Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems最新文献

{"title":"Nasal In Situ Hydrogels: A Boon For Anti-Emetic Drug Delivery.","authors":"Surabhi Boraste, Sanjay B Patil","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025053412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025053412","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nasal route presents an alternative avenue for achieving local or systemic drug effects owing to its non-invasiveness, expansive surface area, rapid drug absorption, and circumvention of first-pass effect. It offers a promising route for brain targeting too, as it bypasses the blood-brain barrier, thus facilitating direct nose to brain drug delivery. However, traditional routes of administering anti-emetic drugs, primarily oral or parenteral, suffer from drawbacks like poor patient compliance and low drug bioavailability. The nasal route is a favorable alternative, albeit limited by the short retention time due to mucociliary clearance. This can be overcome by application of in situ gelling systems that undergo gelation within the nasal cavity in response to physiological cues, thereby prolonging drug retention and enhancing bioavailability. This facilitates dose reduction, reduced frequency and controlled drug release, thereby improving patient acceptance. Presently, various formulations utilizing intranasal in situ gelling approaches are under development for anti-emetic drugs. These formulations employ stimuli-responsive mechanisms such as thermosensitivity, ion responsiveness, and pH sensitivity for in situ gel formation, with a focus on employing specific polymers tailored to these stimuli. The article highlights importance of nasal delivery of anti-emetic drugs and studies done on this topic till date. Intranasal in situ gelling systems hold promise due to their ease of administration, prolonged nasal retention, improved patient compliance and enhanced bioavailability, positioning them as efficient alternatives to conventional routes of administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 3","pages":"1-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimuli-Responsive Wound Management: A Focus on Innovative pH-Driven Healing Systems.","authors":"Shivam Pathak, Kalpana Nagpal","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2026058031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2026058031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wound healing, particularly in chronic and infected wounds, presents significant challenges due to persistent inflammation, microbial infections, and impaired tissue regeneration. Stimuli-responsive wound healing technologies offer promising solutions by harnessing materials that adapt to changes in the wound microenvironment, such as pH, temperature, light, and enzymatic activities. Among these, pH-responsive systems have emerged as particularly effective. These systems dynamically respond to fluctuations in wound pH, releasing therapeutic agents precisely when needed, thus improving drug delivery, enhancing antimicrobial effects, and promoting faster tissue repair. pH-sensitive hydrogels, nanoparticles, and bioactive dressings provide localized treatments that combat infections, especially in acidic environments where chronic wounds and biofilms thrive. Furthermore, pH-responsive materials offer real-time monitoring and adaptability, making them highly suitable for managing complex wound types such as diabetic ulcers and chronic infections. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms, advantages, and challenges of pH-responsive systems in wound care, positioning them as superior to other stimuli-responsive technologies in terms of precision, adaptability, and clinical potential for enhanced healing outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 3","pages":"103-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in the Preparation of Lipid-Based Nanotechnologies: Expanding the Horizons of Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Hari Krishnareddy Rachamala, Naga Malleswara Rao Nakka, Srujan Marepally","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025056257","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025056257","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as an indispensable tool in biomedical applications due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and capacity to enhance various agents' delivery and therapeutic efficacy. Their expanding role in drug and gene delivery, vaccine development, and diagnostics underscores their significance in advancing modern medical treatments and personalized healthcare. The ability to engineer LNPs to meet specific therapeutic requirements highlights their critical importance in contemporary medicine, providing innovative solutions for treating and diagnosing diverse diseases. The ongoing advancement of liposomal preparation methods is essential for addressing the limitations of traditional approaches and realizing the full therapeutic potential of LNPs. These advancements are poised to yield more efficient, scalable, and customizable liposomal formulations, facilitating the development of next-generation therapies that are safer, more effective, and more accessible. This article provides a detailed analysis of the progress in lipid-based nanotechnology preparation methods, and it examines the fundamental properties and classification of LNPs, their historical context, and the evolution of liposome research. Additionally, it explores various liposome preparation methods, including conventional techniques such as thin-film hydration and emerging novel approaches. Overall, this manuscript offers a comprehensive overview of the pivotal role that advancements in lipid-based nanotechnology preparation methods play in therapeutic innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 2","pages":"1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148145423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Potential of Drug Delivery Systems for Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neovascular Eye Diseases.","authors":"Divya Nadar, Pravin Shende","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2026060256","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2026060256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent a promising category of therapeutic agents for managing edema and neovascular eye diseases (NEDs) such as corneal neovascularization, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. By impeding the phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases, TKIs prevent the activation of angiogenic signaling pathways that are vital for cell growth and proliferation. However, the TKIs delivery in ophthalmology presents significant challenges such as toxicity and poor bioavailability. This review discusses emerging TKIs for NEDs, their physicochemical properties, and delivery systems, highlighting strategies such as sustained-release ocular implants, hydrogels, particulate and composite systems. Amid each category, we explore groundbreaking research approaches with a focus on preclinical and clinical studies, providing an in-depth look at the latest advancements in TKI-based delivery systems. Numerous TKI formulations currently under investigation (AXPAXLI, DURAVYU, CLS-AX and D-4517.2) hold the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes and enhance patient adherence, transforming the treatment landscape of NEDs. Advanced TKI delivery platforms, integrated with artificial intelligence-driven tools and minimally invasive technologies may enable more effective and personalized treatment options in the field of eye care.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 2","pages":"61-123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148145382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tumor Specific Drug Delivery: Conventional to Advanced Technologies.","authors":"Adarsh Sharma, Aditya Pratap Singh Thakur, Arya Ojha, Sunny Rathee, Debasis Sen, Sanjay Kumar Jain","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025058329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025058329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The treatment of tumors continues to pose significant challenges in modern medicine, necessitating innovative solutions to enhance therapeutic outcomes while reducing side effects. This review focuses on advancements in tumor management, emphasizing the role of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) in overcoming the limitations of conventional therapies. Traditional approaches are discussed alongside the development of NDDS, including nanoparticle-based systems such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), as well as microparticle-based systems like microspheres and microcapsules. Emerging technologies, including cubosomes, exosomes, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots, are explored for their potential in targeted drug delivery and improved efficacy. Mechanisms of drug release and site-specific targeting are examined, with a particular emphasis on recent innovations and patents in the field. The review provides a forward-looking perspective on the integration of these advancements into clinical practice, aiming to transform the landscape of tumor therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 3","pages":"55-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149185802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Bioinspired Nanocurcumin Composites for Antibacterial Applications.","authors":"Garima Singh, Reema Rawat, Souradeep Roy, Tapas Goswami, Suvendu Manna, Susanta Sinha Roy, Sanjay J Dhoble, Ashish Mathur, Ashwani Kumar Dubey","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025057299","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025057299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Curcumin is the main curcuminoid present in turmeric (Curcuma longa). Various studies have shown that curcumin has excellent antimicrobial properties and enhances the wound healing process. Herein, this study we have made an attempt to synthesis and to explore the antibacterial efficacy of two different materials: curcumin reduced graphene oxide (C-rGO) and nano curcumin reduced graphene oxide composite (NC-rGO). These materials were further characterized, and their antibacterial potency was checked against Escherichia coli. According to microstructural characterization the C-rGO composite had a sheet-like uneven structure, whereas NC-rGO composite had spherical morphology. The presence of O-H group in both the composites was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared analysis. The zone of inhibition of C-rGO was 9.5 ± 0.47 mm whereas the zone of inhibition of NC-rGO was 11 ± 0.6 mm. These results indicate that NC-rGO might be used as an antibacterial agent in ointments and dressing bandages to prevent any secondary infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 2","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148145438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CpG ODNs: Precision Immunotherapy and Recent Trends in Nano-Enabled Nucleotide Delivery.","authors":"Anamika Verma, Nitisha Beniwal, Chandra Lekha Putta, Sasvat Sayee Ram Ramesh, Sajmina Khatun, Soumitra Pathak, Tomohiko Yamazaki, Aravind Kumar Rengan","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025057385","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025057385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synthetic ODNs (oligodeoxynucleotides) with immunostimulatory CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) motifs induce an immune-mediated response, activating B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, and competent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This activation stimulates T helper 1 (TH1) cell activity and induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, making CpG ODNs effective as immunoprotectants, vaccination adjuvants, and antiallergens. The findings that toll-like receptors (TLRs) integrating both adaptive and innate immunity prompted greater interest in TLRs' immunostimulatory capabilities, activators, and effects. Potent adjuvants such as TLR agonists are crucial for effective vaccine formulations because they stimulate dendritic cells (DCs) to activate specific T-cells. Non-methylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) have proven to be successful adjuvants central to TLR9 receptor activation, facilitating the necessary innate immune signaling cascade. Artificially synthesized CpG ODNs are durable, cost-effective, and easy to produce, making them promising candidates for advanced studies on innate immunity and immunoprotection mechanisms. This review discusses CpG ODN-mediated immunomodulatory interventions, their potential as biomedical tools for specific diseases, recent advances in their applications, and related clinical trials from the past decade.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 1","pages":"57-95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146195580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant-Based Exosomes: Insights and Therapeutic Applications.","authors":"Chandrika Kumari Bodala, Aliya Parveen, Bhagya Lakshmi Gogireddy, S Priya, Lankalapalli Srinivas","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025057676","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025057676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle (EV), have received much attention in recent years for their potential in drug delivery systems and therapeutic applications. These nano-sized vesicles, secreted by various plant and animal species, serve as natural carriers of bioactive compounds, including proteins, lipids, and RNA, facilitating intercellular communication between tissue and cells and influencing physiological processes. Stahl and group discovered exosomes from maturing mammalian reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) in 1983, followed by Johnstone and colleagues in 1987, who named them exosomes. Animal-derived exosomes are a popular choice for small-molecule drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and homing properties in various domains, including biology and medicine. After animal-derived exosomes, researchers focused on plant-based exosomes and found several good sources of exosomes from different fruits, vegetables, leaves, and other parts of plants that have different effects like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, and so on. Plant-derived exosomes are also used as carriers for different drugs to treat disease. This review examines the biological component, biogenesis of plant exosomes, their sources, and the methodologies employed for their isolation and purification. We also explore the evaluation techniques for characterizing their biological components, such as proteins and lipids. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of plant-derived exosomes in drug delivery, highlighting their application in different disorders with some research references, including biocompatibility, stability, and targeted delivery. Additionally, this review also addresses the challenges associated with plant-based exosomes in different stages of research including isolation and purification, standardization, optimization, drug loading, and so on. The goal of this in-depth review is to provide insight into the current status of research on exosomes derived from plants and the ways that they could advance in drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 1","pages":"1-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146195782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano Lipid Carriers (NLCs): Potential and Promises in Drug Delivery.","authors":"Sunil Bharti, Gajanand Sharma, Amita Sarwal, Om Parkash Katare","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025056948","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025056948","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transdermal drug delivery offers several benefits compared with oral delivery, including the bypassing of first-pass metabolism, the ability to target active ingredients for localized effects, and improved patient compliance. Nevertheless, achieving transdermal delivery requires addressing the challenges of permeation through the skin barrier at various levels, including the skin surface, epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were invented in the early 1990s as a second generation of lipidic nano carriers. The NLCs are favored over SLNs because they offer greater stability, allowing for higher drug loading, maintaining a consistent drug release profile over time, and preventing gelation during storage. This article aims to offer brief summary of nano system, including the various types of NLCs, their composition, production methods, physiochemical evaluation techniques, mechanistic pathways, recent advancements in transdermal applications, and the use of these carriers for both local and systemic effects. Additionally, it will cover updates on patents and the scalability of NLCs in industrial settings. We also examine important factors for standardization, significant scale-up challenges, and the future prospective of NLCs. Over the past 10 years, the extensive work on NLCs is evident in numerous research reports, consisting patents related to their development, providing a deeper understanding of this growing area of innovation. NLCs serve as an excellent \"safe\" nano-carrier because of their biodegradable nature and hold significant potential to address the challenges associated with transdermal delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"43 1","pages":"97-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146195558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicine-Mediated Therapies to Target Cancer Stem Cells: An Emerging Technology.","authors":"Sana Kauser, Irzam Haroon, Saima Wajid","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025047123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025047123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a category of cancer cells endowed with the ability to renew themselves, undergo unregulated growth, and exhibit a differentiation capacity akin to that of normal stem cells. CSCs have been linked with tumor metastasis and cancer recurrence due to their ability to elude immune monitoring. As a result, targeting CSCs specifically may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. Recently, the use of nanotechnology has gained substantial attention in cancer treatment. Cancer nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field of research where nano-biotechnology fosters the combination of diagnostics and treatments, which is an important part of a personalized approach to cancer treatment. Thus, using nanoparticles against cancer cells and CSCs simultaneously may lead to the development of a better therapeutic intervention to eradicate cancer. In this review, we describe recent achievements in cancer therapy targeting CSCs of various malignancies, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer, by using nanotechnology.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"42 6","pages":"1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}