Anthropological Science最新文献

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in crania belonging to the 1st century AD from the tomb of Mentuemhat (TT34), Luxor, Egypt","authors":"J. Herrerín, M. M. Carmenate","doi":"10.1537/ase.220128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.220128","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to analyze the degree of sexual dimorphism of the crania found in room 127 (tomb TT34, Thebes) and to estimate the role of morphometric dimensions in sexual dimorphism. We studied 43 female and 41 male crania. Forty-four metric measurements were taken and 31 indices were calculated. Differences were evaluated using chi-square and Student’s t -tests. A stepwise discriminant analysis with cross-validation was applied. The Sexual Dimorphism Index (SDI) indicates that the values of all variables are higher in males except for the minimum width of the nasal bones and the facial angle. The highest SDI values are observed in the bizygomatic width and in the variables that measure the size of the maxilla (palatal area). In the indices, the biggest differences are found in the craniofacial index ( P < 0.001). Using variables of the neurocranium and splanchnocranium, several highly reliable discriminant functions have been obtained. The most dimorphic variables are related to regions where the cranium connects to the muscles that keep the head upright and allow tilting and ro-tating movements in relation to the trunk. The bizygomatic width and the external biorbital width are the most dimorphic of the facial region, differences that are justified by a greater convexity of the zygomat ic arch which could be related to a hypertrophy of the temporal muscle. The width of the zygomatic arch, its robustness, and the resulting degree of sexual dimorphism may be due to dietary and/or cultural habits related to chewing and the use of the mouth as a tool.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67029744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal carotid supply to the parietal meninges: a comparative study based on cranio-orbital vascular traces in modern humans and Indonesian Homo erectus","authors":"Daisuke Kubo","doi":"10.1537/ase.211223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.211223","url":null,"abstract":"The recurrent branch of the ophthalmic artery which originates from the internal carotid artery, or the recurrent meningeal artery (RMA), often extends to the parietal meninges in non-human haplorrhines. The RMA usually enters the cranial cavity via the superior orbital fissure (SOF) in modern humans and generally via the cranio-orbital foramen (COF) in non-human haplorrhines. The present study aimed to clarify how often the RMA extends its territory to the parietal meninges and via which pathway it enters the cranial cavity in Indonesian Homo erectus . This study also aimed to enhance our knowledge of cranial vascular traces in modern humans. The caliber of the COF and the associated vascular trajectories were examined in 156 sides of 78 modern Japanese crania and 12 sides of eight Indonesian H. erectus specimens. The results showed that two Indonesian H. erectus crania (Sambungmacan 4 and Ngawi) had a large COF unilaterally, via which the RMA probably extended its territory to the parietal region. The prevalence of RMA reaching the parietal region in Indonesian H. erectus (16.7%) was not as high as that in the extant great apes, but significantly higher than that in Homo sapiens (0.6% in this study; 3% at most in general). These results suggest that the SOF-related RMA became predominant in H. sapiens or the ancestor sometime in the Pleistocene, while the middle meningeal artery (MMA) arising from the external carotid–maxillary artery might not have been so enhanced in H. erectus and their ancestral hominins versus modern humans. The possible Influence of encephalization and other factors on the evolutionary changes of the RMA and MMA can be hypothesized based on ontogenetic and hemodynamic assumptions.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67029671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A general model for symmetry and asymmetry of nonmetric traits and congenital anomalies and tumors: reviving the proposals sacrificed to false myths","authors":"A. Tagaya","doi":"10.1537/ase.210814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.210814","url":null,"abstract":"Although studies of population affinity based on nonmetric traits have achieved remarkable successes, most of these studies seem to present a methodological problem. Since evidence indicates a threshold model for most nonmetric traits, the use of individual counts in studies would seem to have wasted a considerable amount of useful information to produce less reliable results. A review of relevant articles suggests that the use of this baseless methodology has persisted by neglecting an inconvenient truth. To improve the situation, the author proposes a generalized theory based on the assumption of constant within-individual instabilities, which covers both the standard threshold model and the single-genotype model. The proposed theory proves the general validity of Ossenberg’s proposals, i.e. the use of side counts for threshold traits and an examination of etiology by correlating the proportion of asymmetry and the trait frequency. The data of 28 nonmetric traits collected by Ossenberg were examined using the theory. The proportion of asymmetry was negatively correlated with side counts in all the traits with statistical significance. The threshold model exhibited higher goodness of fit than the single-genotype model for 25 traits. The loss of information caused by using individual counts for threshold traits instead of side counts is estimated to be equivalent to a considerable decrease (16–40%) in sample size. The use of both sides improves the reliability of the tetrachoric estimation of inter-trait correlation comparable to a 1.6- to 2.6-fold increase in the sample size by enabling the use of their four combinations. It was also shown that the theory makes it possible to estimate the penetrance rate of congenital anomalies and tumors from the proportion of asymmetry.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67029659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing reveals double-buried Jomon individuals excavated from the Ikawazu shell-mound site were not in a mother–child relationship","authors":"D. Waku, Takashi Gakuhari, Kae Koganebuchi, M. Yoneda, O. Kondo, Tadayuki Masuyama, Yasuhiro Yamada, Hiroki Oota","doi":"10.1537/ase.220129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.220129","url":null,"abstract":"A draft whole genome sequence of a Jomon woman from the Ikawazu shell-mound site has been reported recently. The adult woman, IK002, was excavated with a child, IK001. Because of the burial situation with the child located above the adult, the two individuals were thought to be a mother– child relationship. In this study, we conducted a target capture sequencing, and obtained 258-fold coverage of the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of IK001. Comparing the mtDNA nucleotide sequences of IK001 and IK002, we found these were unambiguously different from each other. Thus, the mitogenome sequence analysis clarified that both have a non-mother–child relationship. This result sheds new light on the relationship between burial and kinship in Jomon archaeology.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67029747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strontium isotope analysis on human skeletal remains from the Hobi and Ikawazu shell-mounds in Aichi Prefecture, Japan","authors":"Soichiro Kusaka, T. Saito, E. Ishimaru, Yasuhiro Yamada","doi":"10.1537/ase.2202191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.2202191","url":null,"abstract":"Many human skeletal remains of the Late–Final Jomon period have been found in shell-mounds on the Atsumi peninsula in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Several types of burials have been found, such as mass burial and bone-gathering burials arranged like a square board ( banjo-shuseki burial). In this study, strontium isotope analysis was performed to reveal the meanings of banjo-shuseki burials. The materials included 22 samples of tooth enamel and bones from the Hobi shell-mound, and 30 samples from the Ikawazu shell-mound. The concentration of calcium and strontium was measured, as were the strontium isotope ratios. The results indicated that the tooth enamel from the banjo-shuseki burial exhibited higher strontium isotope ratios than those of tooth enamel from the single burial in Hobi. The tooth enamel from the banjo-shuseki burial and a mass burial in Ikawazu included some individuals with higher strontium isotope ratios. These ratios were higher than the range of the values of human bone samples, modern plants around the sites, and the enamel of terrestrial animals, indicating the possibility that these people grew up in a different place to the sites where they were buried. The individuals in the banjo-shuseki burials may include immigrants who grew up in other areas or their diets incorporated food from other areas.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ritual tooth ablation in and dentometric assessment of a newly discovered collective burial at the Hobi shell-mound site, Aichi Prefecture, Japan","authors":"O. Kondo, Soichiro Mizushima, N. Shigehara, Y. Yamada","doi":"10.1537/ase.220218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.220218","url":null,"abstract":"Ritual tooth ablation was a characteristic form of body expression for the prehistoric Jomon people. During the 2010–2013 excavation at the Hobi shell-mound site, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, a new case of secondary collective burial, banjo-shuseki-bo , was discovered, in which additional cases of ritu al tooth ablation were present in human skeletal remains. Here we describe the morphology and tooth extraction status of individual mandibles, and assess the interindividual relationships on the basis of tooth crown diameter. Although a certain degree of kin relation was predicted among individuals from the new collective burial, which seems comparable to those found in modern Japanese twin pairs, almost the same degree of close kin relationship was detected in interindividual variation and in intersite varia tion with the neighboring Jomon sites.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface to the special issue on interdisciplinary studies tackling the Jomon social structure","authors":"Yasuhiro Yamada","doi":"10.1537/ase.220326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.220326","url":null,"abstract":"© 2022 The Anthropological Society of Nippon There are many shell-mounds of the Jomon period on the Japanese archipelago. Because the people of the Jomon period also used these shell-mounds as graveyards, a large number of human bones—estimated to exceed 10000—from that time remain and have been excavated. Many of these human bones were excavated in the 1920s, and the human bones excavated from shell-mounds in Aichi and Okayama Prefectures were the core material of the ‘Japanese origin controversy,’ nihon jinshu ron, before and after the World War II. These human bones have also been used as reference materials for research on the grave systems and social structures of the Jomon period. Many archaeological researchers have used these materials to study the grave systems and social structures of the Jomon period. For example, as mentioned in the review of this issue, Hideji Harunari proposed a hypothesis about kinship organization at that time, based on the types of tooth extraction (Harunari, 1973, etc.). Kensaku Hayashi focused on the uneven distribution of the head orientation of the corpses, and hypothesized that the head orientation indicates the descent group and reflected the social structure at that time (Hayashi, 1977, etc.). These hypotheses have been repeatedly stated on various occasions over the four decades since they were published, and have become practically established in Jomon research. Recent advances in anthropological and biological analysis of human bones have made it possible to date directly from human bones by 14C, analyse dietary habits based on carbon/nitrogen isotope ratios, estimate immigrants by strontium isotope ratio analysis, and estimate genetic relationships by genome analysis. By using these methods, the hypotheses of Harunari and Hayashi can be tested, promoting new research areas. To investigate the earlier hypotheses, the research team that I am the representative of obtained research funding, namely a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) ‘Synthetic study of Jomon social structure by the collaboration between archaeology and anthropology’ (2010–2012), a Grantin-Aid for Scientific Research (B) ‘Construction and development the collaboration model between archaeologist and anthropologist by studying the human skeletons excavated from Hobi shell-mound’ (2013–2015), and a Grant-inAid for Scientific Research (A) ‘Reconstruction of Jomon social studies by interdisciplinary research among archaeology, anthropology and scientific studies on cultural properties’ (2018–2021), and conducted excavations of the Hobi shell-mound in Aichi Prefecture. Through these excavations, we found new human bone materials, which included banjo-shuseki-bo (collective secondary burials and squareshaped bone-pile burials), and were able to investigate the human bones excavated from the Ikawazu and Yoshigo shell-mounds, which are near the Hobi shell-mound. As a result, we succeeded in obtaining new findings. This special issue contain","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67030211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atypical dental wear patterns in individuals exhumed from a medieval Islamic necropolis of Santarém (Portugal)","authors":"A. Rodrigues, A. Silva, António Matias, A. L. Santos","doi":"10.1537/ase.201111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.201111","url":null,"abstract":"To infer the diet and cultural behaviours of Islamic communities during the medieval period in Portugal, 43 adult skeletons (13 females, 27 males, and 3 individuals of undetermined sex) from the medieval Islamic necropolis of Santarém were analysed. A total of 779 teeth were macroscopically observed to score dental wear and dental alterations as enamel chipping, notching, transversal grooves observed on the mesiodistal occlusal surfaces (TGMOS), and lingual surface attrition of the maxillary anterior teeth (LSAMAT). Occlusal wear was moderate. Chipping was recorded in 13.08% (98/749) teeth from 28 individuals, and notching affected 3.87% (29/749) belonging to 17 individuals. Five sub jects have transverse grooves, observed on the mesiodistal occlusal surfaces in 3% (23/750) of the teeth. LSAMAT was observed in 41.25% (66/160) of the anterior upper teeth belonging to 20 individuals. Combinations of different alterations were investigated: LSAMAT–chipping, LSAMAT–TGMOS, and LSAMAT–chipping–TGMOS. These could be related to hard food, extra-masticatory behaviours, chewing unknown substances, or trauma.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46361205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cranial morphometric analysis of early wet-rice farmers in the Yangtze River Delta of China","authors":"Kenji Okazaki, H. Takamuku, Yoshinori Kawakubo, M. Hudson, Jie Chen","doi":"10.1537/ase.210325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.210325","url":null,"abstract":"The Yangtze River Delta is the best-known homeland of wet-rice agriculture. From the Middle Neolithic, rice farming expanded from the Yangtze region to both the north and the south. However, poor preservation of ancient human skeletal remains in the region has meant that the population history of these expansions has not been fully understood. In order to clarify the ancestry of early wet-rice farmers in East Asia, we conducted a cranial morphometric analysis and comparison of a Middle Neolithic skeletal assemblage excavated from the Guangfulin site, Shanghai. The results of bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that: (1) Neolithic wet-rice farmers from the lower Yangtze retained local morphological characteristics, but were nevertheless morphologically more similar to Neolithic and later populations in northern China, which was home to early millet farmers, than to Neolithic populations in south China; and (2) Neolithic and later agricultural populations in East Asia were morphologically homogeneous compared to pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer groups even though the area occupied by both was equally vast. These results suggest, respectively, that: (1) Middle Neolithic wet-rice farmers in the Yangtze Delta experienced significant gene flow from regions of northern China such as the Central Plains and Shandong even though there is currently no evidence that millet cultivation itself had yet reached the delta region; and (2) Neolithic populations resulting from interaction between the Yangtze Delta and northern China dispersed widely across much of East Asia including the Japanese archipelago together with the spread of wet-rice agricultural technologies. These two proposals are paralleled by recent stable isotope analyses using tooth enamel and bone collagen, as well as archaeological evidence from Shandong. Finally, a facial approximation was conducted using a cranium (M252) excavated from Guangfulin for the purpose of visually expressing the results of this study.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46729852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancient genomes from the initial Jomon period: new insights into the genetic history of the Japanese archipelago","authors":"Noboru Adachi, Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama, T. Nara, Tsuneo Kakuda, Iwao Nishida, K. Shinoda","doi":"10.1537/ASE.2012132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1537/ASE.2012132","url":null,"abstract":"Starting 16000 years ago, the Neolithic lifestyle known as the Jomon culture spread across the Japanese archipelago. Although extensively studied by archaeology and physical anthropology, little is known about the genetic characteristics of the Jomon people. Here, we report the entire mitogenome and partial nuclear genome of skeletal remains from the initial Jomon period that were excavated from the Higashimyo shell midden site at Saga City, Kyushu Island, Japan. This is the first genome analysis of the initial Jomon people of Kyushu Island. These results provide important data for understanding the temporal transition and regional differences of the Jomon people. The mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplogroups were similar to those found in the previously reported later Jomon people. Moreover, comparison of three nuclear genomes from the initial to final Jomon periods indicated genet ic continuity throughout the Jomon period within the Japanese archipelago with no significant evidence of admixture. This indicates that the genetic differentiation found among the Jomon people was promot ed by the progression of regionalization throughout the Jomon period. Further accumulation of high-quality Jomon genome data spanning a wide range of regions and ages will clarify both intimate regional and temporal differences of the Jomon people and details of their admixture history with rice farmers, as suggested by Jomon mitochondrial genome data. The results obtained from this study provide important information for further analysis.","PeriodicalId":50751,"journal":{"name":"Anthropological Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44925651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}