Alissa M Cutrone, Heidi Yeh, Korkut Uygun, O Berk Usta
{"title":"Preclinical Models of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease for Therapeutic Testing.","authors":"Alissa M Cutrone, Heidi Yeh, Korkut Uygun, O Berk Usta","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081325-053420","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081325-053420","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent hepatic pathology worldwide, with significant potential for progression to cirrhosis and ultimately end-stage liver disease. Accordingly, a wide range of preclinical models have been developed to better understand the disease mechanisms and progression as well as to accelerate drug discovery. These include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, which offer unique advantages yet differ in terms of disease driver, species used, and biological complexity-ranging from benchtop cellular systems to whole organs and organisms. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the technologies currently used for the study of MASLD, with a focus on how standardization of disease progression across models may aid therapeutic development.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"273-308"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Collagen Cross-Linking in Tendons: The Role of Lysyl Oxidase and Posttranslational Modifications in Injury, Aging, and Congenital Disorders.","authors":"Divya S Sivalingam, Ivy Vien, Catherine K Kuo","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110824-033814","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110824-033814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tendons enable movements by transmitting forces from muscle to bone, requiring highly specialized material properties for their mechanically demanding functions. Unfortunately, tendon material properties are frequently compromised by physical overuse or genetic aberrations. Lysyl oxidase (LOX)-mediated collagen cross-linking, which is governed by collagen posttranslational modifications (PTMs), is a critical regulator of tendon material properties. Despite studies implicating roles for LOX-mediated cross-linking and underlying PTMs in tendon material properties, these mechanisms are not well understood in tendons in birth disorders, aging, or healing from injury. Here, we review what is known regarding collagen PTMs that influence LOX-mediated collagen cross-linking in tendon and their known contributions to tendon material properties, and we highlight critical gaps in our understanding of these mechanisms. With a more thorough understanding of mechanisms responsible for LOX-mediated collagen cross-linking in tendons, we could exploit these mechanisms to improve the material properties of tendons affected by injury, aging, or congenital disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"463-489"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146196084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C Alberto Figueroa, Krishna Garikipati, Haizhou Yang, Jesse Capecelatro
{"title":"Digital Twins for Biofluids.","authors":"C Alberto Figueroa, Krishna Garikipati, Haizhou Yang, Jesse Capecelatro","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081325-031501","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081325-031501","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Digital twins-virtual representations dynamically linked to physical systems-have the potential to transform biomedical engineering by enabling real-time prediction, optimization, and personalization in health and disease. In biofluids, digital twins offer a framework for integrating physics-based models with data from clinical imaging, sensors, and physiological measurements to support diagnostics, therapeutic planning, and device design. This article reviews modeling approaches used in the construction of digital twins for biofluid applications. We survey high-fidelity numerical methods alongside emerging machine learning techniques, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations. Key requirements for digital twins are discussed, emphasizing the bidirectional interaction between physical and virtual assets and the importance of selecting modeling strategies tailored to specific biomedical contexts. While notable progress has been made over the past decade, significant challenges remain, particularly in integrating multiphysics models with data-driven methods and in establishing standardized protocols for data acquisition, interoperability, and sharing.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"539-566"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147291959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent Advances in mRNA Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines.","authors":"Amy D Laflin, Jing Pan, Ming You, Shaoyi Jiang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110824-034150","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110824-034150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer immunotherapies are a promising method for treating cancers and directly enhance the antitumor capabilities of a patient's immune system. In particular, therapeutic mRNA cancer vaccines are an attractive strategy as they offer a specificity and safety level that other immunotherapies are unable to achieve. Incorporation of tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens in mRNA vaccines aims to enhance tumor antigen-specific T cells. mRNA vaccine adjuvants often encode immune stimulating proteins such as proinflammatory cytokines, costimulatory molecules, and pattern recognition receptors or their corresponding agonists. This review summarizes prominent clinical and preclinical therapies utilizing mRNA tumor-associated or tumor-specific antigens and mRNA encoding immunostimulants delivered either as vaccine adjuvants or as monotherapies for the treatment of cancer. The limitations, challenges, and future directions of therapeutic mRNA vaccines are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"249-272"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lilianne R Mujica-Parodi, Dost Öngür, R Mark Richardson
{"title":"Opportunities and Challenges in Precision Neurotherapeutics.","authors":"Lilianne R Mujica-Parodi, Dost Öngür, R Mark Richardson","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110824-031709","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110824-031709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precision neurotherapeutics represents a transformative paradigm shift from standardized \"one-size-fits-all\" treatments of neurological, neurodegenerative, and/or psychiatric disorders toward individualized interventions that leverage patient-specific biological, behavioral, and physiological characteristics. Traditional neurotherapeutic approaches achieve modest response rates of 30-60% for first-line treatments, necessitating personalized strategies that account for individual differences in genetics, brain structure and function, and treatment response profiles. This review examines advances across three core domains: pharmaceutical approaches utilizing fragment-based drug discovery, pharmacokinetic modeling, and quantitative systems pharmacology; neuromodulation technologies evolving from open-loop to adaptive closed-loop systems with real-time biomarker feedback; and biomarker development spanning neuroimaging, pharmacogenomics, and digital health applications. Critical challenges include developing robust methodological frameworks for single-subject parameter estimation, addressing signal-to-noise ratio limitations in neuroimaging, and navigating complex regulatory landscapes. The convergence of artificial intelligence, computational modeling, and US Food and Drug Administration policy shifts toward in silico approaches creates unprecedented opportunities for mechanistically informed biomarkers that can guide truly personalized mental health care.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"79-105"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancements and Challenges in Computer-Assisted Medical Interventions for Image-Guided Prostate Cancer Treatments.","authors":"Jocelyne Troccaz, Sandrine Voros","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-102723-015625","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-102723-015625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computer-assisted medical interventions (CAMI) provide assistance to a physician (surgeon, interventional radiologist, etc.) to make the best diagnostic or therapeutic decisions for their patient and to execute the interventions safely and clinically efficiently. This entails constructing and continuously updating a digital twin using patient-specific multimodal information (such as images and signals) and prior knowledge (including atlases, models, and statistical data) and leveraging these for intervention planning and simulation. The execution phase is facilitated by various medical devices, whether robotic or not. Clinical scenarios featuring deformable and dynamic organs necessitate real-time monitoring and adjustment of the intervention plan. Achieving minimal invasiveness mandates the integration of devices and sensors to enhance perception and dexterity. Two illustrative examples of image-based prostate cancer treatments (laparoscopic prostate surgery and ultrasound-based brachytherapy) are used to provide insight into the current state of the field and to address existing challenges and bottlenecks of CAMI.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"491-513"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marissa Gionet-Gonzales, Gabriela Villalpando Torres, Ryan S Stowers, Beth L Pruitt
{"title":"Viscoelasticity of the Heart: An Overview of Viscoelastic Measurements at Different Scales.","authors":"Marissa Gionet-Gonzales, Gabriela Villalpando Torres, Ryan S Stowers, Beth L Pruitt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-020625-023632","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-020625-023632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The heart is viscoelastic and exhibits both viscous and elastic behavior with deformation. Cardiac viscoelasticity influences heart function by regulating the volume of blood that can fill, and subsequently be pumped from, the cardiac chambers. Tissue viscoelasticity can also influence cellular functions, motivating the need to measure and model viscoelasticity from the cellular to the organ scale under healthy and disease conditions. Here, we review current protocols, instrumentation, and results from cardiac viscoelastic measurements from the organ to the subcellular level. Since viscoelasticity is regulated by tissue structure and composition, we describe what is known about the viscoelasticity of intracellular and extracellular proteins, cardiac cells, and cardiac tissue, as well as how changes in these proteins with disease progression may influence cardiac viscoelasticity. Finally, we discuss the outlook for the field, including recommendations for standardizing reports of cardiac viscoelastic measurements to increase their utility for biomaterials design for tissue engineering, cardiovascular modeling, and diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"53-78"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13138441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147823134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Holistic and Dynamic Network-Level View of the Autonomic Nervous System.","authors":"Sandya Subramanian, Zhe Sage Chen, Riccardo Barbieri, Sriram Gadepalli","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-065411","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103023-065411","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a vital role in health care for both acute care and chronic diseases. The traditional view of the ANS is to divide it into individual organ systems and study the separate components with a reductionist approach, which has proven insufficient. Here, we argue that a holistic network-level view of the ANS is critical for generating new insights and deepening our understanding of its complex and dynamic functions. In this review, we treat the ANS as such a coordinated and dynamic network. We advocate for studying its interactions with major organ systems and the central nervous system using continuous and longitudinal monitoring in ambulatory and at-home settings rather than clinic-based snapshots. We first briefly review ANS physiology, then outline our network perspective, and finally highlight cutting-edge research directions and emerging engineering innovations in ANS monitoring, modeling, and modulation that benefit from this network-level view.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13127166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145795337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Noman Almani, John Lazzari, Jeffrey D Walker, Shreya Saxena
{"title":"Embodied Sensorimotor Control: Computational Modeling of the Neural Control of Movement.","authors":"Muhammad Noman Almani, John Lazzari, Jeffrey D Walker, Shreya Saxena","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-102723-020454","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-102723-020454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We review how sensorimotor control is dictated by interacting neural populations, optimal feedback mechanisms, and the biomechanics of bodies. First, we outline the distributed anatomical loops that shuttle sensorimotor signals between cortex, subcortical regions, and spinal cord. We then summarize evidence that neural population activity occupies low-dimensional, dynam-ically evolving manifolds during planning and execution of movements. Next, we summarize literature explaining motor behavior through the lens of optimal control theory, which clarifies the role of internal models and feedback during motor control. Finally, recent studies on embodied sensorimotor control address gaps within each framework by aiming to elucidate neural population activity through the explicit control of musculoskeletal dynamics. We close by discussing open problems and opportunities: multitasking and cognitively rich behavior, multiregional circuit models, and the level of anatomical detail needed in body and network models. Together, this review and recent advances point toward reaching an integrative account of the neural control of movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"415-443"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146167539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Radiomics++: Review of Habitat Imaging Analysis for Decoding Tumor Heterogeneity.","authors":"Jiaojiao Wu, Yuwei Xia, Xuechun Wang, Feng Shi, Dinggang Shen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-031825-040442","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-031825-040442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumors display genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity, which holds prognostic significance and may influence therapy response. Radiographic imaging modalities, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine techniques, and ultrasonography, are routinely used to generate parametric maps to identify, measure, and map tumor heterogeneity from different perspectives encompassing anatomy, physiology, and metabolism. This review underscores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI)-based habitat imaging analysis, referred to as Radiomics++, in decoding intratumor heterogeneity compared to conventional radiomics. We highlight the general workflow, underlying principles, detailed methodology, and clinical applications of habitat imaging analysis to guide researchers. Validation advancements are then reviewed to verify the reliability of generated habitats by correlating radiologic phenotypes with biologic underpinnings. Furthermore, we address key challenges and opportunities in clinical translation, including data heterogeneity, model performance, and interpretability. Finally, integrating AI-defined habitats with multi-omics is anticipated to deepen our understanding of tumor evolution and advance precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"219-248"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}