{"title":"Nanoparticles as Adjuvants in Vaccine Delivery.","authors":"Anuj Garg, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2020033273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2020033273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology provides an excellent platform for the development of a new generation of vaccines. These are based on purified subunit proteins or polysaccharides, recombinant proteins, synthetic peptides, or nucleic acids. These types of vaccines may be insufficiently immunogenic, thus requiring adjuvants that augment their immunogenicity. Nanoparticles (NPs) can act as adjuvants for vaccines, hence they are referred to as a nano-adjuvant (NA). NPs can either encapsulate or adsorb the vaccine antigen or DNA in an appropriate formulation, thus increasing stability, cellular uptake, and immunogenicity. In addition, the biodistribution and systemic release of a vaccine can also be controlled by different NA formulations. This review provides an overview of the classification of NAs and also addresses factors influencing the stability, release, and immunogenicity of the formulated vaccine. A basic understanding of these factors enables a more rational design of NA formulations. Applications of NAs and key challenges in their formulation development are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"37 2","pages":"183-204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38423381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polysaccharides against Viruses: Immunostimulatory Properties and the Delivery of Antiviral Vaccines and Drugs.","authors":"Guy-Alain Junter, Carole Karakasyan","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2019027229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2019027229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Because viruses still represent a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide, the development of effective weapons against viral infections remains a top priority for the biopharmaceutical industry. This article reviews the dietary and pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharides (PS), first of all chitosan, in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases, focusing more particularly on solid or gel micro/nanoparticulate systems. The intrinsic antiviral activity of PS and their immunostimulatory effects, implemented in animal and human diets, are first surveyed. Then the review discusses the potential of PS-based particles as carriers of antiviral drugs and vaccines, with emphasis on the adjuvant potency of PS in solid vaccine formulations. The gap between the abundance of academic studies in this area and the lack of actual antiviral formulations dispensed to human patients is underlined, notwithstanding a number of branded products on the market.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37970753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent Advances in Herbal Drug Nanocarriers against Cervical Cancer","authors":"M. Damani, Krishna Baxi, C. Aranha, S. Sawarkar","doi":"10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2020034170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2020034170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67437428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on Applications of Vitamin B12 as Therapeutic Carrier in Drug Delivery","authors":"R. Garg, Anuj Garg","doi":"10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2020034305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2020034305","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67437437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-Acting Injectables: Current Perspectives and Future Promise.","authors":"Komal Chaudhary, Mayur M Patel, Priti J Mehta","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018025649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018025649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The parenteral route of administration is preferred over the oral route for treatment of many chronic and life-threatening diseases due to better patient compliance. Long-acting injectables/depot delivery systems are formulations intended for prolonged/sustained drug release over a long period of time ranging from a few days to months. Depot delivery systems enhance product quality by decreasing dosing frequency, simplifying the drug regimen. Parenteral depots reduce the relapse rate of disease and the maintenance phase of therapy, hence improving efficacy and treatment adherence. However, despite being extensively explored in the last seventy years, only a few depot products have been marketed or have reached commercial viability. The introduction of long-acting injectables of any drug took 9 to 10 years after approval of its oral formulation. Mainly the market has been conquered by long-acting injectables for antipsychotic, substance abuse, and hormonal therapy drugs. This article focuses on the preparation of long-acting injectables with special emphasis on challenges associated with formulation. The evolution and current global market trend of various depot formulations are also discussed. Insight is provided into the promising future of long-acting injectables of protein-based drugs as well as multidrug therapy, along with potential uses in the treatment of chronic diseases like HIV, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"36 2","pages":"137-181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018025649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36999801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intranasal Delivery of Nanotherapeutics/ Nanobiotherapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Proficient Approach.","authors":"Namdev L Dhas, Ritu R Kudarha, Tejal A Mehta","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018026762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018026762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutics and biotherapeutics-based fabrication of nanoparticles has fascinated scientists since the past two decades and exciting challenges have been surmounted. Particular interest has been paid to the exploitation of functionalized nanocarriers in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) using nasal route. Development of various material-based nanocarriers is a common approach to obtain advanced drug delivery systems possessing the ability to follow intranasal (IN) route for brain targeting, which would ultimately ameliorate the effect of AD. This review highlights the various pathological theories for AD along with their controversies. This work intends to provide a thorough, up-to-date, and holistic discussion on various pathways for nose-to-brain delivery and different formulation factors impacting on nasal absorption. The various material properties and their engineered nanocarriers as a smart delivery system, including synergistic effect of therapeutic/biotherapeutic agent in IN delivery as well as in AD therapy have been discussed. This review also emphasizes toxicity, especially neurotoxicity concerns pertaining to drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"36 5","pages":"373-447"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018026762","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37946876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ning Wang, Rui Qian, Ting Liu, Tingni Wu, Ting Wang
{"title":"Nanoparticulate Carriers Used as Vaccine Adjuvant Delivery Systems.","authors":"Ning Wang, Rui Qian, Ting Liu, Tingni Wu, Ting Wang","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2019027047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2019027047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination plays a crucial role in the control of infectious diseases, but often fails to eradicate certain refractory infections for which the development of an effective vaccine is eagerly desired but elusive. In many cases, failure in developing a vaccine is attributed to the inability of the candidates, especially among subunit vaccines, to evoke appropriate immuno-responses for establishing humoral as well as cellular immunity. In past decades, nanoparticles (NPs) sizing from 10 to 500 nm, such as liposomes, inorganic or metal NPs (iNPs), viruslike particles (VLPs), emulsions, immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), and polymeric NPs, have been developed a potential carrier for vaccines to stabilize and deliver the adjuvant and antigens, thus forming proper vaccine adjuvant-delivery systems (VADSs). In particular, many NPs are rationally designed according to distinct cellular features and, therefore, are specifically engineered with functional materials so that they can deliver vaccine ingredients to target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) while directing immunoresponses against antigens along a specific Th1 (T helper type 1) and/or Th2 pathway to establish robust cellular and antibody immunity. In addition, a variety of NP-based VADSs are suitable for mucosal immunization, which contributes to systemic and, particularly, topical immunity, thus forming a dual barrier to pathogen invasion. This paper describes different NP-based VADSs designed for delivering vaccines, and evaluates their potential in the preparation of new products that can be used for prophylaxis against pathogens via different immunization routes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"36 5","pages":"449-484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37946877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polymeric Micelles for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Linsen Yun, Hongtao Shang, Huan Gu, N. Zhang","doi":"10.1615/CRITREVTHERDRUGCARRIERSYST.2018021833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CRITREVTHERDRUGCARRIERSYST.2018021833","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects around 1% of the world's population and places heavy burdens on patients and society. RA pathogenesis has been studied for centuries, and findings suggest that it is activated by varied factors such as infection, genetic activation, and environmental changes, and travels differential pathways in patients, which increases the difficulty of treatment. There is currently no cure for RA. Current treatments inhibit inflammation, protect joints, and suppress immune cells like macrophages and T-lymphocytes. However, these therapies usually have issues of ineffectiveness, drug resistance, and many side effects. The reason is that therapies like methotrexate (MTX), dexamethasone (Dex), and cyclosporine A (CsA) are very lipophilic and have broad distribution in vivo. Micelles are ideal carriers to increase the solubility, bioavailability, half-life, and targeting of these hydrophobic drugs, and thus can be used for RA treatment. In the past decade, micelle-based therapies have become an attractive new strategy for RA treatment. This review summarizes the merits of micelles for RA, the therapeutic targets for RA, and studies that show the recent progress of developed micelles for RA. We compare the composition, performance, potential merits, and limitations of current therapies, and discusses the future directions of advanced and smart micelles for RA.","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"36 3 1","pages":"219-238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67437750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theranostic Nanostructures for Ovarian Cancer.","authors":"B. Navyatha, S. Nara","doi":"10.1615/CRITREVTHERDRUGCARRIERSYST.2018025589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CRITREVTHERDRUGCARRIERSYST.2018025589","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian cancer (OC) has emerged as one of the leading causes of death in women due to the lack of early-stage diagnosis resulting in impairment and delay in treatment of malignancy, which raises the morality rate. Existing diagnostic (pelvic examination, CA125, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) or therapeutic modalities (radiotherapy, abdominal pelvic radiation therapy, and chemotherapy) are insufficient to decrease the 5-year survival rate. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively explored as probes for imaging or therapy of cancer. As an extension of this, probes have been designed to possess both imaging and therapeutic modality in a single molecule and this has emerged as the science of nanotheranostics. This review presents the existing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in use for OC and discusses their loopholes that limit the prognosis of OC. The review presents a general description of important properties of nanostructures and the type of nanostructures that have been used as imaging/therapeutic probe in cancer. The state-of-the-art nanotheranostics probe for targeting OC is presented. Systematic and complete studies that can correlate the findings of researchers from different global areas are lacking. The current status of nanostructures in various phases of clinical trials and those approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been presented. No specific targeted theranostic probe for OC has yet been approved by the FDA. Here, the underlying reasons and the challenges faced for nanotheranostics of OC are discussed, along with its future prospects.","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"36 4 1","pages":"305-371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/CRITREVTHERDRUGCARRIERSYST.2018025589","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67437799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Preshita Desai, David Ann, Jeffrey Wang, Sunil Prabhu
{"title":"Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Advances in Nanoformulation-Based Therapies.","authors":"Preshita Desai, David Ann, Jeffrey Wang, Sunil Prabhu","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018025459","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2018025459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and has a 5-year life expectancy of ~8%. Currently, only a few drugs have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for pancreatic cancer treatment. Despite available drug therapy and ongoing clinical investigations, the high prevalence and mortality associated with pancreatic cancer mean that there is an unmet chemopreventive and therapeutic need. From ongoing studies with various novel formulations, it is evident that the development of smart drug delivery systems will improve delivery of drug cargo to the pancreatic target site to ensure and enhance the therapeutic/chemoprevention efficacy of existing drugs and newly designed drugs in the future. With this in view, nanotechnology is emerging as a promising avenue to enhance drug delivery to the pancreas via both passive and active targeting mechanisms. Research in this field has grown extensively over the past decade, as is evident from available scientific literature. This review summarizes the recent advances that have brought nanotechnology-based formulations to the forefront of pancreatic cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":"59-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11058066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37000810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}