Anthropological Science最新文献

{"title":"Variation in cranial shape in medieval Japanese from Kamakura City","authors":"T. Nagaoka, Hiroki Seike, Keigo Hoshino, K. Hirata","doi":"10.1537/ASE.180622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.180622","url":null,"abstract":"The purposes this study are examine the vari-A Abstract Many medieval skulls from Kamakura, Japan were found to be characterized by dolichocephaly, although these medieval people are most likely to be the ancestors of the modern Japanese. The specificity in the metric cranial traits has been repeatedly demonstrated by archaeological findings from other medieval sites in Kamakura City. It is not known whether these specific features were shared by the descendants of the medieval Kamakura people due to a complete lack of the skeletal remains belonging to the later half of the medieval period. Fortunately, we obtained access to a new series of skeletal remains of the later half of the medieval period from the Nozoji-ato site, and examined the variation in craiometric traits during the medieval period. The results revealed that the Nozoji-ato series were more brachycephalic than the populations within medieval Kamakura City and demonstrated the presence of secular changes within the Japanese medieval period. New data from the Nozoji-ato series thus showed that the medieval people within Kamakura City exhibited wider intra-regional variations in cranial measurements than previously anticipated. It is concluded that this contrasts with the commonly accepted theory that medieval populations were homogeneous in terms of dolichocephaly.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"126 1","pages":"101-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.180622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67029906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Pleistocene hominin teeth from Laoya Cave, southern China","authors":"Song Xing, Ying Guan, Mackie C. O'Hara, Huiyang Cai, Xiaoming Wang, Xing Gao","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170802","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"129-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44242354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treponemal disease in the Old World? Integrated palaeopathological assessment of a 9th–11th century skeleton from north-central Spain","authors":"Belén López, J. López-García, S. Costilla, E. Garcia-Vazquez, E. Dopico, A. Pardiñas","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170515","url":null,"abstract":"The hypothesis of an American origin of acquired (venereal) syphilis and other \u0000infectious diseases carried by Christopher Columbus’s crew has been \u0000considered for a long time as the most plausible one, and has been supported \u0000recently by considerable anthropological and molecular evidence. In this line of \u0000thought, it can be argued that Spain would have been the gateway of acquired \u0000syphilis, which quickly expanded after the return of Columbus in the late 15th \u0000century. However, the hypothesis that syphilis previously existed in Europe but \u0000went unrecognized has been also considered by many authors. The present \u0000work reports one Pre-Columbian putative case of venereal syphilis found in a \u0000Spanish necropolis and radiocarbon dated to the 9th-11th century. The \u0000complexities of carrying out accurate diagnoses in remains from archaeological \u0000timeframes are addressed by the combined use of paleopathological, medical \u0000and histological techniques. The results, which suggestively point toward a \u0000third-stage acquired syphilis, spark discussion about the need to revisit or \u0000complement the theories and hypothesis on the origin of syphilis in the light of a \u0000growing body of cases from European historical populations.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"101-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.170515","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42085430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional variations in the Jomon population revisited on craniofacial morphology","authors":"O. Kondo, Hitoshi Fukase, Takashi Fukumoto","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170428","url":null,"abstract":"we know the regional variation in the Jo mon population at a specific time as well as its time course, Abstract Considering the geographical setting of the Japanese archipelago at the periphery of the Asian continent, regional variation in Jomon phenotypes can be interpreted as an outcome of population history. In this paper, we focused on regional variation in the Jomon craniofacial morphology and as sumed that the observed regional differences were a reflection of the formation process of the Jomon population, which is a mixture of intrinsic expansion of an initial population with extrinsic influence of hypothetical gene flow. Compiled craniometric data from archeological site reports indicate that Jomon skulls, especially in the neurocranium, exhibit a discernible level of northeast-to-southwest geographical cline across the Japanese archipelago, placing the Hokkaido and Okinawa samples at both extreme ends. A quantitative genetic approach using an R-matrix method indicates that the cranial parts of the neurocranium and mandible exhibit a proportionately larger regional variation, the former of which confirms a trend of geographical cline and reveals the respective region presumably having different population histories with their respective local backgrounds. The following scenarios can be hypothesized with caution: (a) the formation of Jomon population seemed to proceed in eastern or central Japan, not western Japan (Okinawa or Kyushu regions); (b) the Kyushu Jomon could have a small-sized and isolated population history; and (c) the population history of Hokkaido Jomon could have been deeply rooted and/or affected by long-term extrinsic gene flows.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"85-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.170428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46712530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global and local perspectives on cranial shape variation in Indonesian Homo erectus","authors":"K. Baab, Y. Zaim","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170413","url":null,"abstract":"Homo erectus is among the best-represented fossil hominin species, with a particularly rich record in Indonesia. Understanding variation within this sample and relative to other groups of H. erectus in China, Georgia, and Africa is crucial for answering questions about H. erectus migration, local adaptation, and evolutionary history. Neurocranial shape is analyzed within the Indonesian sample, including representatives from Sangiran, Ngandong, Sambungmacan, and Ngawi, as well as a comparative sample of H. erectus from outside of Java, using three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques. This study includes several more recently described Indonesian fossils, including Sambungmacan 4 and Skull IX, producing a more complete view of Indonesian variation than seen in previous shape analyses. While Asian fossils can be distinguished from the African/Georgian ones, there is not a single cranial Bauplan that distinguishes all Indonesian fossils from those in other geographic areas. Nevertheless, late Indonesian H. erectus, from sites such as Ngandong, are quite distinct relative to all other H. erectus groups, including earlier fossils from the same region. It is possible that this pattern represents a loss of genetic diversity through time on the island of Java, coupled with genetic drift, although other interpretations are plausible. A temporal pattern of diachronic change was identified within Indonesia for the posterior neurocranium such that younger Sangiran fossils more closely approached the Ngandong/Sambungmacan/ Ngawi pattern, but there was not a linear trend of shape change from Sangiran to Sambungmacan to Ngandong, as has been suggested previously. The Sambungmacan 3 fossil, which often appears as a morphological outlier, fits the general pattern of late Indonesian vault shape, but has a more extreme expression of the shape trends for this group than other individuals.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"67-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.170413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49005267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new species of Mioeuoticus (Lorisiformes, Primates) from the early Middle Miocene of Kenya","authors":"Y. Kunimatsu, H. Tsujikawa, M. Nakatsukasa, D. Shimizu, N. Ogihara, Y. Kikuchi, Y. Nakano, Tomo Takano, Naoki Morimoto, H. Ishida","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170322","url":null,"abstract":"We here describe a prosimian specimen discovered from the early Middle Miocene (~15 Ma) of Nachola, northern Kenya. It is a right maxilla that preserves P4–M3, and is assigned to a new species of the Miocene lorisid genus Mioeuoticus. Previously, Mioeuoticus was known from the Early Miocene of East Africa. The Nachola specimen is therefore the first discovery of this genus from the Middle Miocene. The presence of a new lorisid species in the Nachola fauna indicates a forested paleoenvironment for this locality, consistent with previously known evidence including the abundance of large-bodied hominoid fossils (Nacholapithecus kerioi), the dominance of browsers among the herbivore fauna, and the presence of plenty of petrified wood.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.170322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44553492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The latest occurrence of the nyanzapithecines from the early Late Miocene Nakali Formation in Kenya, East Africa","authors":"Y. Kunimatsu, Y. Sawada, T. Sakai, M. Saneyoshi, Hideo Nakaya, Ayumi Yamamoto, M. Nakatsukasa","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170126","url":null,"abstract":"The African primate fossil record is very poor between the mid-Middle and mid-Late Miocene. Nakali (~10–9.8 Ma) is one of the rare African localities that have yielded primate fossils from this period, including a new genus of great ape, Nakalipithecus nakayamai, and another large-bodied hominoid species. The Nakali primate fauna also includes small-bodied ‘apes’ and Old World monkeys (mostly colobines). In this article, we describe a new specimen of a small-bodied ‘ape’ discovered from Nakali, which is assigned to nyanzapithecines. Nyanzapithecines are characterized by their derived dental morphology, and the previously known nyanzapithecines range in chronological age between the Late Oligocene and early Middle Miocene (~25–13.7 Ma). The new nyanzapithecine specimen from Nakali is therefore the latest occurrence of this group in the African fossil record, extending its chronological range by almost 4 million years younger.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42649219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent effective population size estimated from segments of identity by descent in the Lithuanian population","authors":"A. Urnikytė, Alma Molyte, V. Kučinskas","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.170125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47768811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface to the Special Issue on Paleopathology","authors":"H. Fujita, D. Shin","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170224","url":null,"abstract":"© 2017 The Anthropological Society of Nippon Notwithstanding the significant anthropological advancements that have taken place over the past several decades, the health and disease statuses of ancient people have yet to be fully elucidated. To this end, paleopathology—the pathological study of tissues remnant in ancient biological specimens—has been established by many pioneering researchers around the world. The field includes various sub-disciplines such as the diagnosis of specific diseases seen in archaeological specimens, the tracing of secular changes in health and disease patterns of human populations, and the biological reconstruction of pathogenic evolution by molecular techniques. The information obtained inspires ever-greater achievements, thereby contributing to the comprehensive understanding of the reciprocal interaction between human beings and disease throughout history. Anthropological Science (AS) is an authoritative academic journal with a long publishing history, some issues of which have already included paleopathology-related articles. Nonetheless, the forums and opportunities for paleopathologists to discuss their works in this journal are unfortunately still insufficient relative to the recent explosion of new findings in the field. The current special issue of AS, which is devoted exclusively to paleopathology, is therefore indeed very timely and meaningful to concerned researchers. The contributors to this special issue of AS discuss recent global paleopathological trends—the various scientific techniques employed, the research outcomes, and their interpretation. Some authors have found important clues to the health and disease statuses of ancient societies, based in particular on osteology, one of the most convenient and efficient approaches to the study of ancient human populations. Jung and Woo’s osteoarchaeological report touches on the long-standing debate among Korean historians and anthropologists about the artificially deformed crania of some ancient Yean-ri skeletons. As the authors point out, early historical documents describe in detail how cranial deformities were made by compressing the neonate’s head with a stone, resulting in vault flattening along the sagittal plane with expansion of the mediolateral dimensions. The authors nevertheless felt keenly the lack of additional cranial deformity cases among other ancient skeletal collections maintained in South Korea. They therefore first revisited the cases from the Yean-ri site before comparing them with Nukdo and Imdang skulls of the same historical period. Meanwhile, paleoparasitology, which entails the identification and subsequent microscopic or molecular analysis of ancient parasite species in archaeological samples, has an important bearing on the entire field of paleopathology. In this special issue, Seo et al. analyze coprolites removed from Joseon-period mummies, adding new paleoparasitological outcomes to the existing pool of data already maintained","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45219060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleohealth based on dental pathology and cribra orbitalia from the ancient Egyptian settlement of Qau","authors":"H. Fujita, Hiroto Adachi","doi":"10.1537/ASE.170314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.170314","url":null,"abstract":"Reports on the health of the people of ancient Egypt, one of the four great civilizations of the world, are of considerable interest to many. This paper addresses the paleohealth of people from Qau in ancient Egypt based on samples housed at the University of Cambridge. This skeletal series extends from the Protodynastic Period to the 30th Dynasty, with the largest number being from the 6th to 8th Dynasties. The remains are divided into four groups (male, female, early middle age, and late middle age) and physical anthropology methods were used to investigate dental caries, periodontal disease, antemortem tooth loss, dental wear, alveolar bone recession, enamel hypoplasia, and cribra orbitalia. The study was limited in that resource materials from multiple dynasties were combined, and no postcranial skeletal examinations were possible. However, the following matters were found regarding the paleohealth of the ancient Egyptian Qau people: (i) the rate of dental caries was low; (ii) periodontal disease was present and progressed with age; (iii) even so, tooth loss was low; (iv) dental wear was pronounced; and (v) there were no age-related stress markers, and few individuals with serious disease. Overall, based on the Qau people in this data, it can be assumed that the health status was poor, the death rate of newborns, infants, and young children was high, and individuals exhibiting severe stress markers died before reaching adulthood. Ancient Egyptians have long been the subject of much anthropological and archaeological study, and this paper introduces several interesting topics for further investigation concerning the paleoenvironment and paleohealth of these ancient people.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"125 1","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1537/ASE.170314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46512689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}