{"title":"Early Childhood Education: Health, Equity, and Economics.","authors":"Robert A Hahn, W Steven Barnett","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-032337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-032337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many low-income and minority children in the United States and globally are at risk of poor educational trajectories and, consequently, diminished life courses, because their households and neighborhoods lack resources to adequately support learning and development prior to formal schooling. This review summarizes evidence on center-based early childhood education (ECE) for three- and four-year-olds as a means of assuring school readiness in cognitive and socioemotional skills. While the details of ECE programs merit further research, it is clear that ECE can benefit children, especially those most disadvantaged, with additional societal benefits and positive long-run economic returns. Universal ECE is not a cure-all, and its success requires ongoing alignment with subsequent education and attention to child household and community conditions. Because resource deprivation is concentrated in low-income and minority communities, publicly funded universal ECE can also be a powerful instrument for the promotion of social equity.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"75-92"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9308714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deborah Salvo, Alejandra Jáuregui, Deepti Adlakha, Olga L Sarmiento, Rodrigo S Reis
{"title":"When Moving Is the Only Option: The Role of Necessity Versus Choice for Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.","authors":"Deborah Salvo, Alejandra Jáuregui, Deepti Adlakha, Olga L Sarmiento, Rodrigo S Reis","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-042211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071321-042211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given its origins in high-income countries, the field of physical activity and public health research and promotion has broadly followed a choice-based model. However, a substantial amount of the physical activity occurring routinely in many settings, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), is the result of economic necessity and is not due to true, free choices. We propose the \"necessity- versus choice-based physical activity models\" framework as a conceptual tool to ground physical activity and public health research and promotion efforts in LMICs, helping ensurethat these efforts are relevant, ethical, responsive, and respectful to local contexts. Identifying ways to ensure that LMIC populations can maintain high levels of active transport while increasing opportunities for active leisure must be prioritized. To promote equity, physical activity research, programs, and policies in LMICs must focus on improving the conditions under which necessity-driven physical activity occurs for a vast majority of the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"151-169"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9254596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cancers Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors: A Road Map for Prevention.","authors":"Giulia Collatuzzo, Paolo Boffetta","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052220-124030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052220-124030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The implementation of primary and secondary preventive strategies is based on the evidence generated by cancer epidemiology, where the identification of risk factors and the description of their prevalence are fundamental to derive estimates on the burden of cancer from different etiologies, typically expressed as the population attributable fraction, which corresponds to the proportion of a cancer that may be prevented by controlling a given risk factor. However, even when cancer finds its etiology in modifiable factors, its prevention through the control of those factors is not always feasible, or it remains suboptimal despite the possibility of reducing the burden. We reviewed selected associations between modifiable risk factors and cancer, including tobacco smoking, occupational exposures, infections, air pollution, alcohol, and diet and obesity, and illustrated examples of both successes and failures in cancer control, underlying how current understanding of the avoidable causes of cancer is incomplete.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"279-300"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9255242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeremy J Hess, Nicole A Errett, Glenn McGregor, Tania Busch Isaksen, Zachary S Wettstein, Stefan K Wheat, Kristie L Ebi
{"title":"Public Health Preparedness for Extreme Heat Events.","authors":"Jeremy J Hess, Nicole A Errett, Glenn McGregor, Tania Busch Isaksen, Zachary S Wettstein, Stefan K Wheat, Kristie L Ebi","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-025508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-025508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heat is a dangerous hazard that causes acute heat illness, chronic disease exacerbations, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and a range of injuries. Risks are highest during extreme heat events (EHEs), which challenge the capacity of health systems and other critical infrastructure. EHEs are becoming more frequent and severe, and climate change is driving an increasing proportion of heat-related mortality, necessitating more investment in health protection. Climate-resilient health systems are better positioned for EHEs, and EHE preparedness is a form of disaster risk reduction. Preparedness activities commonly take the form of heat action plans (HAPs), with many examples at various administrative scales. HAP activities can be divided into primary prevention, most important in the pre-event phase; secondary prevention, key to risk reduction early in an EHE;and tertiary prevention, important later in the event phase. After-action reports and other postevent evaluation activities are central to adaptive management of this climate-sensitive hazard.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"301-321"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9255262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coral Salvador, Raquel Nieto, Sergio M Vicente-Serrano, Ricardo García-Herrera, Luis Gimeno, Ana M Vicedo-Cabrera
{"title":"Public Health Implications of Drought in a Climate Change Context: A Critical Review.","authors":"Coral Salvador, Raquel Nieto, Sergio M Vicente-Serrano, Ricardo García-Herrera, Luis Gimeno, Ana M Vicedo-Cabrera","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-051636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-051636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extreme weather events are expected to increase due to climate change, which could pose an additional burden of morbidity and mortality. In recent decades, drought severity has increased in several regions around the world, affecting health by increasing the risk of water-, food-, and vector-borne diseases, malnutrition, cardiovascular and respiratory illness, mental health disorders, and mortality. Drought frequency and severity are expected to worsen across large regions as a result of a decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperature and atmospheric evaporative demand, posing a pressing challenge for public health. Variation in impacts among countries and communities is due to multiple factors, such as aging, socioeconomic status, access to health care, and gender, affecting population resilience. Integrative proactive action plans focused on risk management are required, and resources should be transferred to developing countries to reduce their vulnerability and risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"213-232"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9254623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Climatic and Environmental Change, Migration, and Health.","authors":"Celia McMichael","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-045148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-045148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The impacts of climate change, such as sea-level rise and extreme weather events, are expected to increase and alter human migration and mobility. Climate-related mobility is not inherently a crisis; it can provide a pathway for adaptation to climate change. However, a growing body of research identifies health risks and some opportunities associated with climate-related mobility. This review examines recent research (published since 2018) on the climate change-mobility-health nexus; this research focuses largely on in-country mobility in Asia, Africa, and Pacific Island countries. It considers the links between human mobility and anthropogenic climate change and documents the findings of empirical research that addresses the health consequences of displacement, planned relocation, migration, and migration into sites of climate risk. The findings highlight the need for climate-sensitive and migrant-inclusive health care in a heating world.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"171-191"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9308751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer L Hicks, Melissa A Boswell, Tim Althoff, Alia J Crum, Joy P Ku, James A Landay, Paula M L Moya, Elizabeth L Murnane, Michael P Snyder, Abby C King, Scott L Delp
{"title":"Leveraging Mobile Technology for Public Health Promotion: A Multidisciplinary Perspective.","authors":"Jennifer L Hicks, Melissa A Boswell, Tim Althoff, Alia J Crum, Joy P Ku, James A Landay, Paula M L Moya, Elizabeth L Murnane, Michael P Snyder, Abby C King, Scott L Delp","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060220-041643","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060220-041643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Health behaviors are inextricably linked to health and well-being, yet issues such as physical inactivity and insufficient sleep remain significant global public health problems. Mobile technology-and the unprecedented scope and quantity of data it generates-has a promising but largely untapped potential to promote health behaviors at the individual and population levels. This perspective article provides multidisciplinary recommendations on the design and use of mobile technology, and the concomitant wealth of data, to promote behaviors that support overall health. Using physical activity as anexemplar health behavior, we review emerging strategies for health behavior change interventions. We describe progress on personalizing interventions to an individual and their social, cultural, and built environments, as well as on evaluating relationships between mobile technology data and health to establish evidence-based guidelines. In reviewing these strategies and highlighting directions for future research, we advance the use of theory-based, personalized, and human-centered approaches in promoting health behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"131-150"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10523351/pdf/nihms-1930736.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9454077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On-the-Go Adaptation of Implementation Approaches and Strategies in Health: Emerging Perspectives and Research Opportunities.","authors":"Elvin H Geng, Aaloke Mody, Byron J Powell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-051920-124515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-051920-124515","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In many cases, implementation approaches (composed of one or more strategies) may need to change over time to work optimally. We use a literature review to inform a mechanistic analysis of such on-the-go adaptations. We suggest that such adaptations of implementation strategies consist of three necessary steps. The first component is the initial effect of the implementation approach on intended implementation, service delivery, or clinical outcomes. Second, these initial effects must in turn be used to modify, alter, intensify, or otherwise change the implementation approach. Third, the modified approach itself has effects. Conceiving of adaptation as all three steps implies that a full understanding of adaptation involves (<i>a</i>) a sense of initial effects, (<i>b</i>) conceptualizing and documenting content and rationale for changes in approach (e.g., alteration, intensification), and (<i>c</i>) the effects of the changed approach (including how the latter effects depend on initial effects). Conceptualizing these steps can help researchers ask questions about adaptation (e.g., thresholds for change, dosing, potentiation, sequencing) to advance our understanding of implementation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"21-36"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9250405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Courtney R Lyles, Oanh Kieu Nguyen, Elaine C Khoong, Adrian Aguilera, Urmimala Sarkar
{"title":"Multilevel Determinants of Digital Health Equity: A Literature Synthesis to Advance the Field.","authors":"Courtney R Lyles, Oanh Kieu Nguyen, Elaine C Khoong, Adrian Aguilera, Urmimala Sarkar","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-023913","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-023913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current digital health approaches have not engaged diverse end users or reduced health or health care inequities, despite their promise to deliver more tailored and personalized support to individuals at the right time and the right place. To achieve digital health equity, we must refocus our attention on the current state of digital health uptake and use across the policy, system, community, individual, and intervention levels. We focus here on (<i>a</i>) outlining a multilevel framework underlying digital health equity; (<i>b</i>) summarizingfive types of interventions/programs (with example studies) that hold promise for advancing digital health equity; and (<i>c</i>) recommending future steps for improving policy, practice, and research in this space.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"383-405"},"PeriodicalIF":21.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10329412/pdf/nihms-1890841.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9819079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jodi D Sherman, Andrea J MacNeill, Paul D Biddinger, Ozlem Ergun, Renee N Salas, Matthew J Eckelman
{"title":"Sustainable and Resilient Health Care in the Face of a Changing Climate.","authors":"Jodi D Sherman, Andrea J MacNeill, Paul D Biddinger, Ozlem Ergun, Renee N Salas, Matthew J Eckelman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-051937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071421-051937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change is a threat multiplier, exacerbating underlying vulnerabilities, worsening human health, and disrupting health systems' abilities to deliver high-quality continuous care. This review synthesizes the evidence of what the health care sector can do to adapt to a changing climate while reducing its own climate impact, identifies barriers to change, and makes recommendations to achieve sustainable, resilient health care systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50752,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Public Health","volume":"44 ","pages":"255-277"},"PeriodicalIF":20.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9254454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}