{"title":"Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Studying Early Adversity and Development","authors":"Seth D. Pollak, Karen E. Smith","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-091000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-091000","url":null,"abstract":"Early life adversity is associated with many negative health, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes. However, the causal mechanisms underlying these associations remain obscure, making it difficult to design targeted interventions for individuals most at risk. Current approaches focus almost exclusively on event exposures, but given that data using these approaches have been inconsistent, there is a need for new models for characterizing adversity. We propose the Topological Approach to Adversity and Development, which, rather than focusing on the types of events children encounter, prioritizes understanding how children perceive, interpret, and make meaning of their circumstances. A focus on the developmental dimensions that contribute to how individuals interpret and learn to respond to potentially challenging life circumstances could renew and advance mechanistic accounts of childhood adversity. Such an approach has implications for the basic science of human stress responding as well as practical implications for improvements to individual well-being and health.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"186 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Emotion Regulation in Clinical Interventions","authors":"Johan Bjureberg","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-072853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-072853","url":null,"abstract":"Emotion regulation is a multifaceted process essential to mental health. This review synthesizes established theoretical models within an integrative framework of emotion regulation that links individual regulatory abilities with the dynamic processes through which emotions are modulated. It outlines how these abilities develop through the interplay of biological predispositions and environmental factors, learning processes, and beliefs about emotion and highlights how regulatory abilities and process-level dynamics interact within a feedback-sensitive system. Repeated failures in this system, in turn, can contribute to psychopathology and behavioral problems. The review then examines how psychological interventions—from traditional cognitive and behavioral therapies to approaches that explicitly target emotion regulation—engage with these components. Special attention is given to emerging digital interventions. Findings on emotion regulation as a potential treatment mechanism are reviewed; these findings indicate that improvements in regulatory ability and reductions in maladaptive strategies frequently mediate treatment outcomes. The review concludes by identifying conceptual and methodological challenges and outlining future directions.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina S. Soma, Patty B. Kuo, Maitrey Mehta, Vivek Srikumar, Zac E. Imel, David C. Atkins
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence to Support Human-Provided Mental Health Treatment","authors":"Christina S. Soma, Patty B. Kuo, Maitrey Mehta, Vivek Srikumar, Zac E. Imel, David C. Atkins","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-075336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-075336","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health disorders are some of the greatest contributors to the global disease burden, and healthcare systems are struggling to provide scalable care of high quality. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools and applications are some of the most significant technological advances in the mental healthcare field. Researchers have spent decades to build, evaluate, and refine AI models to conduct tasks such as identifying the treatment intervention and rating the quality of treatment. These models have been utilized to monitor treatment quality, enhance training, support clinical documentation, and supplement client treatment support. However, significant limitations include the potential for algorithmic biases and ethical concerns regarding patient data privacy. While AI shows promise in addressing the mental health workforce shortage and improving the quality of care, successful implementation requires thoughtful integration. This review examines research in which AI as a complement to, not replacement for, human providers in mental health treatment.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Group Iterative Multiple Model Estimation Approaches in Clinical Science","authors":"Chaewon Lee, Kathleen M. Gates","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-080138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-080138","url":null,"abstract":"Psychological processes are highly heterogeneous, even among individuals with the same diagnosis. This variability poses challenges for nomothetic approaches that assume everyone is guided by the same broad psychological principles. In contrast, idiographic approaches focus on within-person variability but are often prone to noise and spurious relations and may not translate easily to clinical use due to limited generalizability. These constraints have motivated integrative approaches designed to model person-specific dynamics while still drawing on patterns that generalize across people. In this article, we review group iterative multiple model estimation (GIMME), one of the most widely used integrative approaches for modeling intensive longitudinal data (ILD) in clinical research. GIMME estimates person-specific dynamics using majority-shared paths as the backbone of individual models. We begin by introducing GIMME's core algorithm and its major extensions. We then review simulation studies evaluating its performance, survey empirical applications in clinical psychology, and outline alternative ILD methods. Finally, we discuss current limitations of GIMME and propose directions for its continued refinement.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"246 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Misophonia Is a Newly Defined Disorder, but Is It an Anxiety Disorder?","authors":"M Zachary Rosenthal,Yanyan Shan,Matthew Hanna","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-071140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-071140","url":null,"abstract":"Misophonia is characterized by unusually distressing reactions to certain repetitive audiovisual stimuli produced by others, most commonly oral (e.g., eating, throat clearing, gum popping) or nasal (e.g., sniffing, heavy breathing) sounds. Using the acronym BASIC, we review shared features between misophonia and anxiety disorders across behavioral, attentional, somatic, interpersonal, and cognitive domains of functioning. This paper explores whether misophonia should be classified as an anxiety disorder, with emphasis on ways in which misophonia can be distinguished from the defining characteristics of anxiety disorders. Chief among these distinctions is the accumulating research indicating that anger (and related affective states such as irritation and resentment) is a central emotion more common than fear or anxiety in misophonia. With mounting data indicating that anxiety is not the primary core feature, scientific evidence does not justify classifying misophonia as an anxiety disorder.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Romantic Competence, Romantic Functioning, and Mental Health in Adolescence.","authors":"Emily S Bibby,Joanne Davila","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-074037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-074037","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescent romantic competence is broadly understood as a person's capacity to adaptively approach, form, and maintain healthy romantic relationships and has important implications for relationship functioning and mental health. In this review, we first provide a history of the development of the construct of romantic competence and give an overview of different conceptualizations and assessments of adolescent romantic competence. Next, we summarize the research findings on the associations between adolescent romantic competence and relationship experience, relationship functioning, and mental health. Special challenges are addressed for romantic competence and adolescent relationships that may arise from social media. We then outline relationship education programs created out of the romantic competence literature, and we conclude by identifying future directions and remaining questions in the field.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cyberbullying and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents.","authors":"Amanda B Nickerson,Stephanie S Fredrick","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-073435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-073435","url":null,"abstract":"Cyberbullying is a growing public health concern given its increasing prevalence, connection to mental health problems, and broader concerns about youth social media use. In this review, we define cyberbullying and its forms and provide information on prevalence and trends. We then contextualize cyberbullying within the larger research literature on digital technology use and mental health, detailing how this relationship varies depending on individual characteristics and how the technologies are being used. We then summarize the research on concurrent and long-term impacts of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration on internalizing and externalizing symptoms as well as the impacts on youth well-being. Mediating and moderating mechanisms that exacerbate risk and protect youth from adverse mental health impacts of cyberbullying are then explored. The evidence supporting cyberbullying prevention in school-based contexts and involving families is then presented. Finally, we discuss challenges in existing research, areas in need of further empirical investigation, and implications for practice and policy.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jasper A J Smits,M Alexandra Kredlow,Marie-H Monfils,Michael W Otto
{"title":"Enhancing the Efficacy of Exposure Therapy: Translation of Pharmacological Augmentation of Fear Extinction.","authors":"Jasper A J Smits,M Alexandra Kredlow,Marie-H Monfils,Michael W Otto","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-071811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061324-071811","url":null,"abstract":"Fear extinction is foundational to exposure therapy; therefore, the study of strategies to optimize fear extinction is relevant for clinical practice. This article provides a critical review of translational research on pharmacological enhancement of fear extinction, concentrating mostly on d-cycloserine, the agent with the most extensive evidence base across levels of analyses. Despite early promise, results across preclinical, human laboratory, and clinical trials have been mixed. We identify factors that may account for these inconsistent findings, including differences in study design, selection of subjects, sample size, and measurement approaches. We emphasize the need for a rigorous mechanistic research agenda that both assesses extinction processes-acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval-as distinct mechanistic targets and examines the relation between changes in these fear extinction processes and clinical outcomes. Finally, we discuss opportunities to advance translational research in this area by leveraging extant collaborative infrastructures to improve the quality, the efficiency, and ultimately the availability of effective clinical strategies.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"My Life as a Clinical Scientist and Humanist: A Career Dedicated to Developmental Psychopathology and Stigma Reduction.","authors":"Stephen P Hinshaw","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-081102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-081102","url":null,"abstract":"In this career-review-as-memoir, I interweave the deeply personal/familial roots of my abiding interests in developmental psychopathology, clinical trials, and reduction of mental illness stigma and discrimination with an overview of my variegated research on youth and young adults. I also discuss mentoring, teaching, lab-building, leadership, collaboration, synthesis, and serendipitous ideas. Lived experience and personal interest can and should inform discovery phases of scientific efforts, whereas objectivity and disinterest are essential for justification aspects. My long-term aim has been to bridge science and humanization. Although progress in clinical psychology is apparent, even passing recognition of current mental health challenges-especially for adolescents/young adults-provides an urgent call for (a) integration of genetic/biological risk with contextual and cultural factors; (b) provision of supportive settings, plus evidence-based treatments, for individuals and families in need; and (c) recruiting and mentoring new generations of scholar-clinicians who will continue these essential efforts.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145656900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Primary Mental Health Care","authors":"Kenneth A. Dodge","doi":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-081312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-061724-081312","url":null,"abstract":"Although psychological science has contributed enormously to our understanding of the development of psychopathology and to interventions to treat psychiatric disorders, it has not successfully reduced the burden of mental illness in American communities. Factors include the lack of a mandate of population impact, stigma attached to mental health intervention, difficulty scaling up interventions, and problems in financing prevention. The concept of primary mental health care is introduced as a possible solution; components could include universal reach, universal brief interventions, screening and referral, ongoing support to all individuals, an infrastructure of specialized services, and an integrated data system. Promising examples of the primary mental health care approach are described, including PROSPER, Communities That Care, Triple P, Family Check-Up, HealthySteps, Family Connects, and Community Navigation. For these efforts to succeed, challenges must be overcome in labor force participation, reaching the full population, novel approaches to delivery of interventions, cultural adaptation, community-level interventions, financing, and scientific inquiry.","PeriodicalId":50755,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}