Cognitive Neuropsychology最新文献_第8页

How The visual system turns things the right way up. 视觉系统是如何将事物正确地呈现出来的

IF 2.6 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2073808

Maryam Vaziri-Pashkam, Bevil R Conway

引用次数: 0

Identifying the neural loci mediating conscious object orientation perception using fMRI MVPA. 利用fMRI MVPA识别介导有意识物体定向感知的神经位点。

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2040973

JohnMark Taylor, Yaoda Xu

{"title":"Identifying the neural loci mediating conscious object orientation perception using fMRI MVPA.","authors":"JohnMark Taylor, Yaoda Xu","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2040973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2040973","url":null,"abstract":"Vannuscorps et al. (2021) present a comprehensive set of carefully designed behavioural experiments to characterize a young woman’s (“Davida’s”) unique neuropsychological deficit in object orientation perception. Specifically, when presented with 2D shapes defined by sharp edges with medium to high contrast, Davida reports seeing 90° and 180° rotated, and mirror-reversed, versions of the same shapes. By contrast, when shown 3D shapes or 2D shapes defined by blurred edges with low contrast, Davida’s performance is intact compared to agematched control participants. Vannuscorps et al. theorize that Davida’s deficit arises from a failure to map intermediate shape-centered representations (ISCRs) derived from cues preferentially processed in the parvocellular visual pathway from retinotopic coordinates to the higher-level spatiotopic or bodycentered coordinates that undergird conscious perception and action. They further propose that midlevel ventral stream regions such as LO1/2 (V4d in monkeys) may encode these ISCRs in retinotopic coordinates before they are transformed into spatiotopic or body-centered coordinates in downstream ventral and dorsal stream regions. Representations of multiple spatial reference frames have been most prominently associated with the primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC). In neuropsychological studies, damage to the human PPC has been linked to spatial neglect, which can occur with respect to retinotopic, body-centered, or spatiotopic reference frames (Halligan et al., 2003). In macaques, representations of different spatial reference frames have been linked to neurones in different subregions within the intraparietal sulcus (Colby & Goldberg, 1999). The re-representation of visual information from retinotopic coordinates in early visual areas to other reference frames is consistent with the idea that PPC plays an important role in the adaptive and dynamic aspect of visual information processing, whereby input from the ventral visual cortex is transformed to facilitate task performance and efficient interaction with the external world (Xu, 2018a & 2018b; see also Vaziri-Pashkam & Xu, 2017). Whereas previous studies have linked the representation of multiple spatial reference frames to PPC, Vannuscorps et al. (2021) suggest that it could occur earlier in regions immediately downstream from LO in the human brain, such as in V3A/V3B and IPS0. These brain regions have previously been linked to the representation of 3D space (e.g., Georgieva et al., 2009), the tracking of up to four object locations, and visual grouping (Bettencourt & Xu, 2016a; Xu & Chun, 2006, 2007 & 2009). The possibility of linking Davida’s behavioural deficit and the transformation of spatial reference frames to this general brain region presents an exciting opportunity that could help us better understand the precise function this region may play in visual perception. Vannuscorps et al. presume that Davida’s processing of the orientations of 2D shapes","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"39 1-2","pages":"64-67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9994469/pdf/nihms-1874112.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9409621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Shape-centered representations of bounded regions of space mediate the perception of objects. 以形状为中心的有界空间区域代表着对物体的感知。

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-24 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2021.1960495

Gilles Vannuscorps, Albert Galaburda, Alfonso Caramazza

引用次数: 17

Do computational models of vision need shape-based representations? Evidence from an individual with intriguing visual perceptions. 视觉的计算模型需要基于形状的表示吗?证据来自一个有着迷人视觉感知的人。

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-22 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2041588

Marcelo Armendariz, Will Xiao, Kasper Vinken, Gabriel Kreiman

引用次数: 1

Davida's deficits: weak encoding of impoverished stimuli or faulty egocentric representation? 大卫达的缺陷:对贫乏刺激的弱编码还是错误的自我中心表征?

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2083947

Dina V Popovkina, Anitha Pasupathy

引用次数: 1

Does more imply better vision? 更多意味着更好的视力吗?

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2052715

Elisa Castaldi, Guido Marco Cicchini, Francesca Tinelli, Maria Concetta Morrone

引用次数: 1

Coming to grips with a fundamental deficit in visual perception. 着手解决视觉感知的基本缺陷。

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-19 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2040975

Robert L Whitwell, Melvyn A Goodale

{"title":"Coming to grips with a fundamental deficit in visual perception.","authors":"Robert L Whitwell, Melvyn A Goodale","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2040975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2040975","url":null,"abstract":"Davida’s striking pattern of visual deficits and spared visual abilities presents us with a real challenge of interpretation (Vannuscorps et al., 2021). How is it that her perception of the orientation of high-contrast 2D objects with sharp edges is so wildly (but consistently) disturbed, while her everyday behaviour in the 3D visual world appears to be essentially normal? Indeed, if it were not for the fact that she shows disturbances in reading for which the perception of the orientation of letters is critical, her deficits may never have come to light. According to her case history, Davida is skilled at soccer and basketball, two activities that are not only visually demanding but require rapid computation of the orientation of objects in both world-centred and egocentric coordinates. In short, in a pre-literate world, Davida would have functioned just fine. Vannuscorps et al. (2021) interpret Davida’s deficits as evidence for a disturbance in an intermediate stage in the construction of conscious visual representations in shape-centred frames of reference – with a selectivity in the deficit biased toward the parvocellular pathway. If this is the case, then one can understand why reading would be particularly susceptible to such a disturbance in representation. Not only does the parvocellular pathway play a key role in the processing of print, but the correct perception of an individual letter critically depends on computing the orientation of the letter. For most people, reading is easiest with high-contrast sharply defined letters. For Davida, it is quite the opposite. She does better under dim lighting and with blurred letters, situations where the magnocellular projections to the ventral stream are providing the required input to decode the letters. Presumably, unlike people with normal vision, she would not show the transient improvement in the ability to read small print that occurs after adaptation to flicker, which reduces sensitivity to coarse-scaled visual signals from the magno pathway (Arnold et al., 2016). In fact, she might get worse. Davida’s deficit in the perception of the orientation of objects raises many interesting questions. We will focus on only one: does her deficit affect the selection of wrist orientation and hand posture when she reaches to grasp objects? The fact that Davida does so well interacting with objects in the real world suggests that the visuomotor mechanisms in her dorsal stream are functioning properly. This is perhaps not surprising since because dorsal stream processing relies heavily on visual input from the magnocellular pathway, and Davida’s magnocellular pathway seems intact. Nevertheless, Vannuscorps et al. (2021) tested her visuomotor abilities by having her reach out and place her right thumb and index finger on the ends of a 2D line or on two unconnected dots that were the same distance apart as the ends of the line – “as if she were grasping it/them”. Not surprisingly, Davida had no problem pl","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"109-112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39941809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The search for shape-centered representations. 寻找以形状为中心的表示。

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2052718

Edward H SIlson, Antony B Morland

{"title":"The search for shape-centered representations.","authors":"Edward H SIlson, Antony B Morland","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2052718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2052718","url":null,"abstract":"If you were to ask someone in the street what they find most fascinating about the human brain the chances are they will tell you about a strange neuropsychological case study in which the patient presents with an odd and intriguingly specific deficit. Perhaps they lost the ability to recognize faces, tasted in colors or could no longer navigate familiar environments. Neuropsychological case studies, it turns out, are thus intrinsically fascinating to both scientists and the general public alike. Consistent with this general tenet, the case of ‘Davida’ reported by Vannuscorps et al. (Vannuscorps et al., 2021) is no exception. Davida, a right-handed young woman who is unremarkable in terms of her medical, neuropsychological, and neurological history nevertheless presents with a specific deficit in which she perceives 2D bounded shapes, defined by sharp edges of high contrast, as either inverted, mirror-reversed or plane-rotated by 90 or 180 degrees. Remarkably, her ability to judge the shape, size, location, distance, and tilt of 2D stimuli is no different from controls and her perception of 3D, strongly blurred or very low contrast shapes is intact—a curious case if ever there was one. When reading case-studies one can be left questioning the depth and breadth of the testing, wishing that further tests had been conducted to rule out all manner of possible explanations. Of course, time is tight when conducting these studies, but that sense of a missed opportunity can persist, nevertheless. That is not the case when reading Vannuscorps et al. Over the course of two years, Davida completed six experimental phases comprising over fifty individual experiments. Within these, many of the conceivable adaptations and modifications to the experimental set-up were tested including, but not limited to, visual, auditory, and somatosensory perception, visual illusions, object naming, object matching and drawing/tracing—a monumental achievement for both the researchers and Davida herself. Collectively, these data provide a benchmark for comprehensive behavioral profiling in such casestudies. The fact that Davida systematically mis-perceives 2D shapes defined by sharp and high contrast edges as either reversed or plane-rotated and yet perceives low contrast 2D shapes and 3D shapes correctly, suggests a dissociation between the visual information originating from the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways, pointing to a failure to integrate parvocellular information correctly. But, perhaps the most intriguing implication of Davida’s behavioral profile is that the implied cortical locus of her deficit lies at an intermediate stage of visual processing, somewhere between retinotopic based frames of representation in early visual cortex (e.g., V1-V3) (Wandell et al., 2007), and more abstract spatiotopic and bodycentered coordinate systems that are presumably computed more anterior in the brain (Groen et al., 2021). Vannuscorps et al. term this type of representati","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"85-87"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40330839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Unstable orientation perception as a failure of perceptual binding. 不稳定的定向知觉是知觉绑定的失败。

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-07 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2036113

Irina M Harris

{"title":"Unstable orientation perception as a failure of perceptual binding.","authors":"Irina M Harris","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2036113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2036113","url":null,"abstract":"In the target article, Vannuscorps, Galaburda and Caramazza describe a fascinating case, Davida, who most frequently misperceives the orientation of 2D shapes. Davida’s deficit is remarkable by its specificity: it only applies to shapes defined by high-contrast bounded regions of space, but not to 3D shapes, low spatial frequency stimuli, or shapes defined by unconnected colinear dots. On the other hand, it generalizes across perception and action tasks, with very similar patterns of errors. This prompted Vannuscorps and colleagues to propose that Davida has a deficit in mapping a shape-centred representation processed specifically in the parvocellular pathway onto higher-level spatial reference frames centred on the viewer and the environment that are responsible for delivering our conscious perception and guide our actions. They suggest that these representations, which they call intermediate shape-centred representations (ISCRs) occur at an early – and pre-conscious – stage of visual processing that is common to the ventral and dorsal visual streams. In this commentary I highlight some other evidence that would support the existence of such early shape-centred representations and speculate that Davida’s faulty perception of orientation is due to a difficulty in maintaining a stable binding between ISCRs and a spatial reference frame. Davida clearly has no problem recognizing shapes and identifying objects (with the exception of orientation-defined letters, such as b, d, p, q), even though her perception of their orientation is mostly incorrect. Thus, her performance strongly suggests that the shape and identity of an object is extracted before an orientation vector that describes how the object is positioned in space is assigned to the object. In this, she is similar to previously-described cases of orientation agnosia, who can recognize objects presented in a variety of orientations, but cannot interpret their orientations (Cooper & Humphreys, 2000; Fujinaga et al., 2005; Harris et al., 2001; Karnath et al., 2000; Turnbull et al., 1997; Turnbull et al., 1995). A similar dissociation was described in a number of studies conducted with neurotypical participants, which found that object identity is determined faster than object orientation (De Caro, 1998; De Caro & Reeves, 2000; Harris et al., 2020), as well as other studies that show implicit object recognition from brief displays, as indexed by priming and repetition blindness, is orientation-invariant and that any costs incurred by presenting an object in an unfamiliar orientation occur at a later stage of conscious report (Dux & Harris, 2007; Harris & Dux, 2005; Harris et al., 2008; Hayward et al., 2010). Collectively, these findings provide empirical support for an early theoretical position advocated by Corballis (1988) who argued that one must know an object’s identity before one can determine its orientation, because orientation can only be judged relative to an objectcentred reference f","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"51-53"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39601000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Sixty years of visual cortex single-cell studies to explain the perceptual deficits of Davida. 60年的视觉皮层单细胞研究解释大卫达的知觉缺陷。

IF 3.4 3区心理学

Cognitive Neuropsychology Pub Date : 2022-02-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-19 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2037538

Guy A Orban

{"title":"Sixty years of visual cortex single-cell studies to explain the perceptual deficits of Davida.","authors":"Guy A Orban","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2037538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2037538","url":null,"abstract":"An elongated shape, such as an arrow, provides two cues from which its in-plane orientation can be derived: the inclination (first spatial derivative of position) of the overall shape and the position of its endpoints. In the extensive investigation of the perceptual capacities of Davida (Vannuscorps et al., 2022, this journal), those two cues are used interchangeably (experiments 1.1, 1.7, 3.2 and 3.3). Yet at the neuronal level, endpoints require a more complex receptive field (RF) endowed with end-stopping (Heitger et al., 1992; Hubel & Wiesel, 1965; Orban et al., 1979; Schiller et al., 1976; Yazdanbakhsh & Livingstone, 2006), while the inclination of the shape can be analysed by a simple oriented RF (Hubel & Wiesel, 1959). Given the widespread use of gratings to investigate the early visual regions of the non-human primate (nhp) visual system, relatively little is known about processing of endpoints up to area V4 (Pasupathy & Connor, 1999; Ponce et al., 2017). The authors claim that tilt discrimination is spared in Davida (experiments 2.5 and 3.5), but the methods do not state that the position of the lines was randomised to disable the position-of-endpoint cue, allowing the subject to use this alternative cue. It also opens the door to more complex explanations of the deficit, such as conflicts between cues because the position-of-endpoint cue provides erroneous information. In addition, the test involved a comparison between lines, which is more complex than identifying the orientation of a single line (Orban et al., 1984). For example, the temporal comparison in successive orientation discrimination requires the rostral infero-temporal (IT) cortex, where the orientation of the first stimulus is stored in a short-lived buffer (Orban & Vogels, 1998). The use of a single line would have simplified the interpretation, and enabled comparison with nhp lesion studies (De Weerd et al., 1999; Vogels et al., 1997) showing that orientation identification requires only the initial parts of the ventral stream up to V4. The report states (experiment 6.10) that the processing of orientation of kinetic edges has been investigated extensively in human and non-human primates and seems intact. In humans, the so-called kinetic occipital (KO) region (Van Oostende et al., 1997) is in fact part of the lateral occipital (LO) complex (Larsson & Heeger, 2006), which corresponds to dorsal V4 of the monkey (Kolster et al., 2010). Single-cell studies have shown that the extraction of kinetic edges is achieved in IT cortex (Sary et al., 1993), and even in V4 (Mysore et al., 2006), but not in MT (Marcar et al., 1995), nor V1, and only weakly in V2 (Marcar et al., 2000). Even if there is some grouping of neurons according to the cue used in V4, its retinotopic organisation (Gattass et al., 1988) imposes that this segregation is limited to a distance well below the size of a hypothetical focal disruption (e.g. grating patches in V4 are about 1 mm in size, Vanduffel et al.","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":" ","pages":"60-63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39941808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1