Cognitive Neuropsychology最新文献

{"title":"The role of parvocellular and magnocellular shape maps in the derivation of spatially integrated 3D object representations","authors":"E. Leek, I. Reppa","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2069486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2069486","url":null,"abstract":"Our ability to effectively process visual information necessitates the transformation of sensory input from retinotopic to non-retinotopic representations of scene content. One fundamental question concerns the mechanisms, types of representation, and coordinate systems, that mediate these transformations. The complexity of their interactions makes this a formidable challenge. Davida’s case presents with a highly specific deficit affecting the mapping between representations of sensory input based on retinotopic coordinates and higher-level non-retinotopic reference frames. To account for her performance, the authors outline a theoretical proposal that makes several important claims. Among those are: (1) the existence of a level of intermediate shapecentred representation (ISCRs – or “shape maps”) that mediates the mapping between retinotopic and body-centred/spatiotopic representations of scene content; (2) the parallel derivation of independent ISCRs encoding object shape information via parvocellular (P-cell) and magnocellular (M-cell) channels. Davida’s impairment is assumed to arise from a selective deficit affecting the mapping between the proposed ISCR and body-centred/spatiotopic reference frames in the P-cell channel. This interesting proposal invites further speculation about the possible role of the proposed ISCRs in the derivation of spatially integrated representations of complex 3D object shapes – and their prospective role in object recognition. The question we discuss here is how this proposal might link to other recent work about the structure and functional organization of object shape representations in human vision. A growing body of evidence suggests that object representation in human vision is hierarchical, decompositional, and parts-based (e.g., Behrmann & Kimchi, 2003; Behrmann et al., 2006; Biederman, 1987; Hoffman & Richards, 1984; Leek et al., 2003; 2005; 2009; Reppa & Leek, 2003; Robertson & Lamb, 1991). These multi-level representations comprise elementary local features (e.g., edges and vertices), intermediate-level functional units (e.g., spatially bounded 2D regions approximating visible surface structure – Leek et al., 2005; Reppa et al., 2015; Marr & Nishihara, 1978; Palmer & Rock, 1994), and (on some accounts) higher-order primitives such as volumetric parts (e.g., Biederman, 1987; Marr & Nishihara, 1978). Evidence for this complex decompositional representational structure comes from both studies of neurologically intact, and brain-damaged, individuals. For example, there are case reports of patients with acquired object recognition impairments who have difficulty distinguishing among 3D objects that comprise the same geometric parts arranged in different 3D spatial configurations (e.g., Behrmann et al., 2006; Behrmann & Kimchi, 2003); studies showing complementary patterns of local-global feature representation deficits following unilateral brain lesions (Robertson & Lamb, 1991), and partsbased object identif","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"39 1","pages":"92 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44378720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of a shape-centred representations in the perception of complex shapes","authors":"Casco Clara","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2083948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2083948","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT I further develop the Vannuscorps et al. [(2021). Shape-centered representations of bounded regions of space mediate the perception of objects. Cognitive neuropsychology, 1–50.] interpretation of Davida's deficit, as based on a failure of mapping information carried by the parvocellular pathway onto non-retinotopic coordinates. I assumed that magno-parvo cooperation is required to bind local features into 2-D shapes with sharp edges, although the relative role of either subsystem may depend on the task. My suggestion is that perception is un impaired when the imbalance is in favour of the magno system; that is, with images blurred or made up of either disconnected elements or isolated line segments not requiring binding. Conversely, misperception occurs when the task involves an imbalance in favour of parvo analysis; i.e., when orientation judgment is based mainly on the highest levels of parvo analysis devoted to binding in the ventral stream. In these last conditions, Davida's misperception of orientation of these 2-D shapes may result from a switch of magno-parvo cooperation to conflict.","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"39 1","pages":"103 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47371713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Davida reorients intermediate visual processing.","authors":"Sam Ling, Michaela Klimova","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2052719","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2052719","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"39 1","pages":"88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10928806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48913274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How The visual system turns things the right way up.","authors":"Maryam Vaziri-Pashkam, Bevil R Conway","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2073808","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2073808","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"39 1","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10759311/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47177981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying the neural loci mediating conscious object orientation perception using fMRI MVPA.","authors":"JohnMark Taylor, Yaoda Xu","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2040973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2040973","url":null,"abstract":"Vannuscorps et al. (2021) present a comprehensive set of carefully designed behavioural experiments to characterize a young woman’s (“Davida’s”) unique neuropsychological deficit in object orientation perception. Specifically, when presented with 2D shapes defined by sharp edges with medium to high contrast, Davida reports seeing 90° and 180° rotated, and mirror-reversed, versions of the same shapes. By contrast, when shown 3D shapes or 2D shapes defined by blurred edges with low contrast, Davida’s performance is intact compared to agematched control participants. Vannuscorps et al. theorize that Davida’s deficit arises from a failure to map intermediate shape-centered representations (ISCRs) derived from cues preferentially processed in the parvocellular visual pathway from retinotopic coordinates to the higher-level spatiotopic or bodycentered coordinates that undergird conscious perception and action. They further propose that midlevel ventral stream regions such as LO1/2 (V4d in monkeys) may encode these ISCRs in retinotopic coordinates before they are transformed into spatiotopic or body-centered coordinates in downstream ventral and dorsal stream regions. Representations of multiple spatial reference frames have been most prominently associated with the primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC). In neuropsychological studies, damage to the human PPC has been linked to spatial neglect, which can occur with respect to retinotopic, body-centered, or spatiotopic reference frames (Halligan et al., 2003). In macaques, representations of different spatial reference frames have been linked to neurones in different subregions within the intraparietal sulcus (Colby & Goldberg, 1999). The re-representation of visual information from retinotopic coordinates in early visual areas to other reference frames is consistent with the idea that PPC plays an important role in the adaptive and dynamic aspect of visual information processing, whereby input from the ventral visual cortex is transformed to facilitate task performance and efficient interaction with the external world (Xu, 2018a & 2018b; see also Vaziri-Pashkam & Xu, 2017). Whereas previous studies have linked the representation of multiple spatial reference frames to PPC, Vannuscorps et al. (2021) suggest that it could occur earlier in regions immediately downstream from LO in the human brain, such as in V3A/V3B and IPS0. These brain regions have previously been linked to the representation of 3D space (e.g., Georgieva et al., 2009), the tracking of up to four object locations, and visual grouping (Bettencourt & Xu, 2016a; Xu & Chun, 2006, 2007 & 2009). The possibility of linking Davida’s behavioural deficit and the transformation of spatial reference frames to this general brain region presents an exciting opportunity that could help us better understand the precise function this region may play in visual perception. Vannuscorps et al. presume that Davida’s processing of the orientations of 2D shapes","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"39 1-2","pages":"64-67"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9994469/pdf/nihms-1874112.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9409621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Davida's deficits: weak encoding of impoverished stimuli or faulty egocentric representation?","authors":"Dina V Popovkina,&nbsp;Anitha Pasupathy","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2083947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2083947","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vannuscorps and colleagues present the fascinating case of Davida, a young person who makes systematic errors in judgments related to orientations of sharp or high-contrast visual stimuli. In this commentary, we discuss the findings in the context of observations from mid-level ventral visual stream physiology. We propose two additional interpretations for the specificity of the behavioural deficits: the observed impairments in orientation judgments may be consistent with a system that is not able to unambiguously represent certain impoverished stimuli, or with a system that is not able to translate visual input into head- or body-centered coordinates. Davida's case offers a unique glimpse into the complex cascade of transformations that enable accurate orientation judgments, and sparks curiosity about which mechanistic disruptions can produce such specific unstable percepts.</p>","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"39 1-2","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9484035/pdf/nihms-1812388.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9597423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partial mental simulation explains fallacies in physical reasoning","authors":"Ilona Bass, Kevin A. Smith, E. Bonawitz, T. Ullman","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2083950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2083950","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT People can reason intuitively, efficiently, and accurately about everyday physical events. Recent accounts suggest that people use mental simulation to make such intuitive physical judgments. But mental simulation models are computationally expensive; how is physical reasoning relatively accurate, while maintaining computational tractability? We suggest that people make use of partial simulation, mentally moving forward in time only parts of the world deemed relevant. We propose a novel partial simulation model, and test it on the physical conjunction fallacy, a recently observed phenomenon [Ludwin-Peery et al. (2020). Broken physics: A conjunction-fallacy effect in intuitive physical reasoning. Psychological Science, 31(12), 1602–1611. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620957610] that poses a challenge for full simulation models. We find an excellent fit between our model's predictions and human performance on a set of scenarios that build on and extend those used by Ludwin-Peery et al. [(2020). Broken physics: A conjunction-fallacy effect in intuitive physical reasoning. Psychological Science, 31(12), 1602–1611. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620957610], quantitatively and qualitatively accounting for deviations from optimal performance. Our results suggest more generally how we allocate cognitive resources to efficiently represent and simulate physical scenes.","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"38 1","pages":"413 - 424"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47062781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical understanding in neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Josselin Baumard, Mathieu Lesourd, Léna Guézouli, F. Osiurak","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2071152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2071152","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This quantitative review gives an overview of physical understanding (i.e., the ability to represent and use the laws of physics to interact with the physical world) impairments in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), semantic dementia (SD), and corticobasal syndrome (CBS), as assessed mainly with mechanical problem-solving and tool use tests. This review shows that: (1) SD patients have apraxia of tool use because of semantic tool knowledge deficits, but normal performance in tests of physical understanding; (2) AD and CBS patients show impaired performance in mechanical problem-solving tests, probably not because of intrinsic deficits of physical understanding, but rather because of additional cognitive (AD) or motor impairments (CBS); (3) As a result, the performance in mechanical problem-solving tests is not a good predictor of familiar tool use in dementia; (4) Actual deficits of physical understanding are probably observed only in late stages of neurodegenerative diseases, and associated with functional loss.","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"38 1","pages":"490 - 514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41369602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A role for visual areas in physics simulations.","authors":"Aarit Ahuja, Theresa M Desrochers, David L Sheinberg","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2034609","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2034609","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To engage with the world, we must regularly make predictions about the outcomes of physical scenes. How do we make these predictions? Recent computational evidence points to simulation-the idea that we can introspectively manipulate rich, mental models of the world-as one explanation for how such predictions are accomplished. However, questions about the potential neural mechanisms of simulation remain. We hypothesized that the process of simulating physical events would evoke imagery-like representations in visual areas of those same events. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we find that when participants are asked to predict the likely trajectory of a falling ball, motion-sensitive brain regions are activated. We demonstrate that this activity, which occurs even though no motion is being sensed, resembles activity patterns that arise while participants perceive the ball's motion. This finding thus suggests that mental simulations recreate sensory depictions of how a physical scene is likely to unfold.</p>","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"38 7-8","pages":"425-439"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9374848/pdf/nihms-1776455.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9410107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can a fast thinker be a good thinker? The neural correlates of base-rate neglect measured using a two-response paradigm","authors":"O. Vartanian, Timothy K. Lam, Elaine Maceda, Wim De Neys","doi":"10.1080/02643294.2022.2041589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2022.2041589","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Traditionally, it has been assumed that logical thinking requires deliberation. However, people can also make logical responses quickly, exhibiting logical intuitions. We examined the neural correlates of logical intuitions by administering base rate problems during fMRI scanning using a two-response paradigm where participants first responded quickly and then reflectively to problems that did or did not pit a normative response against an intuitively-cued stereotypical response (i.e., conflict vs. non-conflict problems). As predicted, participants were less likely to make judgments in accordance with base rates on conflict problems. Critically, in only 4% of cases did longer deliberation change an initially biased response to a normatively correct response. The fMRI data revealed that intuitively-made initial biased judgments nevertheless activate regions typically involved in cognitive control, executive functions and attention, including anterior, inferior, middle and superior frontal cortex, suggesting that even when errors are made, there might be very early awareness of conflict.","PeriodicalId":50670,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","volume":"38 1","pages":"365 - 386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46866850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}