Anthropological Science最新文献

{"title":"An identified case of poliomyelitis: contribution to diagnosis in ancient human remains.","authors":"Susana Gómez-González, Laura González-Garrido, Laura Rodríguez, Miriam Serralvo-González, José Manuel Gonzalo-Orden, Sofia N Wasterlain","doi":"10.1537/ase.231108","DOIUrl":"10.1537/ase.231108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the skeletal remains of a 20th-century individual diagnosed with poliomyelitis in childhood who suffered from atrophy and muscle weakness as an adult. The study provides a detailed analysis of both the primary effects of polio in the skeleton and the secondary effects across a lifetime, and contributes to the future identification of this pathology in osteoarchaeological assemblages. A skeleton of an 82-year-old male with poliomyelitis, from Tierra de la Reina, León (Spain) was submitted to bone densitometry, morphological, metric, cross-sectional, and palaeopathological analyses. Conventional X-rays and computed tomography scans were also performed. Skeletal alterations were categorized as directly and indirectly related to polio. The latter were probably acquired during life, resulting from mobility problems, malposition, and/or advanced age. Discrepancies in size, primarily related to polio, were observed between the right and left sides of the skeleton, with the left side being smaller and more gracile. However, while the asymmetry of the upper limbs is mainly in robustness, in the lower limbs the differences are in both robustness and length. This paper illustrates the skeletal alterations that may be present with poliomyelitis, demonstrating the complexity of diagnosing this pathology in an individual who lived a long life. In fact, many of the observed alterations can be found in other pathological conditions. Therefore, it is concluded that extreme caution be taken when analysing archaeological skeletal remains that are not as complete and well-preserved as this individual. The present work contributes to the diagnosis of poliomyelitis in human remains and underscores its impact in human history. Destructive methods were not authorized; medical records were no longer available. In the future, 3D reconstruction analysis/micro-computed tomography may add new and valuable information.</p>","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"132 2","pages":"105-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13134064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible thalassemia intermedia in a child (16th-18th century) from the westernmost part of Europe: potential association with malaria and past migrations.","authors":"Álvaro M Monge Calleja, Marina Lourenço, Marta Macedo, Rosa Ramos Gaspar, M Letícia Ribeiro, Ana Luísa Santos","doi":"10.1537/ase.231105","DOIUrl":"10.1537/ase.231105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes a non-adult individual with bone features suggestive of β-thalassemia, a disease commonly found in malaria-endemic regions today and in the past. The skeleton of a 5.5- to 6.5-year-old child exhumed from a 16th- to 18th-century CE necropolis in Almeirim (Portugal) was examined macroscopically, with a scanning electron microscope, and by conventional radiology and computed tomography. This individual shows frontoparietal diploic hyperplasia with a slight hair-on-end radiographic appearance and an exuberant serpiginous pattern. The orbital roofs have a plaque-like formation and facial bones display new bone proliferation and porosity. The teeth show caries, calculus deposition, anomalies on the four deciduous canine roots, and linear enamel hypoplasia on the first permanent right upper central incisor. The postcranial skeleton presents osteopenic trabecular appearances, cribra humeralis, and cribra femoralis, the latter associated with malaria. A second non-adult individual (2.5-3.5 years old) had similar lesions in the cranium, raising the question of whether they were siblings. The lesions are consistent with β-thalassemia intermedia, a homozygous or compound heterozygous hemoglobinopathy found in malaria-endemic regions, such as Almeirim, due to the protective advantage conferred by β-thalassemia carriers. Thalassemia presents a wide spectrum of lesions common in other hemolytic anemias, which makes the diagnosis a challenge. Hopefully, biomolecular techniques will assist the diagnosis in skeletonized individuals. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first possible case of thalassemia in the westernmost part of Europe, in a region currently with high prevalence of hemoglobinopathies, attributed to the past Islamic and sub-Saharan presence, and in an area historically affected by malaria.</p>","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"132 2","pages":"133-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13134065/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early stress variation reflected in adult vertebral neural canal size within a medieval silver-mining population from Kutná Hora (Czech Republic).","authors":"Hana Brzobohatá, Filip Velímský, Jan Frolík","doi":"10.1537/ase.231017","DOIUrl":"10.1537/ase.231017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous bioarchaeological and auxological research has indicated that stunting the growth of vertebral measures, specifically those of the vertebral neural canal (VNC), provides a record of stressful early-childhood episodes that persists into adulthood. The main goal of this study was to investigate possible VNC size variation within the specific context of a medieval silver-mining site. Skeletons unearthed recently at Kutná Hora-Sedlec (Czech Republic) represent a population that lived there during its most prosperous era (13th-16th centuries). During this period, Kutná Hora residents could have faced both environmental and cultural conditioned stressors. In a total of 207 individuals examined in this study, we measured anteroposterior (AP) and transverse (TR) vertebral neural canal dimensions together with anterior vertebral body height (BH) in thoracic (Th10-Th12) and lumbar (L1-5) vertebrae, and analysed them for association with sex, age-at-death, and burial context (individual vs mass graves). These intra-site comparisons revealed that: (1) male diameters were consistently larger than female; (2) males with stunted AP and TR diameters were less likely to survive into mature adulthood; (3) the relationship between early life stress and burial context was very weak (in females) or non-existent (in males); and (4) the TR dimension of the vertebral neural canal was more prone to growth disruption than the AP or BH diameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"132 2","pages":"151-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13134060/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of functionally related adaptations in the trabecular network of the proximal femur and tibia of a bipedally trained Japanese macaque.","authors":"Marine Cazenave, Masato Nakatsukasa, Arnaud Mazurier, Matthew M Skinner","doi":"10.1537/ase.2307142","DOIUrl":"10.1537/ase.2307142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The axial and appendicular skeleton of Japanese macaques (<i>Macacca fuscata</i>) trained to adopt bipedal posture and locomotion display a number of functionally related external and internal macro- and micromorphological changes, including site-specific cortical and trabecular bone adaptations. In this study we use high-resolution microtomography scanning to analyse the three-dimensional distribution of the trabecular architecture of the proximal femur and proximal tibia of Sansuke, a male individual trained in bipedal performances for eight years, as well as five wild individuals. The distribution and architecture of trabecular bone in the femoral head of Sansuke is distinct from that found in wild <i>M. fuscata</i> individuals, with a unique bone reinforcement around the region of the fovea capitis. Conversely, wild individuals exhibit two pillar-like, high-density structures (converging in an inverted cone) that reach distinct regions of the posterior and anterior surfaces of the femoral head. For Sansuke's proximal tibia, contrary to previous observations from the corticotrabecular complex distribution at the plateau, our results do not show a more asymmetric distribution between medial and lateral condyles with a medial reinforcement. Additionally, relative bone volume in this region is not significantly higher in Sansuke. However, we observed a slightly more medially placed bone reinforcement in the lateral condyle compared with the wild individuals as well as a slightly higher trabecular bone anisotropy in the medial than in the lateral condyle not observed in the wild individuals. These analyses provide new evidence about the nature and extent of functionally related adaptive arrangements of the trabecular network at the coxofemoral and the knee joints in individuals recurrently experiencing atypical load.</p>","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"132 1","pages":"13-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13181267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human diet of premodern mainland Japan: a meta-analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios.","authors":"Takumi Tsutaya, Naomi Doi, Chiaki Katagiri, Rikai Sawafuji, Minoru Yoneda","doi":"10.1537/ase.230718","DOIUrl":"10.1537/ase.230718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of the modern industrialized food production system has resulted in a homogeneous human diet worldwide. However, it is not clear whether a developed food production system led to a homogenized human diet also in ancient societies. Due to the lack of large archaeological datasets, we know little about the chronological trends and ancient circumstances of dietary homogenization. Here we compiled carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, indicators of palaeodiet, of adult human skeletons from premodern mainland Japan (AD 1603-1868, <i>n</i> = 318) to investigate chronological changes in diet. Comparison with datasets from Japan in modern, premodern (Edo), and foraging (Jomon) periods showed that the human diet was rapidly homogenized isotopically in modern times. Premodern people in Japan typically obtained dietary proteins from C3 crops and fish, and the establishment of agriculture created a new isotope dietary niche compared with the foraging period. Dominant protein contributions from agricultural C3 crops cultivated with organic fertilizers and/or rice that are grown in paddy fields with denitrification increased premodern human nitrogen isotope ratios without increasing their carbon isotope ratios. Diet differed according to the social status of individuals or the availability of foods, and a unique diet can be seen in people in higher social classes such as the Shogun family. Meta-analysis of stable isotope ratios of archaeological human skeletons enables a comprehensive understanding of human dietary change through time and regional variations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"132 1","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13175186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147976759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Difference in linear enamel hypoplasia frequency between the 16^th- to 19^th-century agrarian populations of the Korean Joseon dynasty and Siberian Russia.","authors":"Hyejin Lee, Dong Hoon Shin, Larisa Tataurova, Jieun Kim, Jong Ha Hong, Sergey Slepchenko","doi":"10.1537/ase.2305162","DOIUrl":"10.1537/ase.2305162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We studied linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in cranial series representative of Eurasian farmers with divergent lifestyles and natural environments: Siberian Russian settlers and Joseon dynasty people. The teeth of Siberian settlers and Joseon people of the 16^th-19^th centuries were examined in this study. We inspected specimens to detect signs of LEH, and the intergroup prevalence was statistically compared. The proportions of LEH were compared by age and sex across each group. Statistical analysis was performed with R software. Russian settlers' LEH incidence per individual was 4.1% (3/73), whereas that of the Joseon people was 61.5% (56/91). In the case of LEH per tooth, Russian settlers and Joseon Koreans exhibited rates of 1.9% (24/1297) and 16.8% (336/2001), respectively. The statistical difference in the incidence of LEH between the two groups was highly significant (per individual: <i>P</i> = 9.188 × 10^-14; per tooth: <i>P</i> < 2.2 × 10^-16). The prevalence of LEH was observed to be much higher in the Joseon population than in the West Siberian settlers. In conclusion, we hypothesize that East Asian people's physiological stress in childhood was far higher than that of Russian settlers. Historical LEH frequency on the Eurasian continent was truly diverse, possibly due to divergent stress conditions affecting different groups of people.</p>","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13181265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The history of ancient Japanese dogs revealed by mitogenomes","authors":"Xiayire Xiaokaiti, Takao Sato, Kenji Kasai, Kenichi Machida, Kyomi Yamazaki, Naomitsu Yamaji, Hiroki Kikuchi, Jun Gojobori, Hitomi Hongo, Yohey Terai, Takashi Gakuhari","doi":"10.1537/ase.230617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.230617","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological evidence indicates that dogs appeared in Japan at least 9300 years ago, dur‍ing the Jomon period. The Jomon period dogs (Jomon dogs) retained the morphological characteristics of ancient domestic dogs throughout the Jomon period, possibly due to their geographical isolation ‍from continental dogs. Therefore, we expect them to retain the genetic characteristics of ancient domestic dogs. To explore this possibility, we determined the mitochondrial genomes of five Jomon dogs, including one of the oldest dogs in Japan (7400–7200 cal BP), and seven late-8th-century Japanese dogs (Suwada dogs). We analyzed these sequences with 719 mitochondrial genomes of an‍cient and modern canids. The dog mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have been grouped into six clades (haplogroups A–F), and clade A comprises six sub-clades (sub-haplogroups A1–A6). Classification of the Jomon dogs’ mtDNA haplotypes revealed that these dogs belong to a nested A2/A3 sub-‍haplogroup not shared by other modern or ancient samples. The mtDNA sequences of Jomon dogs ‍form a monophyletic clade which is sister to the A3 sub-clade in the phylogenetic trees. Network analysis showed that the Jomon dogs’ mtDNA sub-clade diverged close to the base of the A2 and A3 haplotype network, which was centered by an ancient dog from South China. The Jomon dog mtDNAs diverged from A3 (~11500 years ago) soon after the A2 and A3 divergence (~12800 years ago), in‍di‍cating early divergence of the Jomon dogs’ sub-clade. These results suggest that the Jomon dogs were possibly introduced into the Japanese archipelago 11500–9300 years ago. The mtDNAs of late-8th-century dogs were more diverse and were different haplogroups than that of Jomon dogs, sug‍gesting that other haplogroups likely replaced the haplogroup of Jomon dogs through the introduction of dogs that accompanied the migration of people into Japan in later periods.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135105009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social welfare and scientific racism in modern Japan: discriminated Buraku and the philanthropist Toyohiko Kagawa","authors":"Hiroshi Sekiguchi","doi":"10.1537/ase.221027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.221027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taphonomic observation of Jomon human skeletal remains from a collective burial of the Gongenbara shell-mound, Chiba Prefecture, Japan","authors":"Mari Minagawa, O. Kondo","doi":"10.1537/ase.230223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.230223","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic technologies and the interplay between public desire, commercial interests, and regulatory powers","authors":"A. Marcon","doi":"10.1537/ase.2210241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.2210241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}