{"title":"Understanding the Lymphatic System: Tissue-on-Chip Modeling.","authors":"William J Polacheck, J Brandon Dixon, Wen Yih Aw","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-100246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-100246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The lymphatic vasculature plays critical roles in maintaining fluid homeostasis, transporting lipid, and facilitating immune surveillance. A growing body of work has identified lymphatic dysfunction as contributing to the severity of myriad diseases and to systemic inflammation, as well as modulating drug responses. Here, we review efforts to reconstruct lymphatic vessels in vitro toward establishing humanized, functional models to advance understanding of lymphatic biology and pathophysiology. We first review lymphatic endothelial cell biology and the biophysical lymphatic microenvironment, with a focus on features that are unique to the lymphatics and that have been used as design parameters for lymphatic-on-chip devices. We then discuss the state of the art for recapitulating lymphatic function in vitro, and we acknowledge limitations and challenges to current approaches. Finally, we discuss opportunities and the need for further development of microphysiological lymphatic systems to bridge the gap in model systems between lymphatic cell culture and animal physiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143025675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neurons as Immunomodulators: From Rapid Neural Activity to Prolonged Regulation of Cytokines and Microglia.","authors":"Levi B Wood, Annabelle C Singer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-120158","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-120158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulation of the brain's neuroimmune system is central to development, normal function, and disease. Neuronal communication to microglia, the primary immune cells of the brain, is well known to involve purinergic signaling mediated via ATP secretion and the cytokine fractalkine. Recent evidence shows that neurons release multiple cytokines beyond fractalkine, yet these are less studied and poorly understood. In contrast to ATP, cytokines are a class of signaling molecule that are much larger, with longer signaling and farther diffusion. We posit that neuron-expressed cytokines are an essential mechanism of neuron-microglia communication that arises as part of both normal learning and memory and in response to tissue pathology. Thus, neurons are underappreciated immunomodulatory cells that express diverse immunomodulatory signals. While neuronally sourced cytokines have been understudied, new technical advances make this a timely topic. The goal of this review is to define what is known about the cytokines expressed from neurons, how they are regulated, and the effects of these cytokines on microglia. We delineate key knowledge gaps and needs for new tools to define and analyze neuronal roles in immunomodulation. Given that cytokines are central regulators of microglial function, a broad new body of work is required to illuminate functional links between these neuronally expressed cytokines and sustained and transient microglial function.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142980574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Restoring Speech Using Brain-Computer Interfaces.","authors":"Sergey D Stavisky","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-012818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-012818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People who have lost the ability to speak due to neurological injuries would greatly benefit from assistive technology that provides a fast, intuitive, and naturalistic means of communication. This need can be met with brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): medical devices that bypass injured parts of the nervous system and directly transform neural activity into outputs such as text or sound. BCIs for restoring movement and typing have progressed rapidly in recent clinical trials; speech BCIs are the next frontier. This review covers the clinical need for speech BCIs, surveys foundational studies that point to where and how speech can be decoded in the brain, describes recent progress in both discrete and continuous speech decoding and closed-loop speech BCIs, provides metrics for assessing these systems' performance, and highlights key remaining challenges on the road toward clinically useful speech neuroprostheses.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142923812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systems Biology of the Cancer Cell.","authors":"Kevin A Janes, Matthew J Lazzara","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103122-030552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-103122-030552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Questions in cancer have engaged systems biologists for decades. During that time, the quantity of molecular data has exploded, but the need for abstractions, formal models, and simplifying insights has remained the same. This review brings together classic breakthroughs and recent findings in the field of cancer systems biology, focusing on cancer-cell pathways for tumorigenesis and therapeutic response. Cancer cells mutate and transduce information from their environment to alter gene expression, metabolism, and phenotypic states. Understanding the molecular architectures that make each of these steps possible is a long-term goal of cancer systems biology pursued by iterating between quantitative models and experiments. We argue that such iteration is the best path to deploying targeted therapies intelligently so that each patient receives the maximum benefit for their cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allen B Tu, Gaddam Krishna, Kevin R Smith, Jamal S Lewis
{"title":"Harnessing Immunomodulatory Polymers for Treatment of Autoimmunity, Allergy, and Transplant Rejection.","authors":"Allen B Tu, Gaddam Krishna, Kevin R Smith, Jamal S Lewis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-014306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-014306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autoimmunity, allergy, and transplant rejection are a collection of chronic diseases that are currently incurable, drastically decrease patient quality of life, and consume considerable health care resources. Underlying each of these diseases is a dysregulated immune system that results in the mounting of an inflammatory response against self or an innocuous antigen. As a consequence, afflicted patients are required to adhere to lifelong regimens of multiple immunomodulatory drugs to control disease and reclaim agency. Unfortunately, current immunomodulatory drugs are associated with a myriad of side effects and adverse events, such as increased risk of cancer and increased risk of serious infection, which negatively impacts patient adherence rates and quality of life. The field of immunoengineering is a new discipline that aims to harness endogenous biological pathways to thwart disease and minimize side effects using novel biomaterial-based strategies. We highlight and discuss polymeric micro/nanoparticles with inherent immunomodulatory properties that are currently under investigation in biomaterial-based therapies for treatment of autoimmunity, allergy, and transplant rejection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"415-440"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina Sharkey, Rachel White, Michael Finocchiaro, Judene Thomas, Jose Estevam, Tania Konry
{"title":"Advancing Point-of-Care Applications with Droplet Microfluidics: From Single-Cell to Multicellular Analysis.","authors":"Christina Sharkey, Rachel White, Michael Finocchiaro, Judene Thomas, Jose Estevam, Tania Konry","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-102142","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-102142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in single-cell and multicellular microfluidics technology have provided powerful tools for studying cancer biology and immunology. The ability to create controlled microenvironments, perform high-throughput screenings, and monitor cellular interactions at the single-cell level has significantly advanced our understanding of tumor biology and immune responses. We discuss cutting-edge multicellular and single-cell microfluidic technologies and methodologies utilized to investigate cancer-immune cell interactions and assess the effectiveness of immunotherapies. We explore the advantages and limitations of the wide range of 3D spheroid and single-cell microfluidic models recently developed, highlighting the various approaches in device generation and applications in immunotherapy screening for potential opportunities for point-of-care approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"119-139"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139693514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed El Kaffas, Jenny M Vo-Phamhi, John F Griffin, Kenneth Hoyt
{"title":"Critical Advances for Democratizing Ultrasound Diagnostics in Human and Veterinary Medicine.","authors":"Ahmed El Kaffas, Jenny M Vo-Phamhi, John F Griffin, Kenneth Hoyt","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-095229","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-095229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The democratization of ultrasound imaging refers to the process of making ultrasound technology more accessible. Traditionally, ultrasound imaging has been predominately used in specialized medical facilities by trained professionals. Advancements in technology and changes in the health-care landscape have inspired efforts to broaden the availability of ultrasound imaging to various settings such as remote and resource-limited areas. In this review, we highlight several key factors that have contributed to the ongoing democratization of ultrasound imaging, including portable and handheld devices, recent advancements in technology, and training and education. Examples of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) imaging used in emergency and critical care, gastroenterology, musculoskeletal applications, and other practices are provided for both human and veterinary medicine. Open challenges and the future of POCUS imaging are presented, including the emerging role of artificial intelligence in technology development.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"49-65"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11238906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139081096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biofabrication of Living Actuators.","authors":"Ritu Raman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-013805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-013805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impact of tissue engineering has extended beyond a traditional focus in medicine to the rapidly growing realm of biohybrid robotics. Leveraging living actuators as functional components in machines has been a central focus of this field, generating a range of compelling demonstrations of robots capable of muscle-powered swimming, walking, pumping, gripping, and even computation. In this review, we highlight key advances in fabricating tissue-scale cardiac and skeletal muscle actuators for a range of functional applications. We discuss areas for future growth including scalable manufacturing, integrated feedback control, and predictive modeling and also propose methods for ensuring inclusive and bioethics-focused pedagogy in this emerging discipline. We hope this review motivates the next generation of biomedical engineers to advance rational design and practical use of living machines for applications ranging from telesurgery to manufacturing to on- and off-world exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"223-245"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sidharth Pancholi, Juan P Wachs, Bradley S Duerstock
{"title":"Use of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Assist Individuals with Physical Disabilities.","authors":"Sidharth Pancholi, Juan P Wachs, Bradley S Duerstock","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082222-012531","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082222-012531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assistive technologies (AT) enable people with disabilities to perform activities of daily living more independently, have greater access to community and healthcare services, and be more productive performing educational and/or employment tasks. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with various agents, including electronics, robotics, and software, has revolutionized AT, resulting in groundbreaking technologies such as mind-controlled exoskeletons, bionic limbs, intelligent wheelchairs, and smart home assistants. This article provides a review of various AI techniques that have helped those with physical disabilities, including brain-computer interfaces, computer vision, natural language processing, and human-computer interaction. The current challenges and future directions for AI-powered advanced technologies are also addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41219361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anja Samardzija, Kartiga Selvaganesan, Horace Z Zhang, Heng Sun, Chenhao Sun, Yonghyun Ha, Gigi Galiana, R Todd Constable
{"title":"Low-Field, Low-Cost, Point-of-Care Magnetic Resonance Imaging.","authors":"Anja Samardzija, Kartiga Selvaganesan, Horace Z Zhang, Heng Sun, Chenhao Sun, Yonghyun Ha, Gigi Galiana, R Todd Constable","doi":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-022903","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110122-022903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently experienced a renaissance that is largely attributable to the numerous technological advancements made in MRI, including optimized pulse sequences, parallel receive and compressed sensing, improved calibrations and reconstruction algorithms, and the adoption of machine learning for image postprocessing. This new attention on low-field MRI originates from a lack of accessibility to traditional MRI and the need for affordable imaging. Low-field MRI provides a viable option due to its lack of reliance on radio-frequency shielding rooms, expensive liquid helium, and cryogen quench pipes. Moreover, its relatively small size and weight allow for easy and affordable installation in most settings. Rather than replacing conventional MRI, low-field MRI will provide new opportunities for imaging both in developing and developed countries. This article discusses the history of low-field MRI, low-field MRI hardware and software, current devices on the market, advantages and disadvantages, and low-field MRI's global potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":50757,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":"67-91"},"PeriodicalIF":12.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139425934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}