techniques to enhance model reliability. Data from the TERRA and AQUA satellites, covering eight stations in Spain, were analyzed using correlation analysis, feature importance rankings via random forest regression, and optimized models. The multiperiod cross-validation (MPCV) method was employed to assess performance relative to traditional single-step validation (SSV). The results demonstrate that Skin Temperature (SKT) is the dominant predictor, with the highest correlations (0.688–0.815) and feature-importance values (0.536–0.698). At the same time, Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), Surface Albedo (SAB), Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), Cloud Effective and Base Temperatures (CET/CBT) also consistently contribute to prediction accuracy. Seasonal and regional analyses reveal that coastal stations exhibit reduced errors during spring and winter, whereas inland areas show higher summer errors. Importantly, MPCV improves model performance by reducing MAE and RMSE by 4–14% across all stations, markedly outperforming SSV, especially in areas with strong climatic variability. These strengthened findings highlight the study’s contribution by demonstrating the value of integrating regionally adaptive parameters with robust validation frameworks. This work advances renewable-energy planning by providing scalable, satellite-based approaches for solar resource evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1151-1164"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improved GNSS-R soil moisture retrieval over vegetated surfaces using a bivariate semi-empirical model","authors":"Zhounan Dong, Shuanggen Jin, Dai Chen, Peng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative remote sensing technique for measuring terrestrial surface soil moisture (SSM). While previous studies have utilized semi-empirical retrieval models and machine learning (ML) approaches to estimate SSM from the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission, achieving accurate SSM estimates over vegetation-covered areas remains a challenge. This limitation persists despite the use of vegetation extinction correction in semi-empirical models or the incorporation of vegetation-related contextual parameters in ML methods. To overcome this challenge, in this study, a parameterized pixel-wise binary regression algorithm is proposed for GNSS-R SSM estimation, specifically improving performance over vegetation-covered surfaces. Comprehensive comparisons were conducted against well-established pixel-wise univariate linear regression models and state-of-the-art ML approaches, including XGBoost and Random Forest. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed pixel-wise binary regression model improves accuracy by 7% on a full-year test dataset compared with pixel-wise linear regression, significantly outperforming both ML models. By leveraging this bivariate linear regression framework, the SSM retrieval accuracy was significantly improved over vegetation-covered surfaces. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of parameterized regression methods for spaceborne GNSS-R SSM retrieval in vegetated areas and support their incorporation into future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1176-1194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mei Liu, Huaqiang Ge, Lishan Ma, De Li, Zunbing Sheng
{"title":"Reduce-order dynamic modeling of X-braced girder considering flexible joints for analytical vibration characteristic investigation","authors":"Mei Liu, Huaqiang Ge, Lishan Ma, De Li, Zunbing Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The task of establishing reduce-order dynamic model of complicated truss structures is increasingly difficult especially for flexible-jointed truss. New dynamic modeling approaches to achieve structural reduce-order dynamic model is of great significance for analytical vibration characteristic investigation. To this end, a novel dynamic parameter inverse analysis procedure for X-braced girder with flexible joints is proposed based on the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) algorithm and response surface methodology (RSM) in this study. Unknown equivalent stiffnesses and masses of the flexible-jointed X-braced girder are determined to further build its reduce-order dynamic model. Firstly, the energy method is utilized to estimate the initial values of equivalent parameters, which are used for inversion procedure in an effective manner. Secondly, the elastic characteristic of flexible joints is described by six-degree-of-freedom spring. Then, using the BFGS algorithm and RSM, the reduce-order dynamic model is obtained based on the frequencies calculated from the full-scaled finite model of the X-braced girder with flexible joints. Further, numerical results of natural properties and dynamic responses are presented to show the reliability of the proposed modeling method by comparing results with finite-element model data. The influence of the joint mass on the accuracy of the reduce-order dynamic model is discussed. Notably, considering the increasing use of truss structures with flexible joints in space engineering field, the proposed dynamic modeling method may represent an accurate and appealing alternative approach for constructing reduce-order model, whereas characteristics and reduce-order model of flexible-jointed truss structure are still difficult to estimate and establish using the existed achievements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1340-1351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dongsheng Zhao, Yuhao Hou, Kefei Zhang, Hao Liu, Qianxin Wang, Wang Li, Longjiang Li, Zhongchao Shi, Craig M. Hancock, Gethin Wyn Roberts, Andrzej Krankowski, Mardina Abdullah, Guanqing Li, Yiming Quan
{"title":"A method for estimating the magnitude of ionospheric irregularity drift velocity based on the network of geodetic GPS stations","authors":"Dongsheng Zhao, Yuhao Hou, Kefei Zhang, Hao Liu, Qianxin Wang, Wang Li, Longjiang Li, Zhongchao Shi, Craig M. Hancock, Gethin Wyn Roberts, Andrzej Krankowski, Mardina Abdullah, Guanqing Li, Yiming Quan","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ionospheric irregularities in high-latitude regions exhibit rapid spatiotemporal evolution, and their drift velocity is a key parameter for characterizing irregularity dynamics and supporting the development of ionospheric scintillation models. However, most existing drift velocity estimation methods rely on high-sampling-rate carrier phase observations provided by ionospheric scintillation monitoring receivers (ISMR). Despite their high estimation accuracy, the high cost and sparse distribution of such devices hinder the achievement of large-scale continuous monitoring. To address this limitation, this study proposes a method for estimating irregularity drift velocity using a relatively low-cost and more widely distributed geodetic GPS receiver network, combined with event selection based on the rate of total electron content index (ROTI) and wavelet-domain cross-correlation analysis. This method enables effective estimation of the magnitude of high-latitude irregularity drift velocity from 1 Hz GPS observations. The validity of the method is evaluated using four representative high-latitude scintillation events observed between 2023 and 2025 by a GPS receiver array in the Faroe Islands and a co-located scintillation receiver. The results indicate that the irregularity drift velocities retrieved by the proposed method are mainly distributed within the typical high-latitude range of 300–2000 m/s, and show good consistency with the traditional power spectrum method in terms of velocity variation characteristics. Even under conditions where phase scintillation is significant while amplitude scintillation is extremely weak and the power spectrum structure is unclear, the wavelet-domain cross-correlation method can still provide stable time delay estimates, demonstrating strong robustness under complex disturbance conditions. Variations in drift velocity exhibit a clear correspondence with the intensity of space weather driving. Drift velocities are generally higher when space weather driving is enhanced and lower when driving is weak, indicating that the method can effectively reflect the response characteristics of high-latitude irregularity drift velocities to energy input. Although the method performs stably under typical disturbance conditions, the reliability of delay estimates may be affected when the scale of irregularities is small or structural evolution is rapid, as these scenarios reduce the consistency of disturbances between stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1501-1525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aurelio Kaluthantrige, Jinglang Feng, Gianfranco Di Domenico, Jesús Gil-Fernández
{"title":"Incremental validation test campaign of a CNN-based Image Processing algorithm for autonomous visual based navigation applied to the Hera mission","authors":"Aurelio Kaluthantrige, Jinglang Feng, Gianfranco Di Domenico, Jesús Gil-Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the incremental validation test campaign of a Convolutional Neural Network-based Image Processing algorithm using as case scenario the proximity operations of the European Space Agency’s Hera mission around the target binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos. The algorithm estimates the position of the Center of Mass of both the primary and the secondary (if visible), the range from the primary, and the associated covariance matrices using the synthetic images generated with the SW Planet and Asteroid Natural Scene Generation Utility. The first step of this incremental validation process is an Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Model-In-The-Loop test, which uses the Functional Engineering Simulator of the Guidance, Navigation and Control system of the Hera mission. The second step is a bare-metal Open-Loop test run on the processing system of a Zynq 7000 System-on-a-Chip, considered in this work as the representative of a typical spacecraft On-Board Computer. The third and final step is an Open-Loop Hardware-In-The-Loop test, which includes the Hera mission’s camera functional model and it is run at the GMV Optical Laboratory. The test case scenarios are the Early Characterization Phase, the Detailed Characterization Phase and the Close Observation Phase of the proximity operations of the Hera mission, when the vision-based navigation system is based on the centroid of Didymos. Therefore, the incremental validation test campaign presented in this work considers only the position of the Center of Mass of the primary estimated by the developed Image Processing algorithm. The results show that the algorithm is able to perform accurately its estimations across the multiple tests, with a slight dependency on the calibration of the camera. Nevertheless, the results show that prior to the implementation on a spacecraft On-Board computer the algorithm requires a dedicated memory optimization process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1560-1579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}