M A Sacco, S Gualtieri, P Tarzia, A P Tarallo, M Manno, I Aquila
{"title":"The experimental reconstruction of a complicated case of work accident due to a scraper.","authors":"M A Sacco, S Gualtieri, P Tarzia, A P Tarallo, M Manno, I Aquila","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2024.5116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Workplace safety is a global public health issue. Re-constructing an accident can prove extremely complicated, especially when the event occurs without direct witnesses or when the scene is altered. In these cases, it is essential to adopt proper investigation pro-tocols in order to ensure the correct reconstruction of the dynamics.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A man was found unconscious on the ground, having fallen from a height of approximately 2 meters, where there was a cabin in which a conveyor belt of raw materials for the production of cement ran. At the end of the path of this belt a scraper was found. An autopsy was carried out and the scraper present at the scene was examined and compared with the injuries on the victim. After the autopsy, the investigators returned to the scene and collected the traces found in the cabin. At the end of collecting the traces, the investigators simulated the dynamics of the event by turning on the conveyor belt and placing a scraper of the same dimensions and characteristics as the one found at the scene inside the cabin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The autopsy showed a maxillofacial trauma with multiple bruises on the face and a serious fracture of the epistropheus tooth. This trauma was therefore incompatible with a simple fall from 2 meters. The investigators created an experimental model that demonstrated a very high energy rebound of the tape when placed in contact with the scraper. This reconstruction made it possible to carry out a single report with the data collected by the medical examiner and the investigators, which was effective and exhaustive, allowing the Authority to be provided with the evidence to continue the investigations about the responsibilities of the worker and the employer.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"199-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S Gualtieri, M A Sacco, P Tarzia, A Costa, S Gratteri, I Aquila
{"title":"The role of necroscopy and autopsy investigations in the diagno-sis and risk management of infections related to public health care: forensic and medico legal implications.","authors":"S Gualtieri, M A Sacco, P Tarzia, A Costa, S Gratteri, I Aquila","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2024.5108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent the most frequent adverse event in healthcare systems around the world. From a forensic point of view, HAIs show various legal implications. Therefore, it is essential in cases of death or injury from a suspected nosocomial infection that the infection itself, the source and the method of contamination are correctly diagnosed in order to evaluate any profiles of professional liability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study combined a minireview of the scientific literature using the Pubmed search engine, the website of the Higher Institute of Health and the member states information sessions on infection prevention and control (IPC).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Despite the significant impact that HAIs have on healthcare systems, their severity is often not fully understood by healthcare professionals, leading to insufficient responses. In the autopsy setting, the diagnosis of these infections is not always simple due to the risk of post-mortem contamination determined by the endogenous bacterial flora. In the forensic field, the medical examiner during the autopsy can use various diagnostic techniques and investigative tools to identify the infection. Some usefulpp approaches include: 1) Macroscopic examination of the organs; 2) Histopathological investiga-tions; 3) Microbiological analyzes with the performance of swabs; 4) Immunofluorescence tests for the detection of antigens or antibodies on biological liquids; 5) Molecular tests. The choice of methods will depend on the nature of the suspected infection and the availability of diagnostic resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"167-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G Baldino, S Pellicano, A Marchese, G Burrascano, A Asmundo, E Ventura Spagnolo, P Tarzia
{"title":"The ghost dead: ethical and medico legal analysis on the Mediterranean tragedies.","authors":"G Baldino, S Pellicano, A Marchese, G Burrascano, A Asmundo, E Ventura Spagnolo, P Tarzia","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5091","DOIUrl":"10.7417/CT.2024.5091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cadaveric identification represents a legal, moral and medico-legal obligation and also fulfills the ethical function to allow the living to offer their dead a merciful burial. In the Mediterranean basin we have been witnessing for years a struggle for life where hundreds of migrants die in an attempt to reach Europe. For these people right to be recognized is not easy because of ante-death biological data are not always available for comparison, and DNA analysis is not always feasible cause for the absence of data with which to compare. In Italy a multidisciplinary protocol has been adopted that involves the acquisition of data provided by family members present in the countries of origin.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Between August 2015 and December 2021, bodies of 879 migrants of various nationalities washed up on the shores of Sicily and Calabria. These men, women, and children, in various states of preservation, were examined. Each body underwent a multidisciplinary approach. External examination and autopsy aimed to determine the cause of death for judicial purposes and to facilitate individual identification. Whenever possible bodies underwent total body post-mortem computed tomography examination to identify fractures and prosthetic implants. including inspection of the third molar to provide an estimate of the age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The activity carried out in cooperation with Prefecture, Scientific Police, and National and International Red Cross highlighted the importance of employing multiple scientific skills to compensate for the lack of biological information. The importance of appropriate behaviors to avoid contamination and ensure proper preservation underlines the importance of the establishment of a dedicated database.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 1(4)","pages":"80-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G N Piras, U Baggio, V Tortorella, L Storace, F Negro, E Marinelli
{"title":"The weekend factor: the effect on healthcare quality. A medico-legal, retrospective study.","authors":"G N Piras, U Baggio, V Tortorella, L Storace, F Negro, E Marinelli","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5120","DOIUrl":"10.7417/CT.2024.5120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the healthcare system, in the last 30 years, the prognostically negative value of the so-called Weekend Effect (WE) has been internationally recognized. The WE is regarded as the increased risk a patient might incur when hospitalized during non-working days, of enduring severe complications in comparison to the same hospitalization that occur on working days. The aim of this study was to retrospectively verify whether, once a mistake was made during weekends or on holidays, in comparison to a mistake occurred on workdays, it subsequently implied a higher risk of complications, death included, in a statistical and medico-legal way.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three different evaluators independently examined a total of 378 medico-legal cases over a more than 20-year period. Eventual medical actions and omissions were labelled as 'mistake' when the AJ claimed that at least one occurred; 'alleged mistake' included the cases where the EW's report disagreed with the AJ's one; finally, 'no mistake' when both the AJ and the EW agreed in their evaluations. During weekends there is a higher risk that a mistake occurs (OR=3.3, 95% CI=1.6;7.4; p-value<0.001) compared to weekdays. When death occurs, delayed diagnosis is the main cause (p=0.02), whereas a damaging action is more frequently claimed in general.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We verified as actual the impact of the WE on patients' outcome from a medico-legal point of view. The implications for an improvement of the several settings of the Italian NHS are various, and many are the consequences in the healthcare management.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"213-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L Sorace, M Albore, U Baggio, I Naso, L Pellegrini, G Bolino, T Mangiulli
{"title":"An atypical gunshot suicide: a case report and a literature overview.","authors":"L Sorace, M Albore, U Baggio, I Naso, L Pellegrini, G Bolino, T Mangiulli","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2024.5121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gunshot suicides are more common in those people who live in countries with greater cultural accessibility of firearms and whose weapon's availability and use are easier. In the case of suicide by firearm, the most typical site of the entrance hole is represented by the temple, the forehead or the submental region, while only in a smaller percentage of cases is intra-oral.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>We present a particular case of suicide of an 85-year-old man, using a single-charge, short-barrelled firearm. The shot was fired on contact, with the entrance hole located at the tongue. The bullet remained held inside the body and there was no exit hole on the skin. A rigorous and multidisciplinary methodological approach was adopted, including an accurate judicial inspection of the environment, an anamnestic collection, an autoptic procedure completed by macroscopic and microscopic examination of the entrance hole and internal organs, and a radiological examination.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In cases of gunshot suicide involving the intra-oral region, the tongue is rarely affected. Normally, the victim points the weapon upwards and the bullet follows this direction. When the entrance hole is on an atypical site, and different from the skin, and the trajectory are inusual, the interpretation of the dynamic of the event is more complex. So, it is essential to conduct a complete investigation, including the information of the forensic examination, with the data emerged in autopsy, radiological and histological examination.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"219-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M A Sacco, S Gualtieri, P Tarzia, L Calanna, A Carbone, I Aquila
{"title":"The role of operative protocols for the prevention of occupational infectious risk on the crime scene.","authors":"M A Sacco, S Gualtieri, P Tarzia, L Calanna, A Carbone, I Aquila","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5113","DOIUrl":"10.7417/CT.2024.5113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Crime scenes are possible scenario of accidents for operators, despite those risks the are no operative protocols in literature. However, COVID-19 pandemic has affected in a positive manner the management of infectious risk, encouraging use of Personal protective equipment (PPE). The aim of the study is to deepen and examine the occupational risk of all health professionals involved in the analysis of the crime scene and biological material collection to develop an operational protocol that explains in detail all the strategies applicable to reduce it.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted a review of the literature researching among the main databases, such as: PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE introducing as keywords: crime scene, medico-legal investigations, occupational risk, infections. Subsequently, we developed an operational protocol that is currently applied during the activity of the Institute of Forensic Medicine \"Magna Graecia\" of Catanzaro.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The crime scene can show numerous dangers for operators, due to the presence of syringes, contaminated biological material or sharps or access to areas with poor hygienic and sanitary conditions. This paper shows various strategies that may be implemented to reduce the risk. The aim of this work is to focus on the occupational risk for operators by proposing an operative protocol showing in detail how to manage a crime scene by reducing the infectious risk for operators until the transfer of the body and the collected evidence to the morgue and to the laboratory.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"187-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G Baldino, D Iannello, G Bartoloni, G Burrascano, A Asmundo, E Ventura Spagnolo
{"title":"Use of morcellation in laparoscopic myomectomy. Medical malpractice and medicolegal considerations.","authors":"G Baldino, D Iannello, G Bartoloni, G Burrascano, A Asmundo, E Ventura Spagnolo","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2024.5100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, due to the increase in medical mal-practice complaints, the Sicilian Regional Health System has adopted procedures for the direct management of claims by each health facility with the aim of reducing the costs of insurance premiums and related taxes. Mandatory sentinel event monitoring is a crucial part of this strategy to improve patient safety and quality of care. The reported case relates to a laparoscopic myomectomy surgery performed by means of morcellation, a controversial technique. After the FDA's intervention in 2014, it is believed that morcellation may worsen the staging of the disease by spreading malignancies such as leiomyosarcoma into the abdomen.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 28-year-old woman, underwent laparoscopic surgery for uterine fibroids and an ovarian cyst removal in August 2018. Post-surgery, she was diagnosed with Leiomyoma. She returned to the hospital due to metrorrhagia and was discharged after a week. Persistent symptoms led to her readmission and subsequent exploratory laparoscopic surgery at another hospital. This resulted in a total hysterectomy and the discovery of uterine leiomyosarcoma, with FIGO STAGE IIIB staging. Despite chemotherapy, she passed away six months later.</p><p><strong>Discussion and conclusions: </strong>This case highlights medical-legal issues. Informed consent for morcellation and its risks was not obtained. The morcellation technique was used, increasing cancer spread risk. The histopathological process was inadequate, with three biopsies leading to misdiagnosis. This could be medical malpractice, making providers legally responsible for the patient's deteriorating condition and the anticipation of possible death.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"130-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F Introna, A Cristalli, A Colucci, A Marzaioli, E Macorano
{"title":"Similarity, analogy, compatibility, identification: personal identification in forensic practice.","authors":"F Introna, A Cristalli, A Colucci, A Marzaioli, E Macorano","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2024.5117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Personal identification is a forensic procedure of recognizing a subject, whether corpse or living, based on a set of parameters and evidence. Spreading of video surveillance cameras has changed forensic application in identification. Indeed, there has been a shift from the evaluation of universally recognized anthropometric parameters to the spasmodic search for individual traits and/or characteristics that could be safely attributed to a single subject.</p><p><strong>Case series: </strong>Authors analyzed two different cases of personal identification with the analysis and processing of images extracted from video surveillance systems. The first case involved two individuals suspected of throwing an ordnance into the relevant space of a public building. The second case involved a subject suspected of committing a robbery against a commercial establishment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the field of personal identification focused on images processing extracted from video surveillance systems, as in the cases presented by the authors, there are lot of critical issues and limitations, which could undermine data. Correct personal identification can be achieved by comparing the clearly visible and objectively recognizable somatophysical and physiognomic characteristics of the offender with those of the suspects. So how compatible are two subjects compared? Compatibility and identification are two very different con-cepts. It is not necessarily the case that full compatibility is equivalent to personal identification. It is not necessarily the case that the absence of morphological similarity is equivalent to identification exclusion.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"202-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L Tarda, M A Sacco, P Tarzia, M C Verrina, J Calafiore, I Aquila
{"title":"Analysis of toxicological findings related to immunofluorescence investigations.","authors":"L Tarda, M A Sacco, P Tarzia, M C Verrina, J Calafiore, I Aquila","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5112","DOIUrl":"10.7417/CT.2024.5112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The subject of this article is the role of forensic toxicology in post-mortem examinations using immunofluorescence methods, its implications and its role in providing conclusive evidence for both criminal and civil proceedings. The aim of the study is to verify the correlation between the mode of death and the ingestion of exogenous substances and, if positive, to identify the category of substances ingested and assess their role in the cause of death.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A laboratory study was carried out, consisting of several phases: pre-analytical phase; analytical phase; post-analytical phase. The variables analyzed were sex, cause of death, age. Abused substances tested: amphetamines, methamphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methadone, opiates, tricyclic antidepressants, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis), alcohol.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Retrospective analysis was performed on a total sample of 55 cases. The most relevant data emerged: cocaine with an incidence of 7.3% (4 cases out of 55), amphetamines with 5.4% (3 cases in total). The results of the screening tests were then subjected to confirmatory tests. There is an association between the use of certain exogenous substances and an increased risk of certain causes of death, such as overdose, traffic accidents, cardiovascular deaths, etc. This paper has highlighted the possibility of using first level immunological tests, such as immunofluorescence, to provide preliminary answers to the judicial authority immediately after autopsy, and a quantitative deepening with further second level tests, such as gas chromatography, as a gold standard to determine the cause of death.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"183-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S Gualtieri, M A Sacco, P Tarzia, A P Tarallo, M Manno, I Aquila
{"title":"Autoptic aspects in a case of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.","authors":"S Gualtieri, M A Sacco, P Tarzia, A P Tarallo, M Manno, I Aquila","doi":"10.7417/CT.2024.5110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2024.5110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Polycystic kidney disease is a cystic genetic disease. There are two forms: an autosomal dominant one, more common and typical of adults, and an autosomal recessive one, rarer and present in childhood. The autosomal dominant form is caused by genetic mutations of the PKD1 gene in 85% of cases and of PKD2 in 10-15% of cases.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>We reported a case of 56-year-old woman with ADPKD, who had a kidney transplant and who was hospitalized for respiratory failure from Covid 19 disease. She was intubated, sedated and dialyzed, treated with antibiotics, immunosuppressants, diuretics and heparin. CT scan of the abdomen showed multiple cysts of various sizes in the liver and multiple cysts in the kidneys. The patient died after 20 days because she was unresponsive to therapy. The autopsy showed milky ascitic fluid in the abdomen, massive gastric haemor-rhage, intestinal fungal plaques, hepatic and renal polycystosis. The kidneys measured a total of 27 cm with a total weight of about 9 kg. The liver parenchyma appeared cavernous with multiple cysts. The kidney cysts contained bloody liquid.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The case demonstrates how important it is in these subjects to evaluate not only the kidneys but also the liver which could present polycystosis and cause liver failure, affecting the severity of the pathology and death. This data is important to emphasize in the clinical management of these patients a close monitoring of liver function also from a preventative perspective in life.</p>","PeriodicalId":50686,"journal":{"name":"Clinica Terapeutica","volume":"175 Suppl 2(4)","pages":"176-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141890783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}