Anatomical Record最新文献

{"title":"The relationship between form and function of the carnivore mandible.","authors":"Charles J Salcido, P David Polly","doi":"10.1002/ar.25678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary morphology diversified extensively in Carnivoraformes (living Carnivora and their stem relatives) during the Cenozoic (the last 66 million years) as they evolved to capture, handle, and process new animal and plant diets. We used 3D geometric morphometrics, mechanical advantage, and finite element analysis to test the evolutionary relationship between mandibular form and biomechanical function as subclades independently made the transition from mesocarnivorous diets (50%-70% animal matter) to hypercarnivorous (>70% animal matter) and osteophagous ones (substantial bone processing). We found that mandible shape is correlated with these dietary categories, with mechanical advantage estimates, and with stress and strain caused by the interaction between canine loading and the position of the temporalis relative to the carnassial. The separation of dietary categories is likely related to differences in mandible shape regarding condyle shape, muscle attachment shape, carnassial length, and the length and curvature of the horizontal ramus. This is in turn related to mechanical advantage estimates as the most strongly associated are related to the lengthening of the temporalis lever arm and the shortening of the mandible and the bite point lever arm. The stress and strain differences are likely related to the variation in the distal (or rostral) part of the mandible associated with prey of different sizes (mesocarnivores usually take prey smaller than their own body size, whereas hypercarnivores take prey equal to or larger than themselves). Mesocarnivorous taxa, on average, have higher stress and strain on the mandible than the other diet groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter-microscope comparability of dental microwear texture data obtained from different optical profilometers: Part II Deriving instrument-specific correction equations for meta-analyses using published data.","authors":"Mugino O Kubo, T Kubo, Ellen Schulz-Kornas, T M Kaiser, Daniela E Winkler","doi":"10.1002/ar.25661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) has emerged as a valuable method for investigating the feeding ecology of vertebrates. Over the past decade, three-dimensional topographic data from microscopic regions of tooth surfaces have been collected, and surface texture parameters have been published for both extant and fossil species. However, different types of measurement instruments and surface processing used by respective laboratories conducting DMTA have limited the potential data comparison. In this study, we propose correction formulae for the DMTA data produced by different instruments to facilitate intercomparison. We used six confocal instruments from five laboratories to scan standard tooth samples with strictly defined scan areas. We found significant differences in DMTA parameter values among the different machines, despite scanning the exact same spots. The degree of discrepancy varied considerably, with instruments from the same manufacturer and similar models showing less variation. Some parameters exhibited high correlations between instruments, enabling the development of regression equations for correction formulae. Using these correction formulae, we adjusted published DMTA data and conducted a meta-analysis of extant herbivores to examine the effects of internal and external abrasives. Our findings indicate overall positive effects of internal and external abrasives on DMTA, with varying responses to the abrasives between ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores. The meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that ruminants effectively \"wash ingesta\" in their rumens, mitigating the impact of external abrasives and reducing overall dental wear.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first cranial material of Varanus from the Miocene of India.","authors":"Andrej Čerňanský, Rajeev Patnaik","doi":"10.1002/ar.25676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We here report on the maxilla of Varanus from a site D1 exposed near Haritalyangar and dated to the Late Miocene (~9.03 mya). This find represents the first Miocene cranial element of varanids from India. All the previously reported records of these iconic reptiles are based solely on isolated vertebrae. Thus, there is a complete lack of knowledge about the skull features of these lizards in this evolutionarily and biogeographically interesting region. Moreover, the fossil record of varanids is rather sparse throughout Asia. The discovery of the first cranial material sheds more light on the population of these lizards in India during the Miocene. Although the maxilla from Haritalyangar is an important piece of the puzzle, only new finds of other cranial elements can help to resolve the exact taxonomy of these Miocene forms. In any case, the maxilla seems to be different from today's common Indian Varanus bengalensis, being more similar to Varanus salvator, but also to several other species of Varanus. The occurrence of this thermophilic reptile taxon at this site suggests a mean annual temperature not less than around 15°C in this area during the Late Miocene.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative and functional anatomy of masticatory muscles and bite force in opossums (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae).","authors":"Juann A F H Abreu, Diego Astúa","doi":"10.1002/ar.25675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opossums (Didelphidae) are American marsupials traditionally known for their generalized morphology and generalist feeding habits. They include a diversity of similar items in their diets, but the proportion of types of items consumed varies between taxa. Thus, feeding ecology shows varying degrees of omnivory or food preference that cannot be distinguished into strict dietary categories. With few exceptions, the anatomical and functional relationship between the masticatory muscles and variation in food resources used in opossums is unknown. Here we provide comparative descriptions of the jaw adductor muscle anatomy and architecture of nine Didelphidae genera. The muscles were dissected, weighed, and chemically digested for separation and measurement of the muscle fascicles. We estimated the potential physiological cross-sectional area (pPCSA) of the muscles and used 2D lever arm mechanics to calculate the potential bite force on the canine and first molar. We tested the allometric relationships of muscle variables and bite forces and the correlation of bite forces with diet and diet mechanical challenge (relative frequency of hard items). The adductor muscles were represented by the m. temporalis and m. masseter, with two layers (superficial and deep) each, and m. pterygoideus medialis across the sample. The m. zygomaticomandibularis was also identified in most genera, except for Didelphis and Lutreolina. Muscle anatomy is conserved but varies in the extent of the attachment areas, in part due to differences in skull morphology. The anatomical diversification and relationships between muscles corresponded to a generalized pattern in most genera, which proved to be efficient for adding different items to the diet. The mass, average fascicle length, and pPCSA of the adductor muscles scaled isometrically with size. Bite forces on the canine and first molar also scaled isometrically and were not correlated with diet or diet mechanical challenge. Therefore, the variation in quantitative myological data and bite force was consistent with size, and the increase in bite force supports dietary diversification associated with increased size in opossums.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topological and variational modularity: A case study using the pectoral girdle across the Chrosomus eos-neogaeus hybridization complex.","authors":"Kevin K Duclos, Thomas Grünbaum, Bernard Angers, Richard Cloutier, Heather A Jamniczky","doi":"10.1002/ar.25666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modularity and integration are key developmental properties and have remained central in evo-devo research because of how they relate to evolvability. While modularity and integration have commonly been assessed with landmark-based geometric morphometrics (GMM), other methods such as anatomical network analysis (AnNA) are increasingly being explored. Nonetheless, AnNA has seldom been used to assess variability within taxa, and there have been no attempts to verify whether its results are commensurate with GMM. We used the pectoral girdle of members of the Chrosomus eos-neogaeus hybridization complex as a case study system to assess differences between AnNA and GMM-based approaches and discuss how they should be best used. The general anatomy and composition of the pectoral girdle do not vary much within the complex; however, bones within the pectoral girdle show significant diversity in morphology and in the presence of sutures. Indeed, C. neogaeus displays characteristically enlarged coracoids and radials, and bone fusion between the cleithra, coracoids, and radials, while C. eos displays a gracile and unfused pectoral girdle. Hybrids display morphologies that are distinct from both parental species. AnNA detected multiple potential patterns of modularity, and GMM supported similar patterns of modularity across the complex but suggested different trajectories of morphological variation. Altogether, AnNA can be a valuable tool to formulate novel hypotheses in understudied taxa, which may then be tested using GMM, but careful morphological descriptions of skeletal systems are a valuable addition to the interpretation of both AnNA and GMM approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144048580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and paleoecology of a hybodontiform with serrated teeth, Priohybodus arambourgi, from the Late Jurassic of northeastern Brazil.","authors":"Estevan Eltink, Kelly Roberta da Silva, Marco Aurélio Gallo de França, Débora Melo Ferrer de Morais, Matías Soto, Christopher J Duffin","doi":"10.1002/ar.25671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybodontiformes was a diverse, successful, and important group of shark-like chondrichthyans known from a variety of ecosystems. Some representatives of the order had a wide palaeogeographic distribution, as is the case with Priohybodus arambourgi. With a multicuspidate crown, P. arambourgi was the first hybodontiform to develop fully serrated cutting edges on its teeth, a feature shared with many modern sharks (Neoselachii). Although Hybodontiformes comprises a group of early-diverging sharks with relevant diversity and abundance in different ecosystems across the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, the morphometry of preserved teeth has been weakly explored. Here, we present the first record of this taxon for the Aliança Formation (Tithonian) of the Tucano Basin, northeastern Brazil. The results demonstrated morphometric correlations of the features encompassed in the central cusp and lateral cusplets, indicating a non-allometric relationship in the increase of the crowns. P. arambourgi had a homodont dentition that preserves an ante-mortem wear pattern on the top of the central cusp, an important trait recognized as result for prey preferences. A comparison of the assemblages of P. arambourgi also demonstrates intraspecific variation among populations in Gondwana, indicating morphological plasticity of this species from Africa and South America. Finally, we compare the morphology of P. arambourgi with modern sharks, inferring the likely size, feeding mechanisms and prey preferences for a hybodontiform.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postcranial functional morphology of the large swamp otter Siamogale melilutra (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora) from northeastern Yunnan, south-western China.","authors":"Brent Adrian, Jay Kelley, Xiaoming Wang, Xueping Ji, Denise F Su","doi":"10.1002/ar.25669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25669","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Siamogale melilutra was a large otter from the Late Miocene site of Shuitangba in Yunnan Province, China. Previous analyses have hypothesized that the species was a molluscivore and a dominant predator in an otherwise depauperate local carnivoran guild. Here we describe limb elements of S. melilutra and perform quantitative analyses to categorize the functional morphology of the species to better understand its role in the predominantly aquatic and near-water environments at Shuitangba. Our results indicate morphological similarities to both semi-aquatic and semi-fossorial modern mustelids. The limbs suggested unspecialized swimming abilities that were probably limited to paddling along the water surface. Multiple traits suggest semi-fossorial capabilities, possibly related to increased hip stabilization and postural maintenance during digging or intensive foraging. Features relating to semi-fossorial capability are consistently in the ranges of those of modern badgers. The combined functionality associated with both fore- and hind limb morphology was consistent with the more primitively generalized morphology of early lutrines. Many features of the limbs reveal the influence of body size that overwhelms or is indistinguishable from functional signals. Results suggest behaviors similar to those of the modern clawless otter Aonyx, which is more reliant on shoreline foraging, often involving digging, and terrestrial locomotion than other modern otters. The large size of S. melilutra likely provided advantages such as increased potential prey size range and the ability to utilize terrestrial resources, although it would have been more constrained by drag-related forces in the water.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inside the head of Crotalus durissus LINNAEUS, 1758 (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae): Macroscopic description of the brain with ontogenetic insights.","authors":"Giordanna Issa Lucas, Angele Martins","doi":"10.1002/ar.25672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuroanatomy studies in vertebrates have garnered significant attention in recent years, particularly driven by advancements in computerized tomography imaging techniques. Nonetheless, these advancements remain largely constrained to specific vertebrate groups, notably mammals, birds, and fish, leaving studies in reptiles at an incipient stage. In this work, we aim to describe in detail the macroscopic morphology of the brain of Crotalus durissus based on a sample of four young and four adult individuals-three male and five female specimens, providing the first detailed description of the brain with a relatively modest sample available for reptiles. Our results show that the major macroscopic features identified in C. durissus suggest a brain structure typical of a multi-habitat and cathemeral/nocturnal alethinophidian species, thereby contributing significant data to the understanding of brain morphological evolution in snakes. Brain measurements showed distinct scaling patterns related to snout-vent length and head length, with variables such as brain length and cerebral hemisphere length decreasing with SVL, while others like olfactory bulb length and medulla oblongata width increased. Additional differences were observed comparing juveniles and adults, with adults generally exhibiting larger mean values for cerebellum and medulla oblongata measurements. However, the small sample size highlights the need for future studies with larger datasets to validate these findings and explore the developmental trajectories in greater detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-vitro puncture experiment using alligator teeth tracks the formation of dental microwear and its association with hardness of the diet.","authors":"K Usami, M O Kubo","doi":"10.1002/ar.25659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the development of dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), there has been an increasing application of DMTA for dietary estimation in extant and fossil reptiles, including dinosaurs. While numerous feeding experiments exist for herbivorous mammals, knowledge remains limited for carnivorous reptiles. This study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the formation of dental microwear through repeated puncture of different types of food using isolated teeth from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) in an in-vitro experiment. Eleven isolated teeth were mounted on a force gauge, and each tooth sample was repeatedly punctured 200 times into sardines (tooth sample size, N = 6) and crayfish (N = 5). The tooth surfaces were scanned using a confocal laser microscope before, during, and after the experiment to track changes in the tooth surface. Additionally, the maximum force during puncture was measured with the force gauge. Examination of surface roughness parameters before and after the experiment revealed a significant increase at the tooth apexes for both types of food. Furthermore, the trials with crayfish increased microwear depth and density more than the sardine trials. There was a significant positive correlation between the total force experienced by each tooth and the changes in surface roughness parameters in the crayfish trials, indicating that greater force results in more dental wear. The findings of this study are significant as they complement existing feeding experiments and comparative studies of wild species with different diets, and they demonstrate the effectiveness of experimental approaches in understanding the formation mechanisms of dental microwear.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate pathophysiology of hepatic cells during liver injury.","authors":"Ki M Mak, Aditya C Shekhar, Selena Y Ding","doi":"10.1002/ar.25673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like, bactericidal structures produced by neutrophils and are composed principally of extracellular DNA, histones, elastase, and myeloperoxidase, among other components. NET formation is an innate immune response that is beneficial for pathogen killing and clearance. However, excessive NET formation and clearance defects can lead to inflammation and induce damage to host organs. NETs are also implicated in the development of noninfectious inflammatory disorders, such as liver injury in chronic liver diseases. The liver parenchyma contains hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatic stellate cells. Each of these cells possesses unique structures and functions, and their interactions with NETs result in pathophysiological changes contributing to liver injury. This review updates the findings related to the modes of action and molecular mechanisms by which NETs modulate the pathophysiology of various hepatic cells and potentiate liver injury. The article also reviews the roles of NETs in hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury, hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Last, we examine data to determine whether NETs induce crosstalk among various hepatic cells during liver injury and to identify future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":50793,"journal":{"name":"Anatomical Record","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144042540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}