{"title":"Combating HIV Latency: A Review of Innovative Interventions and Nanotechnology-Based Formulations.","authors":"Divya Dubey, Trinette Fernandes, Prabha Singh","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025054733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025054733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The HIV-1 reservoir is a residual pool of integrated viral genomes that endure in a condition of reversible non-productive infection, notwithstanding suppressive antiretroviral therapy's ability to successfully inhibit HIV-1 replication and evolution. Individual T cells are capable of developing a latent infection due to HIV-1. Even in patients receiving highly effective marketed antiretroviral medication, latent virus survives perpetually in memory T cells and exhibit atypical cellular signaling and metabolic dysfunction, which can cause minor to severe cellular and systemic comorbidities. These include lymphocytic, cardiac, renal, hepatic, and pulmonary dysfunctions as well as genomic DNA damage, telomere attrition, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This latent reservoir is understood to be a substantial challenge for treating HIV-1 infection. The presence of a latent reservoir for HIV-1 can be used to explain the extremely low levels of viremia in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy. In an effort to eradicate the latent reservoir, several methods are being investigated for reactivating dormant viruses. This review concentrates on figuring out how to awaken latent HIV-1 by adding detailed information about drugs and formulations discovered for latent HIV. This work may provoke the thoughts related for discovering many more promising drugs, and targeting strategies to totally eradicate the HIV.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"42 5","pages":"55-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advancements in Skin Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Harnessing Technology, Natural Therapies, and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches.","authors":"Roshan Kumar Gupta, Lensi Parvadiya, Kiran Dudhat","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025053255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2025053255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skin cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies globally, with rising incidence rates driven by environmental and genetic factors. This manuscript aims to explore recent advancements in the prevention and treatment of skin cancer, focusing on the integration of emerging technologies, plant-based therapies, and innovative diagnostic approaches. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary environmental risk factor for skin cancer, contributing to both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Advances in technology, such as AI-driven diagnostic tools and non-invasive imaging techniques, are transforming early detection and risk assessment. Additionally, the role of genetic factors, such as p53 mutations in the development of SCC, is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of molecular diagnostics in guiding treatment strategies. In the realm of therapeutics, plant-based compounds are gaining traction for their anti-cancer properties. Natural agents such as polyphenols and flavonoids exhibit UV-protective and anti-carcinogenic effects, offering promising adjuncts to conventional treatments. Moreover, innovative treatment modalities, including immunotherapy and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, are being explored to enhance the efficacy of traditional chemotherapies while minimizing side effects. This article comprehensively reviews the types and classifications of skin cancer, the role of biological and non-biological risk factors, and cutting-edge prevention strategies. It also delves into the potential of plant-based therapies and the emerging role of nanotechnology and advanced diagnostic techniques in skin cancer management. By examining these novel approaches, the manuscript offers a forward-looking perspective on improving early detection, enhancing treatment outcomes, and reducing the global burden of skin cancer. These insights could pave the way for integrating innovative therapies and technologies into clinical practice, facilitating more effective skin cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"42 5","pages":"1-54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Review on Nanophytomedicines in the Treatment of Oral Cancer: Recent Trends and Treatment Prospects.","authors":"Neha P Shukla, Giftson J Senapathy","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v42.i1.30","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v42.i1.30","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer is one of the major life-threatening diseases in the world and oral cancer is the 8th most common type of deadly cancers in Asian countries. Despite many causes, tobacco is the main causative agent as 90% of oral cancer cases were due to daily consumption of tobacco and its products. The major drawback of the conventional therapies for oral cancer including chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy or combination of these is the dose limiting toxicity. Developments in technology and research led to new innovative discoveries in cancer treatments. In the past few decades, increased attention has been given to researches in alternative cancer treatment strategies using plants and plant products. Recently many anticancer drugs from natural products or phytochemicals were approved internationally. Due to the low bioavailability and poor solubility of phytochemicals, various research works on nano-carrier based drug delivery systems were exploited in the recent past to make them as promising anticancer agents. In the current review, an overview of oral cancer and its treatment, risk factors, missing links of conventional therapies, contribution of nanotechnology in cancer treatment and research on phytochemical based drug treatment and different polymeric nanoparticles were discussed briefly. The future prospects for the use of various types of polymeric nanoparticles applied in the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer were also mentioned. The major concern of this review is to give the reader a better understanding on various types of treatment for oral cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"42 1","pages":"89-118"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kangkan Sarma, Md Habban Akhter, Amnah Alalmaie, Irfan Ahmad, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Habibullah Khalilullah, Syeda Ayesha Farhana, Shalam M Hussain, Adel M Aljadaan
{"title":"Unlocking the Molecular Targets in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and a Nanomedicine-Based Remedy.","authors":"Kangkan Sarma, Md Habban Akhter, Amnah Alalmaie, Irfan Ahmad, Mohd Nazam Ansari, Habibullah Khalilullah, Syeda Ayesha Farhana, Shalam M Hussain, Adel M Aljadaan","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2024053289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2024053289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer has the second highest occurrence and lowest survival rate among all cancers and incidence rates are increasing. From the tumor milieu, tumors exude chemokines and cytokines that hassle the pulmonary drug administration hinders the success of treatment. A few mutations lead to generation of lungs cancer. It has prominent levels of mutated genes such as TP53, KRAS, MET, and EGFR. Various molecular pathways involved in causing lung cancer such as PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway, JAK/STAT pathways, RAF-MEK-ERK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and RALGDS-RA, PI3K, AKT, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Inhibition of such biological pathway through active targeting, using various biological inhibitors, and blockers could help in treating and recurrence of lungs tumor. The conventional therapeutic modalities concomitant with personalized genomic nanomedicine can have potential in improving treatment regimen. This study explored the different genomic changes that occur due to the prime etiological factors, their reported treatment profile, and nanocarrier mediated therapeutic strategy by targeting tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanocarriers confront multiple obstacles in their journey to the TME therapeutic approach as leaky vasculature, large fenestration, and usually carried off from immune system and phagocytosis process. However, formulators designed a bio-functionalized carrier that enable to evade opsonization, escape immune system, modulate TME, identify reticuloendothelial system, and thus facilitates biological interaction, and enhance cellular uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"42 4","pages":"1-58"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing Microemulsion based Therapeutic Drug Delivery: Exploring Surfactants, Co-surfactants, and Quality by Design Strategies within Pseudo-ternary Phase Diagrams","authors":"Abhishek Bamanna, Anjali Rajora, Kalpana Nagpal","doi":"10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024053427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024053427","url":null,"abstract":"Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, clear and homogeneous mixtures of oil, water, and surfactants that have garnered significant attention in various industrial and biomedical applications. The basic components of microemulsions are oil, water, and surfactant, and their composition ratios play a crucial role in determining their properties and stability. Factors such as the type of surfactant, oil, and water used, temperature, and the presence of cosurfactants can greatly influence the formation, stability and properties of microemulsions. These are appropriate for use in drug delivery applications because to their physicochemical characteristics, which include small droplet size, large interfacial area, and good solubilization capacity for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs with significant improvement in their biological activity. The theories of microemulsion and the role of phase diagrams in microemulsion formation and various components for choice of surfactant and co-surfactant are explained. Recent advancements in the preparation and characterization techniques of microemulsion, ranging from visual inspection to the phase behaviour studies and advanced spectroscopic techniques, with a focus on potential of microemulsion in drug delivery along with microemulsion-based drug candidates that are most commonly used for its formulation are also discussed. The review helps in understanding how different excipients affect the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The quality by design approach utilized for optimization of microemulsions is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY TOOLS FOR BETTER PERMEATION AND SKIN CANCER TREATMENT","authors":"Kajal Chaudhary, Anjali Rajora","doi":"10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024047670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024047670","url":null,"abstract":"Skin cancer stands as a challenging global health concern, necessitating innovative approaches to cure deficiencies within traditional therapeutic modalities. While conventional drug delivery methods through injection or oral administration have long prevailed, the emergence of topical drug administration presents a compelling alternative. The skin, aside from offering a swift and painless procedure, serves as a reservoir, maintaining drug efficacy over extended durations. This comprehensive review seeks to shed light on the potential of nanotechnology as a promising avenue for efficacious cancer treatment, with a particular emphasis on skin cancer. Additionally, it underscores the transdermal approach as a viable strategy for addressing various types of cancer. This work also explores into the delivery of peptides and proteins along with in-depth explanations of different delivery systems currently under investigation for localized skin cancer treatment. Furthermore, the review discusses the formidable challenges that must be surmounted before these innovations can find their way into clinical practice, offering a roadmap for future research and therapeutic development.","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanobiocatalysts and Nanozymes: Enzyme-Inspired Nanomaterials for Industrial and Biomedical Applications","authors":"Sarika Gupta, Meenu Kumari, Koyel Panja, Priyanka Bajaj, Kalpana Nagpal","doi":"10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024051171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024051171","url":null,"abstract":"Enzymes play a pivotal role in the human body, but their potential is not limited to just that. Scientists have successfully modified these enzymes as nanobiocatalysts or nanozymes for industrial or commercial use, either in the food, medicine, biotech, or even textile industries. These nanobiocatalysts and nanozymes offer several advantages over enzymes, like better stability, improved shelf-life, increased percentage yield, and reuse potential, which is very difficult with normal enzymes. The various techniques of NBC synthesis using immobilization techniques like adsorption, covalent binding, affinity immobilization, and entrapment methods are briefly discussed. The enzymes are either entrapped or adsorbed on the nanocarrier matrices, which can be nanofibers, nanoporous carriers, or nanocontainers as nanobiocatalysts. We also highlight the challenges the nanobiocatalyst overcomes in the industrial production of some drugs like sitagliptin, montelukast, pregabalin, and atorvastatin. Also, the inactivation of an organophosphate or opioid poisoning treating agent, SSOPOX nanohybrid, is discussed in this paper. Nanozymes are intrinsic enzyme-like compounds, and they also show wide application in themselves. Their GQD/AGNP nanohybrid shows antibacterial potential; they can also be utilized in optical sensing to detect small molecules, ions, nucleic acids, proteins, and cancer cells. In this paper, various applications of these NBCs have been discussed, and their potential applications with examples are also mentioned.","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141147309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Navigating the Challenges of 3D Printing Personalized Medicine in Space Explorations: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"PRAKASH KATAKAM, Madhavi Lakshmi Ratna Bhavaraju, Tanniru Venkata Narayana, Koushik Bhandari, Nagarajan Sriram, Vidya Sagar Sisinty, Shanta Kumari Adiki","doi":"10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024051126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024051126","url":null,"abstract":"Space exploration has undergone a paradigm shift in recent years, with a growing emphasis on long-duration missions and human habitation on other celestial bodies. Private aerospace businesses are at the forefront of advancing the next iteration of spacecraft, encompassing a wide range of applications such as deep space exploration (e.g., SpaceX) and cost-effective satellite deployments (e.g., Rocketlab). One of the critical challenges associated with prolonged space missions is the provision of personalized medical care. 3D printing technology has emerged as a potential solution, enabling the on-demand production of personalized medical devices and medications. However, the unique conditions of space pose substantial challenges to the successful implementation of 3D printing for personalized medicine. Tremendous scope for research exists in terms of resource utilization and waste management in space ecosystem, robotic and AI enabled tool utilization, remote operability, interplanetary travel, space education and training tools, digital twins, space tourism and in many other aspects of 3D printing for personalized medicine in space explorations.","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Manjusha Annaji, Nur Mita, Jessica Heard, Xuejia Kang, Ishwor Poudel, Sai H.S. Boddu, Amit K. Tiwari, R. Jayachandra Babu
{"title":"From Conventional to Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Meloxicam: A Systematic Review","authors":"Manjusha Annaji, Nur Mita, Jessica Heard, Xuejia Kang, Ishwor Poudel, Sai H.S. Boddu, Amit K. Tiwari, R. Jayachandra Babu","doi":"10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024048988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2024048988","url":null,"abstract":"Meloxicam, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, has demonstrated clinical effectiveness in managing inflammation and acute pain. Although available in oral formulations such as capsules, tablets, and suspension, frequent administration is necessary to maintain therapeutic efficacy, which can increase adverse effects and patient non-compliance. To address these issues, several sustained drug delivery strategies such as oral, transdermal, transmucosal, injectable, implantable drug delivery systems have been developed for meloxicam. These sustained drug delivery strategies have the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy and safety profile of meloxicam by reducing the frequency of dosing and associated gastrointestinal side effects. The choice of drug delivery system will depend on the desired release profile, the target site of inflammation, and the mode of administration. Overall, meloxicam sustained delivery systems offer better patient compliance, and reduce side effects, thereby improving the clinical applications of this drug. Herein, we discuss in detail the different strategies for the sustained delivery of meloxicam.","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139956067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gursharanpreet Kaur, Bhawna Khanna, Mohammed Yusuf, Akanksha Sharma, Akhil Khajuria, Hema K Alajangi, Pradeep K Jaiswal, Mandip Sachdeva, Ravi Pratap Barnwal, Gurpal Singh
{"title":"A Path of Novelty from Nanoparticles to Nanobots: Theragnostic Approach for Targeting Cancer Therapy.","authors":"Gursharanpreet Kaur, Bhawna Khanna, Mohammed Yusuf, Akanksha Sharma, Akhil Khajuria, Hema K Alajangi, Pradeep K Jaiswal, Mandip Sachdeva, Ravi Pratap Barnwal, Gurpal Singh","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2023046674","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2023046674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceutical development of cancer therapeutics is a dynamic area of research. Even after decades of intensive work, cancer continues to be a dreadful disease with an ever-increasing global incidence. The progress of nanotechnology in cancer research has overcome inherent limitations in conventional cancer chemotherapy and fulfilled the need for target-specific drug carriers. Nanotechnology uses the altered patho-physiological microenvironment of malignant cells and offers various advantages like improved solubility, reduced toxicity, prolonged drug circulation with controlled release, circumventing multidrug resistance, and enhanced biodistribution. Early cancer detection has a crucial role in selecting the best drug regime, thus, diagnosis and therapeutics go hand in hand. Furthermore, nanobots are an amazing possibility and promising innovation with numerous significant applications, particularly in fighting cancer and cleaning out blood vessels. Nanobots are tiny robots, ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm. Moreover, the nanobots would work similarly to white blood cells, watching the bloodstream and searching for indications of distress. This review articulates the evolution of various organic and inorganic nanoparticles and nanobots used as therapeutics, along with their pros and cons. It also highlights the shift in diagnostics from conventional methods to more advanced techniques. This rapidly growing domain is providing more space for engineering desired nanoparticles that can show miraculous results in therapeutic and diagnostic trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67437822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}