Advances in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"Diagnosis strategy of abnormal on-site barometric pressure for SLR tropospheric delay correction","authors":"Xuezhen Li,&nbsp;Hua Chen,&nbsp;Zelang Miao,&nbsp;Zilu Cui,&nbsp;Xiaohui Zhou,&nbsp;Zhao Li,&nbsp;Weiping Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) is critical for establishing a high-precision terrestrial reference frame, but its accuracy is highly vulnerable to systematic errors. Among these, abnormal barometric pressure at SLR stations is a predominant yet often overlooked issue that distorts tropospheric delay corrections and introduces centimeter-to-decimeter biases in range observations. To address this, we propose a diagnosis strategy for abnormal on-site barometric pressure by a data-driven approach, specifically designed to support robust SLR tropospheric delay correction. In the diagnosis step, an imbalance-optimized CatBoost model is employed to accurately detect abnormal barometric pressure. This data-driven approach is augmented with auxiliary information derived from the Numerical Weather Model (NWM) to enhance diagnostic reliability. Based on the diagnosis results, an adaptive pressure difference model is then implemented for correction, where abnormal barometric pressure is strategically substituted with NWM-derived pressure. Validated on global SLR data from 35 stations in 2023, the proposed strategy demonstrates a high detection rate of 86.42% for abnormal barometric pressures in the testing dataset. After NWM-based correction, the RMS of posterior residuals associated with abnormal barometric pressure is reduced from 9.83 cm to 4.82 cm, corresponding to an improvement of 50.97% compared to the solution using the original barometric pressure. The strategy enables automated quality control, effectively mitigating systematic biases while preserving valuable observations, thereby significantly enhancing the precision and reliability of operational SLR solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 703-714"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Runoff simulation of SWAT model with channel parameter adjustment based on multi-source remote sensing images","authors":"Yiqing Li,&nbsp;Yongzhi Wang,&nbsp;Dexiang Liu,&nbsp;Wenquan Li,&nbsp;Yunqi Zhu,&nbsp;Wanjing Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate runoff simulation plays a critical role in water resources management and mitigation of drought or flood disasters. The inspection and correction of river parameters are crucial to ensure the accuracy of runoff simulation. However, in current runoff simulation models, river parameters are mostly automatically extracted, without sufficient consideration of the accuracy of the original data. We propose a new runoff simulation method that integrates high-precision multi-source remote sensing imagery to systematically assess and calibrate river channel parameters, thereby improving the accuracy of SWAT model. First, watershed channel parameters are extracted and calculated from multi-source remote sensing data. Second, the SWAT model is calibrated and improved by the extracted channel parameters. Finally, runoff simulation and accuracy evaluation are conducted. Results in the Lishui River Basin demonstrate a marked improvement in simulation accuracy. After parameter calibration, the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) increased to over 0.89, and the peak flow simulation for a major 2011 flood event was significantly enhanced, closely aligning with observations. This study holds significant research implications for water resources management, flood warning, and watershed planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1027-1036"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-epoch PPP-RTK with multi-frequency multi-constellation: reliable and instantaneous centimeter-level user positioning","authors":"Pan Li,&nbsp;Jiadi Dai,&nbsp;Jiahuan Hu,&nbsp;Xiaohong Zhang,&nbsp;Bobin Cui,&nbsp;Bao Shu,&nbsp;Guanwen Huang,&nbsp;Qin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.05.054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for fast and high-precision spatiotemporal information has increasingly grown in recent years, particularly in fields such as autonomous driving and other safety-related applications. The single-epoch Precise Point Positioning (PPP) technique proves particularly advantageous in complex and dynamic application environments due to its property of fast-available solutions, no need for cycle slip detection, and robust interference resistance. Considering only extra-wide-lane (EWL) and wide-lane (WL) ambiguities are fixed in most existing single-epoch research, this study proposes to incorporate regional atmospheric corrections to further enhance the WL ambiguity resolution (WAR) solutions. Firstly, the atmospheric interpolation errors were assessed using three public networks with different average inter-station distances, which are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EPN), and Geoscience Australia (GA). Results showed that the interpolated tropospheric zenith wet delay errors were within 1 cm, while the interpolated ionospheric errors were more related to inter-station distances, with the longest distance (EPN) of ∼150 km showing errors of 4.5 cm, and others below 4.0 cm. Three single-epoch solutions were designed for both triple- and five-frequency observations, namely PPP-FLOAT-3/5, PPP-WAR-3/5 (solution in most existing research), and PPP-RTK-3/5 (proposed method), depending on whether WAR was performed or atmospheric corrections were applied. The proposed single-epoch PPP-RTK method achieved the best performance in terms of positioning accuracy and AR success rate for both static solutions and vehicle experiments. For all processed static stations, the PPP-RTK-3 positioning errors were 4.2 cm,4.7 cm, and 10.1 cm for east, north, and up, respectively, representing improvements of 77.2%, 82.1%, and 79.7% compared with PPP-WAR-3 solutions. Introducing atmospheric corrections also improved the WL AR success rate from 96.9% to 99.0%, indicating more reliable and accurate solutions with the proposed method. Realistic vehicle experiments further confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method, with the positioning errors reduced from 84.3 cm, 56.8 cm, and 33.8 cm (FLOAT-3) to 9.1 cm, 8.6 cm, and 18.5 cm in the east, north, and up directions, respectively. The introduction of five-frequency measurements further improved the positioning performance. For static stations, the proportion of epochs with horizontal errors below 10 cm reached 89.1%, while those below 30 cm rose to 98.6%. In dynamic vehicular experiments, PPP-RTK-5 achieved accuracies of 8.4 cm, 7.8 cm, and 18.1 cm in the east, north, and up components, respectively. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed single-epoch solution in applications in which instantaneous decimeter-level positioning accuracy is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 493-511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Generalized Laplacian method of initial orbit determination with Maximum Likelihood constraint","authors":"Dingcun Chen,&nbsp;Jingshi Tang,&nbsp;Haowen Cheng,&nbsp;Qingbo Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Initial Orbit Determination (IOD) is essential for Space Situational Awareness (SSA). The Generalized Laplacian (GL) method employs least-squares iteration to handle multiple angles-only observations under a perturbed two-body model, providing reliable solutions in most cases. However, a symmetric ambiguity in its principle can produce extraneous roots opposite to the line of sight. Furthermore, in scenarios with challenging observational geometry, underutilization of observational statistics can lead to systematic biases or even divergence. The bias is evident in observation residuals, which deviate from the expected noise characteristics. To address these problems, this paper proposes two ways of improvement. First, the Generalized Laplacian Orientation-constrained (GL-O) method provides a necessary revision to the GL method to eliminate extraneous roots. The Generalized Laplacian Maximum Likelihood (GL-ML) method, as our main contribution, employs global sampling strategies to generate candidate orbits by constraining eccentricity values. It further utilizes Maximum Likelihood principles to select optimal solutions based on statistical properties of their observation residuals, ensuring both dynamical consistency and statistical validity. Real observations of a GPS satellite with extraneous root problems demonstrate GL-O’s effectiveness and GL-ML’s enhanced accuracy, while the classical Gooding’s method yields an invalid solution. Comprehensive simulations involving five diverse objects across various arc lengths and noise levels are conducted to test the proposed methods, along with Gooding’s method for reference. The GL-ML method, in particular, demonstrates superior robustness and accuracy under challenging conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1318-1339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved heuristic auction-initialized large neighborhood search for online scheduling of Earth observation satellites in large-scale emergency mission","authors":"Cheng Wang,&nbsp;Yuhan Liu,&nbsp;Yueyong Lyu,&nbsp;Xusheng Xu,&nbsp;Bin Song","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-time and reliable online scheduling for large-scale Earth observation mission using multiple agile satellites remains challenging, due to stringent response-time and complex orbit-attitude coupling dynamics during observation maneuvers. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel improved heuristic auction-initialized large neighborhood search (IHALNS) algorithm framework. First, a precise attitude-pointing maneuver model based on iterative correction strategy is developed to ensure the reliability of planned schedules. Then, a mission planning model is established to maximize observation profit while minimizing maneuver energy consumption. Subsequently, the IHALNS algorithm framework is proposed for real-time online scheduling. Within IHALNS, an improved heuristic auction (IHA) algorithm module with multiple heuristic rules and a self-decision mechanism is developed to generate a high-quality initial scheduling scheme in real time. Furthermore, a large neighborhood search incorporating density-guided destroy and spatiotemporal coupling repair operators is designed to rapidly achieve global optimization based on the initial scheme. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed IHALNS algorithm framework outperforms conventional methods in terms of computational efficiency, solution quality, scalability and stability, showing significant advantages in real-time online scheduling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1367-1388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precision-aware adaptive suboptimality suppression for pose recovery of non-cooperative on-orbit targets","authors":"Lizhang Peng,&nbsp;Ronglu Jin,&nbsp;Shuyong Gao,&nbsp;Tong Liu,&nbsp;Hongda Chen,&nbsp;Chengfu Jiang,&nbsp;Zheyuan Qian,&nbsp;Wenqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of orbital spacecraft maintenance, estimating the pose of non-cooperative targets is essential for accurate control and capture operations. However, space-borne imagery is subject to significant interference, compounded by environmental complexities such as the Earth background, which challenges the accuracy and robustness of deep learning models. This work primarily addresses Earth background interference, a critical yet underexplored challenge in orbital pose estimation. To address this issue, we propose a non-optimal suppression strategy designed to filter out interfering features while preserving effective ones. By leveraging a masked self-attention mechanism and the adaptive suppression of non-optimal keypoints, our approach extracts reliable and pertinent features to mitigate interference in space imagery. Building on this strategy, we develop the MGKSNet model for estimating the pose of non-cooperative targets; this model encompasses object detection, keypoint localization, suboptimal keypoint suppression, and pose resolution. Experimental results on the SPEED + dataset demonstrate that our model achieves a 56% improvement in rotational accuracy (0.4092°) and an 82% improvement in translational accuracy (0.0107 m) compared to existing state-of-the-art models. These findings validate the superiority of our proposed method and affirm its capability to meet the precision requirements for on-orbit space missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1627-1643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new web-based tool for galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere","authors":"Eleonora Puzzoni,&nbsp;Joe Giacalone,&nbsp;Joshua Sosa,&nbsp;József Kóta,&nbsp;Merav Opher,&nbsp;Justyna M. Sokół","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) play a critical role in space weather forecasting and radiation hazard assessment for deep space missions. Accurate modeling of GCR flux throughout the heliosphere is therefore crucial. This paper describes the physical model and the functionality of a new user-friendly web-based tool designed to rapidly estimate the energy spectrum and flux of GCRs using minimal user input such as radial distance, time, and energy. The tool is based on the force-field approximation to the Parker transport equation and incorporates solar modulation via the correlation between GCRs and the mean sunspot number. Compared to existing Monte Carlo or finite-difference-based models which include a more physically realistic model of the heliosphere, this simpler 1D spherical model offers significant advantages in computational speed and ease of use. The tool is validated against spacecraft data from Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and New Horizons, and is capable of projecting future GCR spectra and fluxes based on sunspot number predictions. The key aim is to provide a very rapid estimate of GCR properties using a physics-based model that is constructed to fit as many data sets as possible. The tool will continue to be modified as new data sets are added, with the platform also serving as a data repository. Designed for both researchers and the general public, the platform also serves as an educational resource on GCRs and heliospheric physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1669-1683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148528954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tsunami detection using early-stage traveling ionospheric disturbances and machine learning based on GNSS measurements","authors":"Danial Abdollahi,&nbsp;M. Mahdi Alizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural hazards, such as earthquakes and tsunamis produce shock waves that travel into the ionosphere and produce traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). TIDs should be detected in the case of earthquakes and tsunamis, as they can assist in monitoring natural hazards and provide early warning for tsunamis. A key challenge in detection is that TIDs also occur in the ionosphere as ordinary phenomena that are not caused by tsunamis. To address this issue, it must be noted that after a tsunami, TIDs are generated by two sources: acoustic waves from the earthquake shock, and gravity waves from tsunami propagation. Usually, tsunami TID detection is performed using gravity waves; however, gravity waves are weaker than acoustic waves and are more similar to ordinary ionospheric TIDs. Thus, to reduce false detections in near-field regions where tsunamis are strong and acoustic waves are present, this study focuses on early-stage TIDs—believed to be generated by acoustic waves—and incorporates their characteristics into a Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation neural network for detection. GNSS time series of two giant tsunami events, the 2011 Tohoku and the 2004 Sumatra earthquakes and tsunamis, were considered. Because of the dense GNSS receiver coverage, the 2011 data were considered as the training and testing datasets, and the 2004 Sumatra dataset served as an independent validation case. The observations were classified into two categories: tsunami TIDs and non-tsunami TIDs. The test showed an accuracy of 99.8% in tsunami detection, and validation with observations from another region confirmed the model’s capacity to detect tsunami TIDs. This accuracy is higher than that of most previous detection systems and demonstrates its promising potential. Incorporating early-stage TID properties into a neural network enhances the practical reliability of tsunami detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1165-1175"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the modified perturbed CR3BP to a five-body system","authors":"Bhupendra Jangid,&nbsp;Mohammed K. Ibrahim,&nbsp;Ashok Kumar Pal,&nbsp;Lata Kumari Bairwa,&nbsp;Elbaz I. Abouelmagd","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study extends the dynamics of the modified perturbed Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem (CRTBP) to the perturbed Circular Restricted Five-Body Problem (CR5BP), by incorporating two smaller bodies occupying the Triangular Lagrange Points (TLPs). The model integrates Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP) from the primary, albedo effects from the secondary, and gravitational forces from the bodies occupying the TLPs. We numerically identify three collinear and eight non–collinear equilibrium points, with four non-collinear points near each smaller body. Increased SRP shifts collinear points toward the radiating primary, while stronger albedo effects displace them toward the secondary. Zero-Velocity Curves (ZVCs) are constructed to map permitted and forbidden motion regions, revealing topological changes under varying perturbations. Linear stability analysis indicates instability for all collinear points <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> and non-collinear points <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><mspace></mspace><mi>j</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>8</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, with the remaining non-collinear points <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msub><mrow><mi>L</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>11</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> being stable. This work advances understanding of complex gravitational systems and supports mission planning near Trojan asteroids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 1220-1237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive mapping of soil texture using vis–NIR spectroscopy and machine learning in semi-arid Eastern Mediterranean","authors":"Yavuz S. Turgut,&nbsp;Y. Kenan Koca","doi":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.065","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asr.2026.04.065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of soil textural properties is essential for understanding soil functions and supporting digital soil mapping (DSM), particularly in semi-arid and topographically complex landscapes. This study aimed to predict sand, silt, and clay fractions, as well as USDA soil texture classes, at surface (0–30 cm) and subsurface (30–60 cm) depths by integrating visible–near infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy with environmental covariates and machine learning (ML) models. A total of 214 soil samples were collected in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye using a conditional Latin Hypercube Sampling (c-LHS) strategy. Environmental variables in the c-LHS sampling were digital elevation model (DEM), Slope, Aspect, Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP), Mean Annual Temperature (MAT), Landform, Parent Material and Land Use/Land Cover (LULC). Spectral data were pre-processed and used in conjunction with environmental covariates derived from Sentinel-2 imagery and DEM. Regression models (XGBoost (XGB) , Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Regression (SVR)) and classification models (Multinomial Logistic Regression (MNLR), C5 Decision Tree (C5DT), and RF) were evaluated. Among the regression approaches, XGB achieved the highest predictive performance, particularly for silt and clay fractions, with higher R² and RPIQ values and lower bias. SHAP analysis identified soil organic carbon, land use, and soil depth as the dominant drivers of particle-size variability. Texture class maps generated by RF were more spatially coherent and pedologically consistent, although overall classification accuracy was constrained by class imbalance and complex horizon transitions. The results demonstrate that combining vis–NIR spectroscopy with ML substantially improves the prediction of soil particle-size distribution, providing a reliable and scalable framework for DSM applications in data-scarce semi-arid Mediterranean environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50850,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Space Research","volume":"78 2","pages":"Pages 660-683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148529115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}