Anatomical Record最新文献

{"title":"Scaling up morphological differentiation of pangolin scales: Serial, ontogenetic and evolutionary variation.","authors":"Benoît Moison, Sylvain Gerber, Andréa Filippo, Maxime Grosmougin, Jocelyn Falconnet, Nicolas Rinder, Philippe Gaubert, Lionel Hautier, Guillaume Billet","doi":"10.1002/ar.25624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pangolins are the most heavily trafficked mammals in the world, largely because of the high demand for their keratinous scales from the traditional Chinese medicine market. While seizures of pangolin material are largely composed of isolated scales, efficient approaches to reach species-level identification are missing. This mostly originates from the lack of comparative studies on the shape of pangolin scales, resulting in knowledge gaps on the imbricated effects of serial, ontogenetic, and evolutionary variations. Using a large sample of micro-CT scan data, we performed the first quantitative 3D analysis of scale shape variation among the eight species of extant pangolins. Our geometric morphometric approach suggests that pangolins grossly share similar trends of serial variation, with scale shape and size being similarly distinct across the different body regions. Relative elongation is by far the main component of scale shape variation at the intraspecific level, although degree of asymmetry and shape of scale bed area also allow distinction among different body areas, especially in adults. At the evolutionary level, Phataginus is the most distinctive genus, with Pseudacteon tricuspis having the most elongated scales overall. Scales of the back (dorsum) appear to be the best discriminator between species, providing one of the few scale shape differences recorded between the genera Smutsia and Manis. Our results provide an unprecedented, upstream understanding of broad differentiation patterns across the scaled body of pangolins. Together with other yet-to-be-explored morphological traits (e.g., scale size, ornamentation, and thickness), scale shape could provide a valuable matrix of information for forensic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography enhances our knowledge of the skull anatomy of a Late Triassic ecteniniid cynodont with hypercanines.","authors":"Leonardo Kerber, Rodrigo T Müller, Daniel de Simão-Oliveira, Flávio A Pretto, Agustín G Martinelli, Iasmim M Michelotti, Julien Benoit, Pedro H Fonseca, Romain David, Vincent Fernandez, Kenneth D Angielczyk, Ricardo Araújo","doi":"10.1002/ar.25616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypercanines, or hypertrophied canines, are observed in a wide range of both extinct and extant synapsids. In non-mammaliaform cynodonts, the Permo-Triassic forerunners of mammals, long canines are not uncommon, appearing in several unrelated taxa within the clade. Among them is Trucidocynodon riograndensis, a carnivorous ecteniniid cynodont from the Late Triassic of Brazil, which exhibits a specialized dentition, including spear-shaped incisors, very long and narrow canines, and sectorial postcanines with distally oriented cusps, all of which have finely serrated margins. Recent synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography of a large specimen (CAPPA/UFSM 0029; Várzea do Agudo site, Brazil) provides new insights into its lower jaw and dentition, as well as offers the first digital endocast of an ecteniniid. Our study reveals the presence of (i) putatively opened-root canines in the adult stage and the possible presence of unresorbed remnant of an old canine, which may indicate that the specimen stopped replacing its canines; (ii) lower canines that are longer than the upper canines and, in occlusion, were kept inside deep paracanine fossae that perforated the dorsal surface of the rostrum; (iii) a diastema between the incisors and lower canine, which is absent in the holotype; (iv) advanced brain structures, such as the absence of a pineal body, presence of cerebral hemispheres divided by the interhemispheric sulcus and expanded laterally, and a higher encephalization quotient than non-mammaliaform prozostrodonts, reflecting the homoplastic evolution of relative brain sizes observed in Triassic cynodont lineages. Finally, the abundance of carnivorous and omnivorous species at the Várzea do Agudo site, where the specimen was found-including the archosauriforms Dynamosuchus collisensis and Stenoscelida aurantiacus-suggests a diverse predator guild that warrants further investigation from a paleoecological perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to \"Inhibition of ferroptosis of renal tubular cells with total flavones of Abelmoschus manihot alleviates diabetic tubulopathy\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/ar.25617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25617","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histochemical indications for a chemically complex signal produced by the cervical gill slit gland of the pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps).","authors":"Tiffany F Keenan, William A McLellan, Sentiel A Rommel, Alexander M Costidis, Craig A Harms, J G M Thewissen, Susan J Rehorek, David S Rotstein, Mark D Gay, Alison R Taylor, Heather N Koopman, Ying Wang, Stephanie Kamel, D Ann Pabst","doi":"10.1002/ar.25628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25628","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) possesses an exocrine gland associated with its false gill slit pigmentation pattern. The cervical gill slit gland is a compound tubuloalveolar gland that produces a holocrine secretion and displays maturational changes in size and secretory histology. While the morphology of the cervical gill slit gland has been described in detail, to date, the chemical composition of its secretion remains uncharacterized. This study used histochemical staining techniques and quantitative lipid analysis to identify and characterize the constituents expressed in the secretory cells and secretion of the cervical gill slit gland. Results demonstrate that the secretion, like those of terrestrial artiodactyls that function in chemical communication, includes a complex mixture of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Differences in staining intensity across germinal and secretory epithelial layers demonstrate differential expression, or maturation, of mucins and proteins. Additionally, a highly unusual and primary constituent of the secretion is uric acid. Uric acid was identified within the secretion using histochemical stains and polarized light imaging, and chemically verified using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. While uric acid is not a common constituent of mammalian exocrine glands, urate-based compounds are abundant in the secretions of marine organisms used in chemical communication. Thus, uric acid may contribute to the chemical message produced by K. breviceps in its marine environment. We hypothesize that the chemical signals produced by the gill slit gland may be shared at close-range by conspecifics, and that the mode of sensory reception is likely gustation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142958346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hindlimb locomotor biomechanics of the derived therizinosaur Nothronychus: Functional changes in the line to birds and convergence with large-bodied neornitheans.","authors":"David K Smith","doi":"10.1002/ar.25626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nothronychus graffami was a large therizinosaur represented by a single well-preserved individual from the Turonian Tropic Shale of southern Utah. It is characterized by an enlarged abdomen, small tail, and an extensively pneumatized axial skeleton, and is frequently regarded as herbivorous. Given the overall tail reduction and the development of a wide fused synsacrum with widely spaced acetabulae, it is reconstructed with an anteriorly rotated femur and a displaced resting ground reaction force anterior to the center of mass. The axis of the ground reaction force would shift laterally during locomotion to maintain stability as observed in extant broad abdomened neornitheans. A waddling gait is inferred for Nothronychus. This pattern is significantly different than in Falcarius, a basal therizinosaurian, where a plesiomorphic narrow abdomen, narrowly spaced acetabulae, and altiliac ilium are observed. Falcarius was capable of a more cursorial gait than derived therizinosaurs. In contrast to Nothronychus, Falcarius was probably at least omnivorous to carnivorous, so herbivory almost certainly evolved within the therizinosaur lineage. Following previous work on Tyrannosaurus and Coelophysis, moment arms were computed for Nothronychus for major muscles spanning the hip, knee, and ankle. A ball-and-socket joint is present at the hip, so three-dimensional movement was considered possible there. The knee and ankle were represented by two-dimensional hinge joints. Some muscles altered their function as the pubis shifted from a propubic orientation to an opisthopubic one. These included flexion to extension and the addition of increased abduction/adduction in the affected muscles. The results supported convergence with an avian locomotor model, such as reduction in M. caudofemoralis longus.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring developmental changes in femoral midneck cross-sectional properties.","authors":"Julia Muñoz-Guarinos, Laura Rodríguez, José Miguel Carretero, Rebeca García-González","doi":"10.1002/ar.25618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research delves deeper into previous works on femoral cross-sectional properties during ontogeny by focusing for the first time on the human femoral midneck. The ontogenetic pattern of cross-sectional properties at femoral midneck is established and compared with those at three different femoral locations: the proximal femur, the midshaft, and the distal femur. The study sample includes 99 femora (70 non-adults and 29 adults) belonging to archaeological specimens. Cross-sectional properties were extracted from computed tomographic scans and analyzed with the MomentMacro plugin of ImageJ. Ontogenetic trends of these variables were assessed using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing and segmented regressions, along with Wilcoxon post hoc tests for all possible age group pairings. Our results show that the femoral midneck exhibits a unique growth pattern. Area variables showed rapid growth until adolescence, followed by a more gradual increase leading into adulthood. Nonetheless, the relative cortical area does not demonstrate any significant drops or rise during growth. The morphology of the midneck section of the femur remains stable during ontogeny, with early adolescence and the onset of adulthood marking two periods of significant change. In contrast to the femoral diaphysis, the acquisition of a mature bipedal gait does not appear to constitute a period of significant morphological change at the femoral midneck cross section.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The velar chord and dynamic integration of the gular valve in crocodylians.","authors":"Bruce A Young, Michael Cramberg, Olivia G Young","doi":"10.1002/ar.25608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Crocodylians evolved a unique gular valve that is capable of creating a water-tight seal between the oral and pharyngeal cavities, allowing the animal to safely submerge with an open mouth. The gular valve has traditionally been described as consisting of two separate parts: an active mobile ventral portion (consisting of the tongue and portions of the hyolingual apparatus) and a dorsal portion, which is a static fold on the hard palate (often termed the palatal velum). The results of the present study argue that the two portions of the gular valve are functionally integrated, not separate, and that the dorsal portion (herein the dorsal gular fold) is a dynamic element the shape and tension of which are influenced by active and passive forces. Using gross dissection, histology, and DiceCT, the present study documents a previously underscribed component of the gular valve, the velar chord, which links the hyolingual apparatus to the dorsal gular fold, functionally integrating the two halves of the gular valve. Through endoscopic videography and a variety of manipulations on living crocodylians, this study demonstrates that changes in the tension on the velar chord directly alter the shape and tension of the dorsal gular fold. The shape changes observed in the dorsal gular fold could be accommodated by a shallow depression in the ventral surface of the palatine bones, herein termed the velar fossa. The velar fossa is a prominent feature of Alligator mississippiensis and was observed in other crocodilians; however, a survey of living and fossil crocodylians demonstrated that the velar fossa is not a universal feature in this clade. Understanding the functional linkage between the dorsal and ventral portions of the gular valve has implications beyond the dive reflex of crocodylians, since active manipulation of the dorsal gular fold likely plays a role in a variety of behavioral and physiological processes such as deglutition and vocalization.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142781636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cortico-cortical connectivity of the somatosensory cortex of the agouti: Topographical organization and evolutionary implications.","authors":"João G Franca, Marco Aurelio M Freire, Antonio Pereira, Paul R Manger, Jon H Kaas, Cristovam W Picanço-Diniz","doi":"10.1002/ar.25610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding patterns of cortico-cortical connections in both frequently and infrequently studied species advances our knowledge of cortical organization and evolution. The agouti (Dasyprocta aguti, a medium-size South American rodent) offers a unique opportunity, because of its large lissencephalic brain and its natural behaviors, such as gnawing and hiding seeds, that require bimanual interaction while sitting on its hindlimbs and aligning its head to receive images of the horizon on the retinal visual streak. There have been no previous studies of the intrinsic and extrinsic ipsilateral projections of the agouti's primary somatosensory cortical area (S1). In the present study, we utilized biotinylated dextran (BDA) anatomical tract-tracer injections combined with microelectrode electrophysiological mapping, correlated with analysis of cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemical staining, to investigate the ipsilateral corticocortical connectivity of the agouti's S1. By injecting BDA into electrophysiologically identified regions within the S1, we revealed ipsilateral intrinsic connections, as well as connections with cortical areas rostral and caudal to S1, and homotopic labeling in the second somatosensory cortical area (S2). In addition, we identified a focal cluster of labeled axons and axonal terminals adjacent to the rhinal fissure, tentatively named the parietal rhinal area (PR). The analysis of CO reactivity allowed delineation of the boundaries and subdivisions of S1, as well as the locations and limits of primary auditory and visual areas. These findings provide support for the notion of a similar pattern of somatosensory cortical organization and connectivity across mammalian species.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142781633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative assessment of masticatory muscles based on skull muscle attachment areas in Carnivora.","authors":"Kai Ito, Mugino O Kubo, Ryo Kodera, Sei-Ichiro Takeda, Hideki Endo","doi":"10.1002/ar.25599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Masticatory muscles are composed of the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles in mammals. Each muscle has a different origin on the skull and insertion on the mandible; thus, all masticatory muscles contract in different directions. Collecting in vivo data and directly measuring the masticatory muscles anatomically in various Carnivora species is practically problematic. This is because some carnivorans can be ferocious, rare, or even extinct. Consequently, the most practical method to collect data on the force generated by the masticatory muscle is to estimate the force based on skulls. The physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of each masticatory muscle, which correlates to the maximum force that can be produced by a muscle, was quantified. Using computed tomography, we defined the three-dimensional measurement area for 32 carnivoran species based on the origin and insertion of masticatory muscles specified by observable crests, ridges, and scars. Subsequent allometric analysis relating the measurement area on skull surface to the PCSA for each masticatory muscle measured in fresh specimens revealed a strong correlation between the two variables. This finding indicates that within Carnivora, an estimation of absolute masticatory muscle PCSA can be derived from measurements area on skull surface. This method allows for the use of cranial specimens, housed in museums and research institutions, that lack preserved masticatory muscles in quantitative studies involving masticatory muscle PCSA. This approach facilitates comprehensive discussions on the masticatory muscle morphology of Carnivora, including rare and extinct species.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synapsids and sensitivity: Broad survey of tetrapod trigeminal canal morphology supports an evolutionary trend of increasing facial tactile specialization in the mammal lineage.","authors":"Juri A Miyamae, Julien Benoit, Irina Ruf, Zoleka Sibiya, Bhart-Anjan S Bhullar","doi":"10.1002/ar.25604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The trigeminus nerve (cranial nerve V) is a large and significant conduit of sensory information from the face to the brain, with its three branches extending over the head to innervate a wide variety of integumentary sensory receptors, primarily tactile. The paths of the maxillary (V₂) and mandibular (V₃) divisions of the trigeminus frequently transit through dedicated canals within the bones of the upper and lower jaws, thus allowing this neuroanatomy to be captured in the fossil record and be available to interpretations of sensory ability in extinct taxa. Here, we use microCT and synchrotron scans from 38 extant and fossil species spanning a wide phylogenetic sample across tetrapods to investigate whether maxillary and mandibular canal morphology can be informative of sensory biology in the synapsid lineage. We found that in comparison to an amphibian and sauropsid outgroup, synapsids demonstrate a distinctive evolutionary pattern of change from canals that are highly ramified near the rostral tip of the jaws to canals with increasingly simplified morphology. This pattern is especially evident in the maxillary canal, which came to feature a shortened infraorbital canal terminating in a single large infraorbital foramen that serves as the outlet for branches of V₂ that then enter the soft tissues of the face. A comparison with modern analogues supports the hypothesis that this morphological change correlates to an evolutionary history of synapsid-specific innovations in facial touch. We interpret the highly ramified transitional form found in early nonmammalian synapsids as indicative of enhanced tactile sensitivity of the rostrum via direct or proximal contact, similar to tactile specialists such as probing shorebirds and alligators that possess similar proliferative ramifications of the maxillary and mandibular canals. The transition toward a simplified derived form that emerged among Mid-Triassic prozostrodont cynodonts and is retained among modern mammals is a unique configuration correlated with an equally unique and novel tactile sensory apparatus: mobile mystacial whiskers. Our survey of maxillary and mandibular canals across a phylogenetic and ecological variety of tetrapods highlights the morphological diversity of these structures, but also the need to establish robust form-function relationships for future interpretations of osteological correlates for sensory biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}