William Barbosa, Kina Zhou, Emma Waddell, Taylor Myers, E Ray Dorsey
{"title":"Improving Access to Care: Telemedicine Across Medical Domains.","authors":"William Barbosa, Kina Zhou, Emma Waddell, Taylor Myers, E Ray Dorsey","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090519-093711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090519-093711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past 20 years, the use of telemedicine has increased exponentially. Its fundamental aim is to improve access to care. In this review, we assess the extent to which telemedicine has fulfilled this promise across medical domains. Additionally, we assess whether telemedicine has improved related health outcomes. Finally, we determine who has benefited from this novel form of health care delivery. A review of the literature indicates that (<i>a</i>) telemedicine has improved access to care for a wide range of clinical conditions ranging from stroke to pregnancy; (<i>b</i>) telemedicine in select circumstances has demonstrated improved health outcomes; and (<i>c</i>) telemedicine has addressed geographical, but less so social, barriers to care. For telemedicine to fulfill its promise, additional evidence needs to be gathered on health outcomes and cost savings, the digital divide needs to be bridged, and policy changes that support telemedicine reimbursement need to be enacted.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25557716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gary Sacks, Janelle Kwon, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Boyd Swinburn
{"title":"Benchmarking as a Public Health Strategy for Creating Healthy Food Environments: An Evaluation of the INFORMAS Initiative (2012-2020).","authors":"Gary Sacks, Janelle Kwon, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Boyd Swinburn","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-100919-114442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-100919-114442","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and obesity are the leading contributors to poor health worldwide. Efforts to improve population diets need to focus on creating healthy food environments. INFORMAS, established in 2012, is an international network that monitors and benchmarks food environments and related policies. By 2020, INFORMAS was active in 58 countries; national government policies were the most frequent aspect benchmarked. INFORMAS has resulted in the development and widespread application of standardized methods for assessing the characteristics of food environments. The activities of INFORMAS have contributed substantially to capacity building, advocacy, stakeholder engagement, and policy evaluation in relation to creating healthy food environments. Future efforts to benchmark food environments need to incorporate measurements related to environmental sustainability. For sustained impact, INFORMAS activities will need to be embedded within other existing monitoring initiatives. The most value will come from repeated assessments that help drive increased accountability for improving food environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38741860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew W Kreuter, Tess Thompson, Amy McQueen, Rachel Garg
{"title":"Addressing Social Needs in Health Care Settings: Evidence, Challenges, and Opportunities for Public Health.","authors":"Matthew W Kreuter, Tess Thompson, Amy McQueen, Rachel Garg","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102204","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There has been an explosion of interest in addressing social needs in health care settings. Some efforts, such as screening patients for social needs and connecting them to needed social services, are already in widespread practice. These and other major investments from the health care sector hint at the potential for new multisector collaborations to address social determinants of health and individual social needs. This article discusses the rapidly growing body of research describing the links between social needs and health and the impact of social needs interventions on health improvement, utilization, and costs. We also identify gaps in the knowledge base and implementation challenges to be overcome. We conclude that complementary partnerships among the health care, public health, and social services sectors can build on current momentum to strengthen social safety net policies, modernize social services, and reshape resource allocation to address social determinants of health.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10724824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress in National Policies Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals: Policies that Matter to Income and Its Impact on Health.","authors":"Amy Raub, Jody Heymann","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From education to working conditions, from income to discrimination, social determinants of health (SDH) shape the majority of health outcomes. Governments are often best positioned to address the major SDH on a population-wide basis. In 2015, governments around the world committed to improving all core SDH when all countries agreed to a set of goals that would improve education, work, income, and equal opportunity, among other areas, in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using data from the WORLD Policy Analysis Center, this article highlights how quantitative policy measures can be used to hold governments accountable for their commitments to the SDGs and thus to improve the SDH. Three areas are examined in detail to illustrate this approach to monitoring policy change: ensuring an adequate income, enhancing equal opportunities at work by prohibiting discrimination and sexual harassment, and enabling children and youth to complete their education.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38739537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mindi B Levin, Janice V Bowie, Steven K Ragsdale, Amy L Gawad, Lisa A Cooper, Joshua M Sharfstein
{"title":"Enhancing Community Engagement by Schools and Programs of Public Health in the United States.","authors":"Mindi B Levin, Janice V Bowie, Steven K Ragsdale, Amy L Gawad, Lisa A Cooper, Joshua M Sharfstein","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define community engagement as \"the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people\" in order to improve their health and well-being. Central to the field of public health, community engagement should also be at the core of the work of schools and programs of public health. This article reviews best practices and emerging innovations in community engagement for education, for research, and for practice, including critical service-learning, community-based participatory research, and collective impact. Leadership, infrastructure, and culture are key institutional facilitators of successful academic efforts. Major challenges to overcome include mistrust by community members, imbalance of power, and unequal sharing of credit. Success in this work will advance equity and improve health in communities all around the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38593464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Understanding and Responding to Health Literacy as a Social Determinant of Health.","authors":"Don Nutbeam, Jane E Lloyd","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence of a social gradient in health literacy has been found in all reported national population surveys. Health literacy is a midstream determinant of health but not a panacea for addressing health inequities created by the maldistribution of opportunity and resources. It is possible to optimize the contribution health literacy makes in mediating the causes and effects of established social determinants of health. Existing interventions demonstrate the feasibility of improving health literacy among higher-risk populations, but research remains underdeveloped and effects on health inequity are largely untested. Future health literacy intervention research should focus on (<i>a</i>) improving the quality of health communication that reaches a diversity of populations, especially by improving frontline professional skills and support; (<i>b</i>) enabling people to develop transferable skills in accessing, understanding, analyzing, and applying health information; and (<i>c</i>) ensuring that priority is proportionate to need by reaching and engaging the population groups who are disproportionately affected by low health literacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102529","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38572531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kristie L Ebi, Jennifer Vanos, Jane W Baldwin, Jesse E Bell, David M Hondula, Nicole A Errett, Katie Hayes, Colleen E Reid, Shubhayu Saha, June Spector, Peter Berry
{"title":"Extreme Weather and Climate Change: Population Health and Health System Implications.","authors":"Kristie L Ebi, Jennifer Vanos, Jane W Baldwin, Jesse E Bell, David M Hondula, Nicole A Errett, Katie Hayes, Colleen E Reid, Shubhayu Saha, June Spector, Peter Berry","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extreme weather and climate events, such as heat waves, cyclones, and floods, are an expression of climate variability. These events and events influenced by climate change, such as wildfires, continue to cause significant human morbidity and mortality and adversely affect mental health and well-being. Although adverse health impacts from extreme events declined over the past few decades, climate change and more people moving into harm's way could alter this trend. Long-term changes to Earth's energy balance are increasing the frequency and intensity of many extreme events and the probability of compound events, with trends projected to accelerate under certain greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. While most of these events cannot be completely avoided, many of the health risks could be prevented through building climate-resilient health systems with improved risk reduction, preparation, response, and recovery. Conducting vulnerability and adaptation assessments and developing health system adaptation plans can identify priority actions to effectively reduce risks, such as disaster risk management and more resilient infrastructure. The risks are urgent, so action is needed now.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9013542/pdf/nihms-1795796.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10219359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prediabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence.","authors":"Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui, Elizabeth Selvin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prediabetes is an intermediate stage between normal glycemia and diabetes and is highly prevalent, especially in older age groups and obese individuals. Five different definitions of prediabetes are used in current practice, which are based on different cut points of HbA<sub>1C</sub>, fasting glucose, and 2-h glucose. A major challenge for the field is a lack of guidance on when one definition might be preferred over another. Risks of major complications in persons with prediabetes, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and death, also vary depending on the prediabetes definition used. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions can be cost-effective, prevent diabetes, and improve cardiovascular risk factors in adults with prediabetes. However, the practical implementation of lifestyle modification or the use of metformin for treating prediabetes is inadequate and complicated by a lack of agreement on how to define the condition. Establishing consensus definitions for prediabetes should be a priority and will help inform expansion of insurance coverage for lifestyle modification and improve current screening and diagnostic practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8026645/pdf/nihms-1681755.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38744506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"At the Water's Edge: Coastal Settlement, Transformative Adaptation, and Well-Being in an Era of Dynamic Climate Risk.","authors":"William Solecki, Erin Friedman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With accelerating climate change, US coastal communities are experiencing increased flood risk intensity, resulting from accelerated sea level rise and stronger storms. These conditions place pressure on municipalities and local residents to consider a range of new disaster risk reduction programs, climate resilience initiatives, and in some cases transformative adaptation strategies (e.g., managed retreat and relocation from highly vulnerable, low-elevation locations). Researchers have increasingly understood that these climate risks and adaptation actions have significant impacts on the quality of life, well-being, and mental health of urban coastal residents. We explore these relationships and define conditions under which adaptation practices will affect communities and residents. Specifically, we assess climate and environmental stressors, community change, and well-being by utilizing the growing climate change literature and the parallel social science literature on risk and hazards, environmental psychology, and urban geography work, heretofore not widely integrated into work on climate adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38806028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Green Infrastructure and Health.","authors":"Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102511","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The health benefits of green space are well known, but the health effects of green infrastructure less so. Green infrastructure goes well beyond the presence of green space and refers more to a strategically planned network of natural and seminatural areas, with other environmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services and possibly to improve human health. In this narrative review, we found that small green infrastructure, such as green roofs and walls, has the potential to mitigate urban flooding, attenuate indoor temperatures and heat islands, improve air quality, and muffle noise, among other benefits, but these effects have not been linked directly to health. Larger green infrastructure has been associated with reduced temperatures, air pollution, and crimes and violence, but less so with health, although some evidence suggests that it may be beneficial for health (e.g., good health, decreased mortality). Finally, parks and street trees show many health benefits, but it is not clear if they can always be considered green infrastructure.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102511","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38371143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}