Anthropological Science最新文献

{"title":"Ritual tooth ablation in and dentometric assessment of a newly discovered collective burial at the Hobi shell-mound site, Aichi Prefecture, Japan","authors":"O. Kondo, Soichiro Mizushima, N. Shigehara, Y. Yamada","doi":"10.1537/ase.220218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.220218","url":null,"abstract":"Ritual tooth ablation was a characteristic form of body expression for the prehistoric Jomon people. During the 2010–2013 excavation at the Hobi shell-mound site, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, a new case of secondary collective burial, banjo-shuseki-bo , was discovered, in which additional cases of ritu al tooth ablation were present in human skeletal remains. Here we describe the morphology and tooth extraction status of individual mandibles, and assess the interindividual relationships on the basis of tooth crown diameter. Although a certain degree of kin relation was predicted among individuals from the new collective burial, which seems comparable to those found in modern Japanese twin pairs, almost the same degree of close kin relationship was detected in interindividual variation and in intersite varia tion with the neighboring Jomon sites.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface to the special issue on interdisciplinary studies tackling the Jomon social structure","authors":"Yasuhiro Yamada","doi":"10.1537/ase.220326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.220326","url":null,"abstract":"© 2022 The Anthropological Society of Nippon There are many shell-mounds of the Jomon period on the Japanese archipelago. Because the people of the Jomon period also used these shell-mounds as graveyards, a large number of human bones—estimated to exceed 10000—from that time remain and have been excavated. Many of these human bones were excavated in the 1920s, and the human bones excavated from shell-mounds in Aichi and Okayama Prefectures were the core material of the ‘Japanese origin controversy,’ nihon jinshu ron, before and after the World War II. These human bones have also been used as reference materials for research on the grave systems and social structures of the Jomon period. Many archaeological researchers have used these materials to study the grave systems and social structures of the Jomon period. For example, as mentioned in the review of this issue, Hideji Harunari proposed a hypothesis about kinship organization at that time, based on the types of tooth extraction (Harunari, 1973, etc.). Kensaku Hayashi focused on the uneven distribution of the head orientation of the corpses, and hypothesized that the head orientation indicates the descent group and reflected the social structure at that time (Hayashi, 1977, etc.). These hypotheses have been repeatedly stated on various occasions over the four decades since they were published, and have become practically established in Jomon research. Recent advances in anthropological and biological analysis of human bones have made it possible to date directly from human bones by 14C, analyse dietary habits based on carbon/nitrogen isotope ratios, estimate immigrants by strontium isotope ratio analysis, and estimate genetic relationships by genome analysis. By using these methods, the hypotheses of Harunari and Hayashi can be tested, promoting new research areas. To investigate the earlier hypotheses, the research team that I am the representative of obtained research funding, namely a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) ‘Synthetic study of Jomon social structure by the collaboration between archaeology and anthropology’ (2010–2012), a Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (B) ‘Construction and development the collaboration model between archaeologist and anthropologist by studying the human skeletons excavated from Hobi shell-mound’ (2013–2015), and a Grant-inAid for Scientific Research (A) ‘Reconstruction of Jomon social studies by interdisciplinary research among archaeology, anthropology and scientific studies on cultural properties’ (2018–2021), and conducted excavations of the Hobi shell-mound in Aichi Prefecture. Through these excavations, we found new human bone materials, which included banjo-shuseki-bo (collective secondary burials and squareshaped bone-pile burials), and were able to investigate the human bones excavated from the Ikawazu and Yoshigo shell-mounds, which are near the Hobi shell-mound. As a result, we succeeded in obtaining new findings. This special issue contain","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical dental wear patterns in individuals exhumed from a medieval Islamic necropolis of Santarém (Portugal)","authors":"A. Rodrigues, A. Silva, António Matias, A. L. Santos","doi":"10.1537/ase.201111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.201111","url":null,"abstract":"To infer the diet and cultural behaviours of Islamic communities during the medieval period in Portugal, 43 adult skeletons (13 females, 27 males, and 3 individuals of undetermined sex) from the medieval Islamic necropolis of Santarém were analysed. A total of 779 teeth were macroscopically observed to score dental wear and dental alterations as enamel chipping, notching, transversal grooves observed on the mesiodistal occlusal surfaces (TGMOS), and lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT). Occlusal wear was moderate. Chipping was recorded in 13.08% (98/749) teeth from 28 individuals, and notching affected 3.87% (29/749) belonging to 17 individuals. Five sub jects have transverse grooves, observed on the mesiodistal occlusal surfaces in 3% (23/750) of the teeth. LSAMAT was observed in 41.25% (66/160) of the anterior upper teeth belonging to 20 individuals. Combinations of different alterations were investigated: LSAMAT–chipping, LSAMAT–TGMOS, and LSAMAT–chipping–TGMOS. These could be related to hard food, extra-masticatory behaviours, chewing unknown substances, or trauma.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46361205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cranial morphometric analysis of early wet-rice farmers in the Yangtze River Delta of China","authors":"Kenji Okazaki, H. Takamuku, Yoshinori Kawakubo, M. Hudson, Jie Chen","doi":"10.1537/ase.210325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.210325","url":null,"abstract":"The Yangtze River Delta is the best-known homeland of wet-rice agriculture. From the Middle Neolithic, rice farming expanded from the Yangtze region to both the north and the south. However, poor preservation of ancient human skeletal remains in the region has meant that the population history of these expansions has not been fully understood. In order to clarify the ancestry of early wet-rice farmers in East Asia, we conducted a cranial morphometric analysis and comparison of a Middle Neolithic skeletal assemblage excavated from the Guangfulin site, Shanghai. The results of bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that: (1) Neolithic wet-rice farmers from the lower Yangtze retained local morphological characteristics, but were nevertheless morphologically more similar to Neolithic and later populations in northern China, which was home to early millet farmers, than to Neolithic populations in south China; and (2) Neolithic and later agricultural populations in East Asia were morphologically homogeneous compared to pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer groups even though the area occupied by both was equally vast. These results suggest, respectively, that: (1) Middle Neolithic wet-rice farmers in the Yangtze Delta experienced significant gene flow from regions of northern China such as the Central Plains and Shandong even though there is currently no evidence that millet cultivation itself had yet reached the delta region; and (2) Neolithic populations resulting from interaction between the Yangtze Delta and northern China dispersed widely across much of East Asia including the Japanese archipelago together with the spread of wet-rice agricultural technologies. These two proposals are paralleled by recent stable isotope analyses using tooth enamel and bone collagen, as well as archaeological evidence from Shandong. Finally, a facial approximation was conducted using a cranium (M252) excavated from Guangfulin for the purpose of visually expressing the results of this study.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46729852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago","authors":"Noboru Adachi, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, T. Nara, Tsuneo Kakuda, Iwao Nishida, K. Shinoda","doi":"10.1537/ASE.2012132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.2012132","url":null,"abstract":"Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the first genome analysis of the initial Jomon people of Kyushu Island. These results provide important data for understanding the temporal transition and regional differences of the Jomon people. The mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups were similar to those found in the previously reported later Jomon people. Moreover, comparison of three nuclear genomes from the initial to final Jomon periods indicated genet ic continuity throughout the Jomon period within the Japanese archipelago with no significant evidence of admixture. This indicates that the genetic differentiation found among the Jomon people was promot ed by the progression of regionalization throughout the Jomon period. Further accumulation of high-quality Jomon genome data spanning a wide range of regions and ages will clarify both intimate regional and temporal differences of the Jomon people and details of their admixture history with rice farmers, as suggested by Jomon mitochondrial genome data. The results obtained from this study provide important information for further analysis.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44925651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data","authors":"N. Osada, Y. Kawai","doi":"10.1537/ASE.201215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.201215","url":null,"abstract":"The origins of people in the Japanese archipelago are of long-standing interest among anthropologists, archeologists, linguists, and historians studying the history of Japan. While the ‘dualstructure’ model proposed by Hanihara in 1991 has been considered the primary working hypothesis for three decades, recent advances in DNA typing and sequencing technologies provide an unprecedented amount of present-day and ancient human nuclear genome data, which enable us to refine or extend the dual-structure model. In this review, we summarize recent genome sequencing efforts of present-day and ancient people in Asia, mostly focusing on East Asia, and we discuss the possible migration routes and admixture patterns of Japanese ancestors. We also report on a meta-analysis we performed by compiling publicly available datasets to clarify the genetic relationships of present-day and ancient Japanese populations with surrounding populations. Because the ancient genetic data from the Japanese archipelago have not yet been fully analyzed, we have to corroborate models of prehistoric human movement using not only new genetic data but also linguistic and archeological data to reconstruct a more comprehensive history of the Japanese people.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"201215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41954625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern human DNA analyses with special reference to the inner dual-structure model of Yaponesian","authors":"T. Jinam, Y. Kawai, N. Saitou","doi":"10.1537/ASE.201217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.201217","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies suggested two major migration events during the Jomon and Yayoi periods that affected the genetic diversity of modern Japanese (Yaponesians). We explored the possibility of a three-wave migration model by examining three datasets of modern human DNA: (1) whole mitochondrial (mt) DNA genomes of 1642 Yaponesians; (2) mtDNA haplogroup frequencies of 59105 Yaponesians from 47 prefectures; and (3) genome-wide SNP data of two Yaponesians (Ainu, Okinawa) and whole-genome sequence data of Yamato individuals, the Funadomari Jomon F23 individual, and three East Asian populations (Korean, northern Chinese, and southern Chinese). Past population size change was estimated based on dataset 1, and we clearly observed a steep population increase after the Yayoi period. Principal-component analysis and phylogenetic network analysis were applied to dataset 2, and we confirmed the pattern consistent with our model. An admixture program was used on dataset 3, and we found that the two- and three-layer migration models are both compatible with these SNP data. Taken together, these three datasets provide support for our three-wave, ‘inner dual-structure’ model.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43272894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The time-dependent evolutionary rate of mitochondrial DNA in small mammals inferred from biogeographic calibration points with reference to the late Quaternary environmental changes in the Japanese archipelago","authors":"Hitoshi Suzuki","doi":"10.1537/ASE.201201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.201201","url":null,"abstract":"Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have long been the most popular marker for assessing phylogenetic relationships and uncovering population dynamics. However, the mechanism of the nucleotide substitution rate of mtDNA remains unclear. While the evolutionary rate over tens of thousands of years is thought to be time dependent, the overall picture is not fully understood. This article presents recent achievements related to the time-dependent evolutionary rate of mtDNA in small rodents in the Japanese archipelago. The method focuses on rapid expansion events during the late Quaternary, during which there was a prolonged severe cold period and repeated abrupt warm periods, providing multiple calibration points. The global sea level fluctuation and migration to islands help to specify the calibration points. For calibration points at 11000, 15000, 53000, and 130000 years ago, the evolutionary rates were approximately 0.11, 0.11, 0.047, and 0.029 substitutions/site/million years, respectively, in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb). Applying the higher rate to assess the evolutionary history of the commensal house mouse (Mus musculus) and complete mitochondrial genome sequences (~16000 bp) allowed us to trace prehistoric human culture development based on millet and rice agriculture. The pattern of time-dependent evolutionary rates presented here is likely applicable to other small rodents. The Japanese archipelago is ideal for assessing evolutionary rates with biogeographic calibration points in the late Quaternary in species with multiple genetically distinct local populations.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"201201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43609861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographical distribution of certain toponyms in the Samguk Sagi","authors":"M. Endo","doi":"10.1537/ASE.201229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.201229","url":null,"abstract":"Kim Busik’s Samguk Sagi 三国史記 , History of the Three Kingdoms , dating from 1145 A.D., is renowned for including Japanese toponyms in the Korean peninsula and the north of Yalujiang district (modern Liaoning and Jilin Provinces). Kim’s work recorded the older, archaic toponyms before they were converted into sinicized (i.e. expressed with Chinese words) place names with two Chinese characters in 757 A.D. by the order of King Kyeongdeok. This paper maps specific words included in the place names of 783 locations for which the corresponding present places are evident. The following were words examined: (1) ‘river’ and its related words; (2) ‘valley’; (3) ‘mountain’ and ‘ridge’; and (4) ‘city’ and ‘burg’. Japonic-sourced toponyms are typically distributed in the central and northern areas of the Yalu River, primarily in the district of Koguryŏ; however, they go beyond these regions. The use of Chi nese loanwords is noted in the southern area, where determining which language was spoken is difficult. In a town near Seoul, the stem of the toponym belongs to the Korean language, whereas the unit word belongs to the Japonic language. This usage may be attributed to bilingualism, whereby Korean-speaking inhabitants used their own language for the stem of the place name. Mongolic and/or Tungusic loanwords are also found. In some cases, determining the language origin of the current toponyms is difficult. Therefore, the minute geographical distribution of the origin languages is displayed word by word. These toponyms reflect the traces of indigenous languages and reveal that Japonic-speaking people still dwelled in the central area of the peninsula and in the northern area of the Yalu River at that period.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46780184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface to the special issue on the Yaponesia Genome Project","authors":"N. Saitou","doi":"10.1537/ASE.210114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.210114","url":null,"abstract":"© 2021 The Anthropological Society of Nippon We started the five-year ‘Yaponesia Genome Project’ in 2018. This project is one of those funded by a MEXT Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas. The project home page is at http://www.yaponesian.jp/index_e. php. I am leader of this project. Please also see the introduction of this project reported by the Yaponesian Genome Project Managing Group (2020) in the new journal iDarwin. There are six research groups in this project as follows (* indicates the principal investigator of each group). Group A01—study modern human genomes. Members: Naruya Saitou*, Ituro Inoue, Koichiro Yoshiura, Timothy A. Jinam, and Masatoshi Matsunami. Group A02—study ancient human genomes. Members: Ken-ichi Shinoda*, Noboru Adachi, Tsuneo Kakuda, Takehiro Sato, and Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama. Group A03—study animal and plant genomes. Members: Hitoshi Suzuki*, Ryuichi Masuda, Takeshi Itoh, and Toshinori Endo. Group B01—study archeological data. Members: Shin’ichiro Fujio*, Naoko Kinoshita, Akira Seike, Yasuhiro Yamada, and Tatsuhiko Hamada. Group B02—study linguistic data. Members: Mitsuaki Endo, Nobuko Kibe, Shigehisa Karimata, Hiroshi Nakagawa, and Shinjiro Kazama. Group B03—study new genome data. Members: Naoki Osada*, Yosuke Kawai, Akihiko Fujimoto, and Jun Gojobori. There are also two-year limited research groups A04 and B04 as follows. Group A04 members: Kosuke Hanada, Kazuyoshi Hosomichi, Tadashi Imanishi, Ryosuke Kimura, Ken Naito, Kazuhiro Nakayama, Jun Ohashi, Hiroki Oota, Yoichi Sato, Kazuhiro Satomura, and Yohey Terai. Group B04 members: Reiko Aso, Kyoko Funahashi, Yuka Hayashi, Masakado Kawata, Takumi Nishiuchi, and Masami Takenaka. Professor Hiroki Oota of The University of Tokyo, who is a member of Group A04, is also editor-in-chief of Anthropological Science. He kindly offered to publish a special issue of Anthropological Science on the Yaponesia Genome Project. I thus asked the principal investigators of the six research groups to contribute either a review or an original investigation of their research area to Anthropological Science. Group B01 declined to contribute an article; however, Professor Oota himself contributed one review article to this issue. Thus, there are six articles, four original investigations and two reviews, in this special issue as follows. Two review articles were contributed by Group B03 (Osada and Kawai) and by Group A04 (Koganebuchi and Oota). Osada and Kawai (2021) reviewed usage of genomewide SNP data for estimating human migrations to Yaponesia. Koganebuchi and Oota (2021) reviewed human paleogenomic studies in East Asia including Yaponesia. Although it is a review article, Osada and Kawai (2021) found a weak but significant genetic tie of Jomon people to ancient North Siberians through meta-analysis of publicly available datasets. Four original articles were contributed by Groups A01 and B03 (Jinam, Kawai, and Saitou), Group A02 (Adachi, Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Nara, Kak","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45544154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}